英语一
1 - 2010 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | 2 | B | 3 | C | 4 | B | 5 | C |
| 6 | B | 7 | D | 8 | A | 9 | C | 10 | D |
| 11 | C | 12 | A | 13 | A | 14 | D | 15 | B |
| 16 | A | 17 | D | 18 | C | 19 | B | 20 | D |
| 21 | B | 22 | A | 23 | D | 24 | A | 25 | B |
| 26 | C | 27 | D | 28 | C | 29 | B | 30 | A |
| 31 | B | 32 | D | 33 | A | 34 | C | 35 | C |
| 36 | A | 37 | D | 38 | C | 39 | B | 40 | D |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Text
In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting workers’ productivity. Instead,the studies ended giving their name to the “Hawthome efect”‘he rteml funiai ia tah r o being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.
The idea arose because of the behavior of the women in the plant. According to of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not what was done in the experiment; something was changed, productivity rose.A (n) that they were being experimented upon seemed to be to alter workers’ behavior itself.
After several decades, the same data were to econometric analysis. The Hawthorme experiments had another suprise in tore. the descriprions on recor, no stemati was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting
It turs out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to interpretations of what happened. , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output rose compared with the previous Saturday and to rise for the next couple of days. ,a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case,before a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effet’ is hard to pin down.
1
解析:
句意理解
原文说:“他们希望了解车间照明如何______工人的生产效率。”
这里要表达的是“照明对生产效率的影响”,所以需要一个表示“影响”的动词。选项分析
- A. affected(影响)—— 符合句意,表示照明可能对生产效率产生影响。
- B. achieved(达到,完成)—— 主语一般是人或计划,不能是“lighting”去“achieve”生产效率,逻辑不通。
- C. extracted(提取,取出)—— 与生产效率搭配不当。
- D. restored(恢复)—— 原文没有提到生产效率曾经下降需要恢复,所以不合适。
语法与搭配
“affect productivity”是常见搭配,表示“影响生产效率”。
因此,正确答案是 A. affected。
2
解析:
固定搭配:
“end up doing sth.” 是一个固定短语,意思是“最终(意外地)成为/处于某种状态”。
文中表示:这些研究最终被命名为“霍桑效应”。上下文逻辑:
原文说“本来希望研究灯光如何影响工人效率,结果这些研究却 ended up 给了‘霍桑效应’这个名字”,
说明结果与初衷不同,带有“最终演变成……”的含义。选项分析:
- A. end at:后接地点或时间点,不接 doing,不符合语境。
- B. end up:后接 doing,符合文意。
- C. end with:后接名词,表示“以……结束”,但这里强调的是“最终结果变成……”,不是单纯“伴随”。
- D. end off:后接 with sth.,表示“结束某事”,不符合此处结构。
因此,正确答案是 B. up。
3
好的,我们先看第 3 题所在的句子和上下文。
原文是:
Instead, the studies ended $\underline{2}$ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the $\underline{3}$ idea that the very act of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.
这里 “the very act of being experimented upon” 是一个固定表达,意思是“被实验这一行为本身”改变了受试者的行为。
选项分析:
- A. truth —— “the truth idea” 不通顺,且与 “very” 搭配不当。
- B. sight —— “the sight idea” 不通。
- C. act —— “the very act of being experimented upon” 是常见的同位语解释 Hawthorne effect,符合语法和语义。
- D. proof —— “the proof idea” 不通。
因此,第 3 题选 C. act,构成 “the very act of being experimented upon” 这一短语,解释霍桑效应的含义。
4
解析:
该题要求填入一个形容词,描述工厂里女工的行为特点。
根据上下文,实验发现无论灯光变亮还是变暗,女工的生产效率都会提高,这种现象不符合常理,让研究人员感到困惑。
- A. controversial(有争议的)—— 文中没有提到有人争论女工的行为,只是描述现象令人不解。
- B. perplexing(令人困惑的)—— 符合语境,因为无论灯光如何变化,产量都上升,这确实令人费解。
- C. mischievous(调皮的、恶作剧的)—— 与生产效率的客观变化无关,且不用于形容“行为”在此语境下的特征。
- D. ambiguous(模糊不清的、歧义的)—— 一般指表达或意义不明确,不直接用于形容让人困惑的现象本身。
因此,B. perplexing 最符合文意,说明女工的生产效率变化让研究人员感到不解,从而引出“霍桑效应”的概念。
5
解析:
第 5 题空格所在的句子是:
According to $\underline{\quad5\quad}$ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed.
这里的意思是:根据对实验的 ______, 她们每小时的产出在照明增强时上升,但在照明减弱时也上升。
四个选项的含义:
- A. requirements(要求)
- B. explanations(解释)
- C. accounts(描述,报告,叙述)
- D. assessments(评估)
从上下文来看,这里指的是“根据实验的记录/描述”,即实验报告或实验记录中记载的情况。
accounts 在这里指“叙述、报告”,符合“根据实验记录/报告”的意思。
其他选项:
- requirements(要求)与实验数据记录无关;
- explanations(解释)是试图说明原因,但这里只是客观陈述实验现象,并非解释;
- assessments(评估)带有判断性,而这里只是引用实验记录的事实。
因此,正确答案是 C. accounts。
6
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文说:“their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not ______ what was done in the experiment…”
意思是:无论灯光变亮还是变暗,产量都上升。所以,实验中的具体操作“不重要”。固定搭配
“It does not matter” 是一个固定表达,意思是“无关紧要”。
这里正是说“实验中做了什么并不重要”,只要改变发生,产量就会上升。选项分析
- A. conclude(得出结论)—— 主语一般是人,且意思不符。
- B. matter(要紧、重要)—— 符合句意和搭配。
- C. indicate(表明)—— 主语一般是证据或现象,此处不适用。
- D. work(起作用)—— 虽然可以搭配,但“It did not work”意思是“它没起作用”,与原文逻辑不符,因为原文强调的是“无论怎样产量都上升”,所以不是实验操作无效,而是操作内容不重要。
因此,正确答案是 B. matter。
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子为:
It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose.
(实验中做了什么并不重要;______ 有某个因素被改变,生产效率就会提高。)
- A. as far as 表示“就…而言”,不符合逻辑。
- B. for fear that 表示“唯恐,以免”,是表目的或担心,不符合语境。
- C. in case that 表示“以防,万一”,通常用于预防措施,也不符合。
- D. so long as 表示“只要”,引导条件状语从句,符合文意:只要有改变,生产率就会提高。
因此正确答案是 D. so long as。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在的句子是:
A(n) ______ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ______ to alter workers’ behavior ______ itself.
意思是:
“她们意识到自己正在被实验,这件事本身就______改变她们的行为。”
1. 上下文逻辑
前文说,无论灯光变亮还是变暗,女工的生产率都会提高,唯一不变的是“有某种变化发生”。
这里给出的解释是:工人知道自己正在被做实验这一事实改变了她们的行为,而不是灯光本身。
所以空格处应填入表示“知道、意识到”的词。
2. 选项分析
- A. awareness(意识、知道) → 符合“知道自己在被实验”的意思。
- B. expectation(期望) → 强调期待某事发生,不如“awareness”直接对应“意识到”这一事实。
- C. sentiment(情绪、观点) → 与“知道”无关,偏情感态度。
- D. illusion(幻觉) → 不符合语境,实验是真实发生的,不是幻觉。
3. 固定搭配与语义
“awareness that…” 是常见结构,表示“对…的知晓/意识”。
而且“awareness of being experimented upon”正是霍桑效应的核心——被试知道自己被研究时,行为会改变。
因此正确答案是 A. awareness。
9
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文提到:A(n) ___ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ___ to alter workers’ behavior ___ itself.
意思是:意识到自己正在被实验这件事,似乎就 足以 改变工人的行为。语义搭配
- enough to do sth 是一个固定搭配,表示“足够做某事”。
- 这里说“仅仅是意识到在被实验这件事本身就足以改变行为”,符合“Hawthorne effect”的核心定义——受试者因为知道自己被研究而改变行为,而不是因为实验变量(如灯光亮度)。
其他选项分析
- A. suitable(合适的):语义上不通,不能说“合适的去改变行为”。
- B. excessive(过多的):与文意相反,这里不是强调“过度”。
- D. abundant(丰富的):常指数量多,不用于“足够去做某事”的结构。
结论
只有 C. enough 在语法和语义上都正确,构成“enough to alter”表示“足以改变”。
答案:C
10
好的,我们先看第 10 题的上下文句子:
A(n) $\underline{\quad8\quad}$ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be $\underline{\quad9\quad}$ to alter workers’ behavior $\underline{\quad10\quad}$ itself.
第 8 题根据文意填的是 awareness(意识到)之类的词,第 9 题根据搭配是 enough(seemed to be enough to alter…),那么第 10 题的结构是:
… to alter workers’ behavior ______ itself.
解析:
- 这里的意思是“仅仅是意识到在被实验这件事本身,就足以改变工人的行为”。
- by itself 是一个固定短语,意思是“本身,独自”,在这里相当于“仅仅因为这个原因(而不需要其他因素)”。
- 其他选项:
- about itself 无此搭配且意思不通
- for itself 意为“为自己”,不符合
- on itself 一般不这样用(偶尔有 upon itself,但这里不是)
因此正确答案是 D. by。
11
解析:
第 11 题所在句子是:
After several decades, the same data were ______ to econometric analysis.
选项:
A. compared
B. shown
C. subjected
D. conveyed
解题思路:
- 句意是“几十年后,同样的数据 ______ 计量经济学分析”。
- 固定搭配 be subjected to 在这里表示“接受…分析/处理”,是学术或研究文献中常见的表达,意为“对数据进行某种分析”。
- 其他选项:
- compared 后面一般接 with/to,且意思上应是数据与数据比较,不是数据与“分析”比较。
- shown 不符合搭配,数据不能“被展示给分析”。
- conveyed 是“传达”,不符合语境。
因此,C. subjected 是正确答案,构成 be subjected to econometric analysis(接受计量经济学分析)。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在句子是:
“The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. $\underline{\quad12\quad}$ the descriptions on record, no systematic $\underline{\quad13\quad}$ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.”
意思是:霍桑实验还有另一个意外发现。与记录中的描述相反,没有发现系统性的证据表明生产力水平与照明变化有关。
A. Contrary to(与…相反)
符合上下文逻辑,因为前文说“记录中描述的现象”是“改变照明会提高生产力”,而这里的新分析结果是“没有发现这种关联”,所以是相反的结论。B. Consistent with(与…一致)
逻辑相反,这里说的是新发现与旧描述不一致。C. Parallel with(与…平行)
语义不符,不用于表达对比关系。D. Peculiar to(特有的)
意思不符,这里不是强调“独特性”,而是“对比、相反”。
因此正确答案是 A. Contrary to。
13
好的,我们先定位第 13 题的上下文。
原文相关句子是:
After several decades, the same data were $\underline{\text{11}}$ to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. $\underline{\text{12}}$ the descriptions on record, no systematic $\underline{\text{13}}$ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
解析:
- 这句话的意思是:根据记录中的描述,没有发现系统的______ 表明生产率和照明变化有关。
- 空格后面是 “was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting”,这是一个同位语从句,说明这个名词的内容。
- 从逻辑上看,这里是在说“没有找到证据证明生产率与照明变化有关”。
- 选项分析:
- A. evidence(证据) → 符合句意:没有系统的证据。
- B. guidance(指导) → 意思不通,没有系统的指导?不符合语境。
- C. implication(暗示) → 语法上可接同位语从句,但意思上“没有系统的暗示”不如“没有系统的证据”自然,且原文强调的是数据分析结果没有支持相关性,所以“证据”更直接。
- D. source(来源) → “没有系统的来源” 意思不通。
因此,正确答案是 A. evidence。
14
解析:
上下文逻辑
前文提到,几十年后对同一数据进行了计量经济学分析,发现生产力水平与照明变化之间没有系统性关联。这说明最初的实验结论可能是错误的。关键句分析
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to ___ interpretations of what happened.
这句话意思是“原来,进行实验的特殊方式可能导致对已发生现象的______解释”。后续信息支持
后文举例说明:照明总是在周日改变,而周一开始生产量上升,其实是因为工人每周前几天本来就比较努力,和照明变化无关。
这说明最初的解释是不符合事实的,是误导性的。选项辨析
- A. disputable(有争议的)—— 虽然也可说结论有争议,但这里强调的是实验方式导致错误结论,不仅仅是争议。
- B. enlightening(有启发性的)—— 与文意相反。
- C. reliable(可靠的)—— 与文意相反。
- D. misleading(误导性的)—— 最符合,因为实验设计缺陷导致人们得出错误因果结论。
因此正确答案是 D. misleading。
15
解析:
第 15 题位于第三段开头,该段在说明实验进行方式的特殊之处可能导致了误导性解释。
空格后紧接着说:“例如,灯光总是在周日改变。当周一重新开工时,产出相对于前一个周六上升,并在接下来的几天持续上升。”
这里是在用具体的例子(周日改灯光,周一产出上升)说明上句提到的“实验进行方式的特殊之处”,因此空格处应填入表示举例的连接词。
- A. In contrast(相比之下)→ 表示对比,不符合逻辑。
- B. For example(例如)→ 符合上下文,引出具体例子。
- C. In consequence(因此)→ 表示结果,但这里不是因果关系。
- D. As usual(像往常一样)→ 与文意不符,这里是在举例说明特殊情况。
因此正确答案是 B. For example。
16
好的,我们先来看第 16 题所在的句子和上下文。
lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output ___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and ___ to rise for the next couple of days.
解析:
时间逻辑:
灯光在周日改变,周一复工时,产量与上周六相比“按时地、照常地”上升。
后文又说“在接下来的几天里持续上升”,说明这是一种有规律的、符合预期的现象。词义辨析:
- A. duly 表示“按时地,适时地,照例地”,含有“按照预期或安排发生”的意思。
- B. accidentally 偶然地,不符合语境,因为这里描述的是一个规律性现象。
- C. unpredictably 不可预测地,与文意相反,因为这种现象是每周一都发生的。
- D. suddenly 突然地,虽然产量上升可能看起来突然,但这里强调的是“按以往规律发生”,而不是强调突然性。
上下文支持:
后文提到“与没有做实验的几周数据对比,发现周一产量总是会上升”,说明这是常规现象,所以用 duly 最合适,表示“果然如往常一样上升”。
因此,第 16 题选 A. duly。
17
我们先看第 17 题所在的句子和上下文:
When work started again on Monday, output $\underline{\text{16}}$ rose compared with the previous Saturday and $\underline{\text{17}}$ to rise for the next couple of days.
第 16 题根据上下文可知是**“适当地/果然/如期地”**上升(比如填 duly 或 accordingly 等,不过这里不是我们分析重点)。
第 17 题要填一个动词,表示“继续上升”还是“开始上升”还是“停止上升”。
逻辑分析:
- 前面说周一复工时产量比上周六上升。
- 然后说“并且在接下来的几天里 ______ 上升”。
- 如果周一已经上升了,那么“接下来的几天”若是继续上升,就是 continued to rise;
- 如果是“开始上升”,逻辑不对,因为周一已经上升了,不是等到之后几天才开始。
- 如果是“停止上升”或“未能上升”,就与后面发现的“霍桑效应”解释不符,因为原文这里是在描述现象:周一升,之后几天还持续升,然后才发现其实周一上升是常态,与灯光无关。
结合选项:
A. failed(未能)→ 与文意相反
B. ceased(停止)→ 与文意相反
C. started(开始)→ 时间不对,周一已开始上升
D. continued(继续)→ 符合“周一已升,之后几天还接着升”
所以正确答案是 D. continued。
18
解析:
第 18 题的空格位于段落开头,需要判断与上文的逻辑关系。
前文说:
- 当周一复工时,产量比上周六上升,并且接下来几天持续上升。
- 空格后面说:与没有进行实验的几周数据对比发现,周一产量总是会上升。
这说明,前面观察到的产量上升现象,其实不是因为实验条件(如灯光)改变造成的,而是因为周一本身产量就会上升。
因此,这里是一个转折关系,指出实际情况与表面现象相反。
C. However 表示转折,符合上下文逻辑。
A. Therefore(因此)表示因果
B. Furthermore(此外)表示递进
D. Meanwhile(同时)表示并列的时间关系
所以正确答案是 C。
19
好的,我们先看第 19 题所在的句子和上下文。
原文相关部分:
Workers ___ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before hitting a plateau and then slackening off.
选项:
A. attempted
B. tended
C. chose
D. intended
解析:
上下文含义
这段话是在解释为什么产量在周一总是上升:不是因为灯光变化,而是因为工人在一周前几天通常(规律性地)更勤奋,然后达到稳定期,再松懈下来。
这里描述的是一种反复出现的规律,而不是工人“试图”或“打算”或“选择”去勤奋(这些带有主观意图或一次性努力的意思)。词义辨析
- A. attempted:试图(强调努力去做,但不一定经常发生或成功)
- B. tended:倾向于,往往会(表示一种常见的趋势或规律)
- C. chose:选择(强调主动决定,但这里不是每周都“选择”,而是自然趋势)
- D. intended:打算(强调意图、计划,但未强调实际上一再发生)
搭配与逻辑
“tend to do” 表示一种惯常倾向,与后面的 “in any case”(无论如何,总是这样)以及 “before hitting a plateau…” 描述的规律过程非常匹配。
而其他选项带有更多主观意愿,但原文是在客观描述观察到的现象,不是工人的主观计划。
因此正确答案是 B. tended。
20
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文提到工人在一周前几天会努力工作,之后达到一个稳定水平(plateau),然后松懈下来。
“达到稳定水平” 在英语中常用 hit a plateau 表示,这是一个固定搭配,意为“达到稳定期/停滞期”。选项分析
- A. breaking(打破)—— 与 plateau 搭配意为“打破停滞”,但这里上下文是“达到稳定”,不是“打破”。
- B. climbing(爬升)—— 与 plateau 搭配不太自然,plateau 是平顶,climbing 表示还在上升,不符合“达到稳定”的意思。
- C. surpassing(超过)—— 与 plateau 搭配意为“超过稳定水平”,但这里只是到达稳定水平,不是超过。
- D. hitting(达到)—— hit a plateau 是固定搭配,符合语境。
句意验证
“Workers tended to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before hitting a plateau and then slackening off.”
(工人在一周的头几天往往比较勤奋,然后达到稳定水平,接着松懈下来。)
这符合生产效率先升后平再降的变化规律。
因此正确答案是 D. hitting。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
21
It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
好的,我们来一步步分析这道题。
题干:
It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that …
(第 1、2 段表明……)
第 1 段 说:
Of all the changes … the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
(在过去 25 年英文报纸发生的变化中,影响最深远的或许是艺术报道在范围和严肃性上的持续下降。)
这里的关键词是 decline(下降),说明以前艺术报道更多、更严肃。
第 2 段 说:
It is difficult … for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
(40 岁以下的普通读者很难想象,曾经在大多数大城市的报纸上可以读到高质量的艺术评论。)
Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.
(然而 20 世纪出版的许多重要评论集,很大部分内容是由报纸评论组成的。)
这里强调 以前报纸上有很多高质量艺术评论,现在年轻读者无法想象,暗示 过去报纸刊登的艺术评论比现在多得多。
选项分析:
A. arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers
(艺术评论已从大报上消失)
- 错,原文只说 decline(减少),不是完全消失。
B. English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews
(英文报纸过去刊登更多艺术评论)
- 对,第 1 段 decline 和第 2 段 “过去在大多数大报上有高质量艺术评论” 可推出。
C. high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers
(高质量报纸保留了大量读者)
- 未提及,无关信息。
D. young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies
(年轻读者怀疑日报上刊登评论是否合适)
- 曲解,原文说年轻读者难以想象(难以想象 ≠ 怀疑其合适性)。
答案:B
22
Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
解析:
题目问的是“二战前英国报纸评论的特点是什么”。原文中明确提到:
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II…
这里的 unfocused 是关键线索,意为“不聚焦于单一主题的”“内容广泛的”,也就是说这些评论的主题是自由的、多样的,并不局限于特定领域。
因此,选项 A. free themes(自由的主题) 与此对应。
其他选项分析:
- B. casual style(随意风格):原文提到这些评论是严肃的(serious business),并且是详细深入的(in detail and at length),所以风格并不是 casual。
- C. elaborate layout(精心的版面设计):原文未重点讨论版面设计,而是强调内容和体裁。
- D. radical viewpoints(激进观点):文中没有证据表明这些评论以激进观点为特征。
答案:A
23
Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
我们先分析题目涉及的原文段落:
“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
这句话的意思是:
很少有作家有足够的智慧和文学天赋能在新闻业中表现出色,因此 Newman 想把“新闻业”定义为“不受欢迎的作家对那些受欢迎的作家的蔑称”。
选项分析:
A. It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
- 原文没有提到“作家的责任”,只提到他们把新闻业视为一种使命(calling),但不是强调“职责”,更不是 Shaw 和 Newman 共同明确主张的。
B. It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
- 曲解。原文说有些作家用“新闻业”这个词来贬低别人,但 Newman 本人是新闻业的一员,并以此为荣,所以并不是说当记者可鄙。
C. Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
- 原文没有说作家容易被吸引进新闻业,而是说能做好新闻写作的作家很少。
D. Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
- 与原文“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism”对应,即“很少有作家有足够的头脑或文学天赋在新闻业中立足”,也就是说不是所有作家都能胜任新闻写作。
因此,D 是 Shaw 和 Newman 最可能同意的观点。
24
What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
解析:
题目要求根据最后两段内容,判断关于卡达斯(Cardus)的正确描述。最后两段指出:
- 卡达斯已被遗忘:尽管他生前是英国顶尖的古典音乐评论家,但现在他的音乐评论著作几乎绝版,只有专业人士才知晓。
- 复兴的可能性很低:原因包括:
- 新闻业的品味在他去世前早已改变;
- 后现代读者对他擅长的华丽文风不太感兴趣(postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized)。
由此可知,他的音乐评论可能对今天的读者缺乏吸引力,这与选项 A 完全一致。
其他选项分析:
- B:文中未提及他的声誉长期存在争议,只强调他已被遗忘。
- C:文中说他的作品只有专业人士才知道,但这并不代表他的风格主要迎合现代专家;相反,专家可能只是少数还在阅读他作品的人。
- D:文中提到业余传统在衰退,但并未说他的作品未能遵循该传统;事实上,卡达斯是专业评论家。
因此,正确答案是 A。
25
What would be the best title for the text?
好的,我们来一步步分析。
1. 文章主旨概括
第一段就点出核心:过去 25 年英文报纸发生的最深远的变化,是艺术报道的范围与严肃性不可阻挡的衰退。
第二段说 40 岁以下读者难以想象当年大报上高质量的文艺评论。
第三段讲 20 世纪初到二战前,报纸评论更是广泛而深入,批评家视新闻为志业。
第四段举例卡德斯,说明这类批评家已被遗忘。
第五段指出复兴无望,因为新闻品味变化,业余乐评传统也在消退。
所以全文主题是:报纸中曾经存在的高水平艺术评论已经衰落,并且几乎不可能恢复。
2. 选项分析
A. Newspapers of the Good Old Days
文章并非单纯怀念过去的报纸,而是聚焦在“艺术评论”这一特定领域的衰落,不是整体讲过去的报纸。范围太宽,且带有怀旧标题,但文章重点在“失去”而非介绍旧报纸。B. The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
“Lost Horizon” 是比喻,指失去的视野/境界/理想领域,对应文章说的报纸中曾有的高水准文艺评论这一“地平线”已消失。这很符合文章反复强调的“今昔对比”与“不可逆的衰落”。C. Mournful Decline of Journalism
这个干扰性强,但文章谈的不是整个新闻业的衰落,而是报纸中艺术评论的衰落。Journalism 在这里范围太大,而且文章没有说新闻业整体在衰退,只是艺术报道这块。D. Prominent Critics in Memory
文章提到一些著名批评家,但目的是用他们为例说明艺术评论的衰落,不是主要为了纪念他们。
3. 为什么选 B
“The Lost Horizon” 形象地表达了“曾经达到的高度/视野现在已经看不见了”,紧扣文章关于报纸文艺评论由盛转衰且不可逆的核心论点。
其他选项要么范围失当,要么偏离主旨。
答案:B
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual property lawyers abuzz the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal”, says Dennis Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.
26
Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of
解析:
题目问的是“商业方法专利最近引起关注的原因是什么”。文章的核心线索如下:
第二段开头明确提到:
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents…
(现在,美国最高专利法院似乎已完全准备好缩减商业方法专利的数量)
并且指出联邦巡回上诉法院将利用 Bilski 案对商业方法专利进行广泛审查,此案“有可能彻底取消一整类专利”。第四段也提到:
The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order… and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.
(联邦巡回法院发布了一项不寻常的命令……要评估的一个问题是是否应“重新考虑”其 State Street Bank 案的裁决。)
这说明法院正在考虑限制这类专利的授予。第五段补充说明:
最高法院最近一系列判决已经缩小了对专利持有人的保护范围,联邦巡回法院正在对此作出反应。
综合来看,近期引起关注的原因是可能对商业方法专利的授予进行限制,这与选项 C. the possible restriction on their granting 完全对应。
其他选项分析:
- A:文中未强调其价值有限,反而提到很多公司大量申请这类专利。
- B:资产分配只是早期专利的一个例子,不是近期关注的原因。
- D:这类专利自十年前被授权以来一直有争议,但最近关注点在于法院可能限制授予,不仅仅是争议本身。
27
Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
解析:
题目问的是关于 Bilski 案的正确描述。我们从原文中找相关信息:
第二段提到:
- “In re Bilski, as the case is known, is ‘a very big deal’… It ‘has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.’”
- 这说明 Bilski 案意义重大,可能消除一整类专利(即商业方法专利),因此它可能改变美国的法律实践。
第四段提到:
- 联邦巡回上诉法院要求由全部 12 名法官审理此案(而不是通常的 3 人合议庭),并且要评估是否应当“重新考虑”其在 State Street Bank 案中的裁决。
- 这进一步说明该案可能导致对商业方法专利法律标准的重大改变。
选项分析:
- A:它的裁决符合法院判决 → 错误,因为该案还在审理中,且原文暗示可能要推翻之前的判例。
- B:它涉及一项非常大的商业交易 → 错误,它涉及的是能源市场风险对冲方法的专利,不是交易本身的大小。
- C:它已被联邦巡回法院驳回 → 错误,原文只说法院要全面审理,并未说已驳回。
- D:它可能改变美国的法律实践 → 正确,因为该案可能废除一整类专利,影响深远。
因此正确答案是 D。
28
The word “about-face” (Paragraph 3) most probably means
解析:
定位原文
第三段第一句提到:Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents…
上下文逻辑
- 前面第二段说,美国联邦巡回上诉法院准备大规模缩减商业方法专利的授予。
- 第三段说,这种限制会是一个 dramatic about-face,因为正是该法院在 1998 年 State Street Bank 案中引入了这类专利。
- 所以,从“引入”到“限制”是一个态度或立场上的大转变。
词义推测
- about-face 在军事用语中指“向后转”,引申为“彻底改变立场或态度”。
- 四个选项中:
- A. loss of goodwill(失去善意)—— 文中无此情感色彩。
- B. increase of hostility(增加敌意)—— 文中未涉及敌意。
- C. change of attitude(态度转变)—— 符合逻辑。
- D. enhancement of dignity(尊严提升)—— 与内容无关。
验证
后文提到 1998 年该法院批准了商业方法专利,导致此类专利激增,而现在却要重新考虑,显然是一个态度变化。
因此正确答案是 C。
29
We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents
解析:
题目要求根据最后两段内容,判断关于“商业方法专利”的正确描述。
最后两段分别涉及 Bilski 案 和 最高法院对专利保护范围的限制趋势。
1. 最后两段核心信息概括
倒数第二段:
- Bilski 案涉及能源市场风险对冲方法的专利。
- 联邦巡回上诉法院罕见地要求全院 12 名法官共同审理(而非通常的 3 人合议庭),并且要评估是否应“重新考虑”其 State Street Bank 案裁决(该裁决当初开启了商业方法专利的大门)。
- 这意味着法院可能大幅限制甚至取消商业方法专利的授权。
最后一段:
- 联邦巡回上诉法院的做法是在 最高法院近年一系列判决 之后发生的,这些判决 缩小了对专利持有人的保护范围。
- 举例:去年 4 月,最高法院认为很多专利所保护的“发明”是显而易见的,因此不应授予专利。
- 专家指出,联邦巡回上诉法院正在“对最高法院的反专利趋势作出反应”。
2. 选项分析
A. are immune to legal challenges(不受法律挑战的影响)
→ 错误。最后两段恰恰说明商业方法专利正受到法律挑战(Bilski 案、最高法院趋势)。B. are often unnecessarily issued(经常被不必要地授予)
→ 正确。最后一段提到最高法院认为“too many patents were being upheld for ‘inventions’ that are obvious”,即很多专利是“显而易见”的,却得到了授权,这等于说这些专利的授予是不必要的。这与商业方法专利有关。C. lower the esteem for patent holders(降低对专利持有人的尊重)
→ 文中未提及“esteem”(尊重)问题,属于无中生有。D. increase the incidence of risks(增加风险的发生率)
→ 错误。虽然 Bilski 案涉及“风险对冲方法”的专利,但文中并未说商业方法专利会增加风险的发生率,这是对细节的曲解。
3. 结论
最后两段的核心是:商业方法专利被过度授予(很多是显而易见的“发明”),现在法院正在重新审查并可能大幅限制。因此 B 选项正确。
30
Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
好的,我们来一步步分析这道题。
1. 文章主旨梳理
- 第一段:介绍过去十年商业方法专利很多,举了几个例子。
- 第二段:现在美国最高专利法院(联邦巡回上诉法院)似乎准备缩减(scale back) 商业方法专利,并要通过 Bilski 案进行全面审查,可能消除一整类专利。
- 第三段:这种限制是一个巨大的转变(dramatic about-face),因为正是该法院在 1998 年 State Street Bank 案中引入了这类专利,导致申请激增。
- 第四段:Bilski 案的具体情况,法院要借它重新考虑 State Street Bank 案的判决。
- 第五段:联邦巡回法院的行动是在最高法院近年缩小专利保护范围的趋势下发生的。
核心主线:商业方法专利可能面临被大规模限制甚至取消的威胁,法院态度正在转变。
2. 选项分析
A. A looming threat to business-method patents
“looming threat” 意为“逼近的威胁”,对应文中 “scale back”, “potential to eliminate an entire class of patents”, “dramatic about-face”, “reconsider its State Street Bank ruling” 等,符合全文核心——商业方法专利前景不妙,可能被大幅限制。B. Protection for business-method patent holders
与文章相反,文章讲的是削弱保护,不是加强保护。C. A legal case regarding business-method patents
Bilski 案是文章的重要引子,但文章重点不是介绍该案本身,而是借该案说明对商业方法专利的司法态度转变,因此它只是细节,不是全文主题。D. A prevailing trend against business-method patents
“prevailing trend” 意为“盛行的趋势”,但文中说联邦巡回法院正准备行动(appears completely ready),最高法院已有反专利趋势,但对商业方法专利的大规模限制还未发生,只是“即将来临”,所以用 prevailing 程度过重,与 “looming” 不同。
3. 为什么选 A 不选 D
- A (looming threat):强调威胁正在逼近但尚未完全成为现实,与文中“appears completely ready to scale back”、“has the potential to eliminate” 等将来时/可能性语气一致。
- D (prevailing trend):意为已经盛行、普遍存在的趋势,但商业方法专利目前仍然大量存在,法院只是准备动手,还没有形成最终的普遍趋势,因此用 prevailing 过于强烈。
最终答案:A
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.
The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
31
By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to
解析:
题目问的是作者引用《引爆点》这本书的意图。
文章第一段先介绍了《引爆点》的观点:社会流行潮主要由少数有影响力的人推动。但紧接着作者说“这个观点直觉上很吸引人,但它没有解释思想实际上是如何传播的”。
这表明作者引用这本书并不是为了赞同它的观点,而是为了引出自己要讨论的话题——有影响力的人在思想传播中到底起什么作用。
后文进一步提到,传统“两级传播理论”认为信息从媒体到有影响力的人,再到大众,但最新研究发现有影响力的人的作用被高估了。
因此,作者引用这本书的意图是以它作为讨论的起点,进而探讨有影响力的人在传播思想中的作用,并最终提出不同看法。
选项分析:
- A:分析社会流行潮的后果 → 文章重点不在后果,而在传播机制。
- B:讨论有影响力的人在传播思想中的作用 → 符合全文主旨和引用意图。
- C:举例说明人们对社会流行潮的直觉反应 → 直觉反应只是第一段提到的细节,不是主要意图。
- D:描述有影响力的人的基本特征 → 文中并未详细描述他们的特征,而是讨论其作用大小。
答案:B
32
The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”
好的,我们来逐步分析这道题。
1. 题干定位
题干问的是作者对 “two-step-flow theory” 的看法。
原文主要在第二段和第三段讨论这个理论。
2. 原文信息回顾
- 第二段开头:
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”
这里的关键词是 “plausible-sounding but largely untested”(听起来合理但基本上未经检验)。
作者一开始就表明这个理论缺乏实证支持。
- 第二段后面:
Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them.
The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity…
Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea…
这里说明营销人员喜欢这个理论,并且**传闻证据(anecdotal evidence)**似乎符合它,但传闻证据不等于科学验证。
3. 作者态度
作者在第三段引入研究结果:
some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.
这进一步说明,原先的 two-step-flow theory 所假定的 influentials 的重要性可能被高估,暗示该理论缺乏充分证据。
4. 选项分析
A. serves as a solution to marketing problems.
→ 文中只说营销人员接受这个理论,但没说它真的是有效的解决方案;作者态度是怀疑的。
B. has helped explain certain prevalent trends.
→ 文中说它“似乎解释”(seems to explain)某些现象,但这是别人认为的,作者在后面用研究反驳了它,所以不是作者的观点。
C. has won support from influentials.
→ 文中没有提到 influentials 支持这个理论,无关信息。
D. requires solid evidence for its validity.
→ 与 “largely untested” 和后面研究结果相呼应,作者认为该理论缺乏实证,需要更多证据来证实其有效性。
5. 结论
作者对 two-step-flow theory 的主要批评就是它缺乏可靠证据,因此 D 正确。
最终答案:D
33
What the researchers have observed recently shows that
让我们一步步分析。
1. 题干定位
题干问的是:“研究者最近的观察表明了什么”。
原文中对应部分是第三段和第四段。
第三段说:
研究发现,有影响力的人在社会流行潮中起的作用比通常认为的要小得多,事实上,他们似乎根本就不是必需的。
第四段解释原因:
除了少数像奥普拉那样的名人(她的巨大影响力主要来自媒体,而不是人际影响),即使最有影响力的人也并不会与那么多人互动。
而根据两级流动传播理论,正是这些非名人的有影响力的人直接影响他们的朋友和同事,从而推动社会流行潮。
但要让一个社会流行潮发生,每个受影响的人必须再去影响他的熟人,这些人再影响他们的熟人,如此继续。
如果网络中与最初有影响力的人只隔两度的人抵制影响,那么传播就不会走得太远。
2. 关键逻辑
这里强调的是:
- 影响力不是靠少数 influentials 直接辐射很多人,而是靠人与人的相互影响链(social network interactions)传播。
- 传播能否扩大,取决于网络中易受影响的人是否足够多,而不是最初的影响者多强大。
3. 选项分析
A. the power of influence goes with social interactions.
(影响力的大小与社会互动有关。)
这正是第四段的核心:传播依赖人际互动链,而不是最初影响者的直接影响力。
B. interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.
(人际联系可以通过媒体加强。)
原文没有讨论用媒体加强人际联系,只提到奥普拉是媒体影响的特例,不是普通人际影响。
C. influentials have more channels to reach the public.
(有影响力的人有更多渠道接触公众。)
原文恰恰说 influentials 接触的人并不特别多,所以这不是研究者的发现。
D. most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.
(大多数名人享有广泛的媒体关注。)
这是常识,但不是本文研究者的核心发现,且文中只提了奥普拉等少数名人,不是重点。
4. 结论
研究者的观察是:影响力传播依赖于社会网络中的互动过程,而不是少数 influentials 的直接作用。
因此 A 正确。
最终答案:A
34
The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
解析:
定位原文
第 4 段中画线短语 “these people” 所在的句子是:For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.
分析指代关系
这句话描述的是一个连锁影响的过程:- 初始有影响力的人影响了一些人(第一层受影响者)。
- 这些受影响的人再去影响他们的熟人(第二层受影响者)。
- 这些熟人再去影响他们的熟人(第三层受影响者),依此类推。
“these people” 出现在 “each of these people” 中,往前找它的指代对象,就是前面 “his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs” 所描述的人,即被影响后又去影响别人的人。
选项比对
- A:错,这些人是在影响网络内部,不是外部。
- B:错,他们与源头可能间接联系,并非 little contact。
- C:对,符合“被影响并进而影响他人”的描述。
- D:不完整,只提到“被初始影响者影响”,没有体现他们再去影响别人的过程,而原文强调的是传播链上的中间节点。
因此正确答案是 C。
35
What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
让我们一步步分析这道题。
1. 定位关键段落
题干问的是“在社会影响的动态过程中,关键要素是什么”,这指向文章最后一段的研究发现。
最后一段提到:
They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades” … is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
2. 关键信息提取
- 研究结论:全球级传播(global cascades)的主要条件不是少数有影响力的人,而是大量容易被影响的人。
- “easily influenced people” 对应选项中的 the readiness to be influenced(准备好被影响/易受影响)。
3. 排除干扰项
- A. The eagerness to be accepted(渴望被接受)—— 文中未强调这是主要因素。
- B. The impulse to influence others(影响他人的冲动)—— 这是 influentials 的特征,但研究发现这不是关键。
- D. The inclination to rely on others(依赖他人的倾向)—— 与“易受影响”不完全相同,且文中未重点提。
4. 确定答案
研究明确说,关键是 a critical mass of easily influenced people,即 the readiness to be influenced,对应 C。
答案:C
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.
36
Bankers complained that they were forced to
解析:
题目问的是“银行家们抱怨他们被迫……”,这对应文章第一段的内容。
定位原文:
第一段提到:Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
(银行抱怨说,这些规则迫使他们报告巨额损失,这不公平。这些规则要求他们必须按第三方愿意支付的价格来评估某些资产,而不是经理和监管者希望卖到的价格。)分析选项:
- A. follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules(遵循不利的资产评估规则)
这与原文意思一致,银行抱怨会计准则迫使他们以第三方愿意支付的价格(通常较低)来评估资产,导致报告巨额损失,这对他们不利。 - B. collect payments from third parties(向第三方收款)
原文没有提到银行要向第三方收款,只是说按第三方愿意支付的价格估值。 - C. cooperate with the price managers(与价格管理者合作)
原文并未提及银行被迫与价格管理者合作,而是说会计准则不允许他们按经理希望的价格估值。 - D. re-evaluate some of their assets(重新评估他们的一些资产)
虽然银行确实在重新评估资产,但这不是他们抱怨的核心,他们抱怨的是按不利的规则评估资产。
- A. follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules(遵循不利的资产评估规则)
正确答案:
银行抱怨的核心是会计准则迫使他们采用不利的资产估值方式,因此 A 是正确答案。
37
According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in
解析:
题目问的是“根据作者的观点,FASB(美国财务会计准则委员会)的规则变更可能导致什么结果”。
定位原文:
第二段提到银行游说似乎起了作用,随后指出:“…the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.”(准则制定者的独立性正在受到损害)。紧接着就说到 FASB 在国会压力下匆忙修改规则,给予银行更多自由。
这说明 FASB 的规则变更是在外界压力下进行的,损害了其独立性。选项分析:
- A. the diminishing role of management(管理层作用减弱)—— 与原文相反,第二段末尾说“changes enhance … the use of judgment by management”(增强了管理层判断的使用)。
- B. the revival of the banking system(银行系统的复苏)—— 原文提到银行系统复苏需要处理不良资产,但 FASB 规则变更只是让银行更容易掩盖损失,并未真正解决复苏问题。
- C. the banks’ long-term asset losses(银行的长期资产损失)—— 这是银行已有的问题,不是规则变更导致的结果。
- D. the weakening of its independence(其独立性被削弱)—— 与原文“independence … is being compromised”直接对应,且 FASB 迫于压力修改规则正是独立性被削弱的表现。
作者态度:
作者在全文批评银行和政客对会计准则制定机构的施压,认为这损害了准则制定者的独立性,不利于资本市场健康。因此 FASB 规则变更的结果就是其独立性被削弱。
答案:D
38
According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to
解析:
根据题干要求,定位到文章第 4 段(实际是第 3 段,因为文章第 1 段是引子,第 2 段讲 FASB 修改规则,第 3 段讲 IASB 面临压力)。
第 3 段原文:
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
关键信息:
- IASB 表示不想在没有全面规划的情况下行动(即希望保持独立制定规则)。
- McCreevy 警告 IASB:你们“并非生活在政治真空中”,而是“在现实世界”,欧洲可能制定不同的规则。
逻辑分析: McCreevy 的警告是在对 IASB 的独立性表示反对,他认为 IASB 不能脱离政治和现实压力独自决定规则,也就是反对 IASB 在规则制定上自行其是(act on their own in rule-setting)。
选项分析:
- A 项“远离政治影响”是 IASB 试图做的,但 McCreevy 反对它这样做。
- B 项“逃避同行压力”文中未明确提及。
- C 项“在规则制定中独立行动”符合 McCreevy 反对的内容。
- D 项“逐步改革”并非 McCreevy 直接反对的焦点。
因此正确答案是 C。
39
The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they
解析:
题干问作者为什么认为银行“on the wrong planet”(想法完全错误)。
定位原文:
“It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.”
这句话直接说明,银行错误在于其账目严重高估了资产。选项分析:
- A. misinterpreted market price indicators(曲解市场价格指标)
文中银行确实认为市场价格夸大了损失,但作者指出这是银行在为自己高估资产找理由,并不是作者批评它们的核心原因。 - B. exaggerated the real value of their assets(夸大资产的实际价值)
与原文 “vastly overvalued assets” 完全对应,是作者批评的直接原因。 - C. neglected the likely existence of bad debts(忽视了坏账存在的可能性)
文中银行提到市场价格反映的是暂时流动性问题而非坏账程度,但这是银行的观点,不是作者批评它们“on the wrong planet”的直接原因。 - D. denied booking losses in their sales of assets(否认在资产销售中确认损失)
文中确实提到银行不愿出售资产以免确认损失,但这是“on the wrong planet”的结果之一,不是作者直接给出的原因。
- A. misinterpreted market price indicators(曲解市场价格指标)
结论:
作者认为银行“完全搞错了”的根本原因是它们在账面上高估了资产价值,因此正确答案是 B。
40
The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of
解析:
文章主旨与作者立场
文章主要讨论银行将自身问题归咎于会计准则制定者(standard-setters),并游说他们修改规则,导致准则制定者的独立性受到损害。作者在文中多次表现出对准则制定者处境的理解和支持,认为他们本应独立、强硬,但现在却被迫妥协。关键句子分析
- 第二段提到:
“the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.”
作者认为独立性对资本市场很重要,但现在受到损害——隐含对准则制定者被迫让步的遗憾。 - 第三段提到 FASB 在国会压力下匆匆修改规则,银行股价随之上涨,但作者暗示这是迫于游说压力,并非出于正确动机。
- 第五段强调:
“Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that… But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.”
作者明确指出准则制定者本该保持独立强硬,但现在屈服于压力,未来可能被迫做更多让步——这里明显透露出对准则制定者处境的理解和同情。
- 第二段提到:
态度判断
- A. satisfaction(满意) ❌ 作者对现状并不满意。
- B. skepticism(怀疑) ❌ 作者并不怀疑准则制定者的作用,而是支持他们。
- C. objectiveness(客观) ❌ 作者有明显倾向,不是完全中立。
- D. sympathy(同情) ✅ 作者认为准则制定者本应保持独立,却因银行和政界压力而妥协,字里行间流露出同情。
答案:D
Part B
Directions
For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
41-45
[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. But before they can get down to business, big retailers must understand these differences, the competitive dynamics of each market, and the nature of what they must do.
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”—hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41 ______ → 42 ______ → 43 ______ → 44 ______ → E → 45 ______
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
46-50
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish - eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.
Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics - minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self - interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead.
(10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
describe the drawing briefly,
explain its intended meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
(下方是一幅画,画的是一个火锅,火锅里有标有“佛”“儒”“科学”“启蒙”等不同文化元素的食材,火锅下方有文字:文化“火锅”,既美味又营养)

2 - 2011 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | 2 | D | 3 | B | 4 | B | 5 | A |
| 6 | B | 7 | A | 8 | D | 9 | C | 10 | A |
| 11 | B | 12 | C | 13 | D | 14 | C | 15 | B |
| 16 | D | 17 | A | 18 | D | 19 | A | 20 | C |
| 21 | C | 22 | B | 23 | D | 24 | B | 25 | A |
| 26 | B | 27 | D | 28 | C | 29 | A | 30 | C |
| 31 | D | 32 | C | 33 | B | 34 | A | 35 | A |
| 36 | C | 37 | D | 38 | A | 39 | D | 40 | B |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to , a good laugh is unlikely to have benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n) expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
1
解析:
句意理解:
第一句话说“亚里士多德认为笑是一种有益健康的身体运动”,第二句以 But 开头,表示转折,说明“笑可能对身体健康影响不大”。
中间的短语是“______ some claims to the contrary”,意思是“______一些相反的说法”。逻辑关系:
“一些相反的说法”指的是“笑对健康有益”的观点,但作者认为“笑对健康影响不大”,所以这里需要一个表示“让步”的词,即“尽管有这些相反的说法,但笑的影响很小”。选项分析:
- A. among(在…之中)→ 不符合逻辑,不是“在一些说法之中”的意思。
- B. except(除了)→ 不符合,这里不是“除了这些说法”的意思。
- C. despite(尽管)→ 符合让步关系:“尽管有相反的说法,但笑的影响很小”。
- D. like(像)→ 不符合,这里不是举例关系。
语法搭配:
despite + 名词短语(some claims to the contrary)是正确用法。
答案:C. despite
2
好的,我们先看第 2 题的上下文。
原文:
Laughter does ______ short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ______ heart rate and oxygen consumption.
第一步:判断动词与宾语的搭配
“laughter does ______ short-term changes” 意思是“笑确实______短期的变化”。
- reflect(反映)changes:逻辑上不通,因为笑不是反映变化,而是引起变化。
- demand(要求)changes:不合逻辑,笑不会“要求”变化。
- indicate(表明)changes:笑本身不是一种迹象去表明变化,而是直接导致变化。
- produce(引起,产生)changes:符合语境,笑会引起心血管功能的短期变化。
第二步:看后半句的伴随状语
“______ heart rate and oxygen consumption” 这里需要填入一个动词的现在分词,与前面主句的动作是顺承关系。
如果主句是 “produce changes”,那么分词部分 “increasing heart rate…” 才合理,因为“引起变化”具体表现为“增加心率和耗氧量”。
第三步:结合常识与文章逻辑
前文说“笑对身体健康影响不大”,这里用 “does produce…” 是一种让步,承认笑确实会造成某些生理变化,但这些变化持续时间短、强度不大,因此不像步行或慢跑那样有显著的健身益处。
因此,第 2 题选 D. produce 最符合句意。
3
解析:
上下文逻辑:
前文说“笑会引起心脏和血管功能的短期变化”,空格后是“心率和氧气消耗”。
从常识和生理学角度看,笑通常会使心率加快、呼吸加深,因此是增加心率和氧气消耗,而不是稳定、损害或决定它们。词义辨析:
- A. stabilizing(稳定)—— 与笑的效果不符,笑是暂时提高心率和代谢。
- B. boosting(提高、促进)—— 符合“笑会增加心率和氧气消耗”的常识。
- C. impairing(损害)—— 与文意相反,这里不是讲负面作用。
- D. determining(决定)—— 语气过强,笑并不决定心率和耗氧量,只是暂时影响。
因果关系:
笑带来的短期变化是增强心血管活动,因此 boosting 最贴切。
答案:B
4
解析:
句子结构分析:
- 前文提到“大笑会引起心脏和血管功能的短期变化”,接着用 But 转折,说明“因为很难长时间保持大笑,所以它不太可能像散步或慢跑那样带来显著益处”。
- 空格处需要填入一个动词,表示“维持、持续”的意思。
选项分析:
- A. transmit(传输、传播)→ 与“大笑”的持续性无关。
- B. sustain(维持、持续)→ 符合逻辑,指难以长时间保持大笑状态。
- C. evaluate(评估)→ 语义不符。
- D. observe(观察)→ 语义不符。
逻辑对应:
- 后文提到 walking or jogging 可以持续进行,从而产生益处,而大笑难以持续,因此选 sustain。
答案:B. sustain
5
解析:
第 5 题空格所在的句子是:
But because hard laughter is difficult to $\underline{\quad4\quad}$, a good laugh is unlikely to have $\underline{\quad5\quad}$ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
意思是:
因为大笑很难持续(第 4 题应填 sustain 或 maintain 类词),所以大笑不太可能像散步或慢跑那样产生可衡量的益处。
选项分析:
- A. measurable(可测量的)—— 符合语境,表示像散步或慢跑那样可以量化、可测量的健康益处。
- B. manageable(可管理的)—— 与“益处”搭配不当。
- C. affordable(负担得起的)—— 不用于描述健康益处。
- D. renewable(可再生的)—— 不用于此语境。
逻辑对应:
前文提到 laughter 对心血管功能有短期影响,但难以持续,因此它无法像有氧运动那样产生显著的、可测量的身体益处。
因此正确答案是 A. measurable。
6
解析:
第 6 题位于第二段开头,需要看它与上一段的关系。
第一段结尾说:大笑不太可能像散步或慢跑那样带来显著的生理益处。
第二段开头说:大笑不是像运动那样通过拉紧肌肉来增强肌肉,而是显然起到相反作用(使肌肉放松)。
这里第二段实际上是在进一步说明“大笑对身体健康没什么帮助”,并且用研究结果(1930年代以来的研究)来具体解释为什么——它让肌肉放松,而不是增强肌肉。
这种关系不是“递进”(in addition),也不是“总结”(in brief),也不是“轮流/反过来”(in turn),而是对前文观点进行更明确的阐述或强调实际情况,所以用 In fact(事实上)最合适。
因此正确答案是 B. In fact。
7
解析:
上下文逻辑
前文提到,运动(如 walking 或 jogging)会通过“straining muscles to build them”(通过拉伸肌肉来增强肌肉)来改善身体健康。
而本句说 “laughter apparently accomplishes the ______”,显然是在说笑的作用与运动相反。语义对应
“instead of straining muscles to build them” 表明笑的作用不是增强肌肉,而是相反——让肌肉放松。
下文也提到 “laughter relaxes muscles, decreasing muscle tone”(笑放松肌肉,降低肌张力),这正好与 “straining muscles to build them” 形成对比。选项分析
- A. opposite(相反的)—— 符合上下文逻辑,笑的作用与运动相反。
- B. impossible(不可能的)—— 不符合句意,笑并不是完成“不可能”的事。
- C. average(平均的)—— 无依据。
- D. expected(预期的)—— 与文意不符。
因此,第 7 题应选 A. opposite。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句子为:
Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter 8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
- 句意表明,笑会使肌肉的紧张度(muscle tone)降低,并且这种效果持续长达 45 分钟。
- 空格后的 “decreasing muscle tone” 是结果,因此空格处应填入与“放松肌肉”相关的词。
- A. hardens(使变硬)——与“降低紧张度”矛盾。
- B. weakens(使变弱)——通常指力量或功能减弱,不直接对应“肌肉放松”的生理过程。
- C. tightens(使变紧)——与文意相反。
- D. relaxes(使放松)——符合“降低肌肉紧张度”的语境。
因此正确答案是 D. relaxes。
9
好的,我们先看第 9 题所在的句子和上下文。
句子是:
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help ______ the effects of psychological stress.
前文说,笑会使肌肉放松(muscle tone 降低),持续 45 分钟左右。
这种放松反应按理说应该对 缓解 心理压力带来的影响有帮助,而不是加重或产生压力。
选项:
- A. aggravate 加重
- B. generate 产生
- C. moderate 缓和,减轻
- D. enhance 增强
逻辑上,放松肌肉会减轻压力带来的身体影响,所以选 moderate(使……缓和)。
因此正确答案是 C。
10
解析:
上下文线索
前文提到“laughter does produce other types of ___ feedback”,这里的“other types”暗示与前面提到的内容属于同类。
前文一直在讨论身体反应(bodily reaction、muscle tone、physical reactions),因此这里应选与“身体”相关的词。词义辨析
- A. physical(身体的)—— 与 bodily reaction、muscle activity 等对应,符合语境。
- B. mental(心理的)—— 这里强调的是身体反馈对情绪的影响,不是纯心理的。
- C. subconscious(潜意识的)—— 文中未重点讨论潜意识层面。
- D. internal(内部的)—— 虽可指身体内部,但不如 physical 直接对应“身体反应”这一主线。
逻辑关系
后文紧接着说“improve an individual’s emotional state”,并引用“classical theory of emotion”说明情绪部分源于physical reactions,因此第 10 空应选 physical feedback(身体反馈),与理论一致。
因此正确答案是 A. physical。
11
解析:
第 11 题所在句子为:
_____ one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted _____ physical reactions.
这里的意思是:根据某一经典的情绪理论,我们的情感部分源于身体反应。
- A. Except for(除了……)—— 表示排除,不符合语境。
- B. According to(根据……)—— 表示依据某种理论或观点,符合文意。
- C. Due to(由于……)—— 表示因果关系,但这里是在介绍理论内容,不是说明原因。
- D. As for(至于……)—— 用于转换话题,不符合此处逻辑。
因此,B. According to 是正确答案。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在句子为:
It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry $\underline{\quad13\quad}$ they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
以及前一句:
$\underline{\quad11\quad}$ one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted $\underline{\quad12\quad}$ physical reactions.
第 12 题空格前的短语是 “are partially rooted”。
英语中 “be rooted in” 是固定搭配,意为“根源于……”,表示情感部分来源于身体反应。
- root in 是固定短语,介词用 in。
- 其他选项 with / on / at 都不符合这个搭配。
因此正确答案是 C. in。
13
好的,我们来看第 13 题。
原文句子是:
It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______ they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
逻辑分析:
- 这里提到的是一个经典理论(威廉·詹姆斯等人的理论),即情绪体验源于对生理反应的感知。
- 传统的看法可能是“我们因为悲伤而哭”,但这个理论认为“我们哭不是因为我们悲伤,而是因为开始流泪才感到悲伤”。
- 所以 “do not cry ______ they are sad” 要表达的意思是“人们不是因为悲伤而哭”。
选项分析:
A. unless(除非)
B. until(直到)
C. if(如果)
D. because(因为)
如果填 because,句子就是:
“humans do not cry because they are sad”(人们不是因为悲伤而哭),
这与后文 “but they become sad when the tears begin to flow”(而是当眼泪开始流时才变得悲伤)形成对比,逻辑通顺。
因此正确答案是 D. because。
14
解析:
上下文逻辑
前文提到“19 世纪末有观点认为,人并不是因为悲伤而哭泣,而是当眼泪开始流下时才变得悲伤”,也就是说哭泣这一身体反应在前,悲伤情绪在后。
本句开头是 “Although sadness also ___ tears…”,意思是“虽然悲伤也 ___ 眼泪”,后面接着说 “emotions can flow from muscular responses”(情绪可以由肌肉反应引起),可见这里强调的是情绪可以由身体反应引起,与前文的逻辑一致。选项分析
- A. exhausts(耗尽)→ 与眼泪搭配不当,且不符合上下文逻辑。
- B. follows(跟随)→ 如果填 follows,意思是“悲伤跟随眼泪”,那就和后面的观点(情绪可由肌肉反应引起)矛盾。
- C. precedes(先于)→ “虽然悲伤先于眼泪”,即通常我们认为先悲伤后流泪,但证据表明情绪也可以由身体反应引起,这样逻辑通顺。
- D. suppresses(抑制)→ 与文意相反。
结论
这里用 “Although sadness also precedes tears” 表示通常的认知(情绪先于生理反应),然后用 “evidence suggests that emotions can flow from muscular responses” 引出相反的科学结论,形成对比,因此选 C. precedes。
15
好的,我们先看第 15 题所在句子的上下文。
原文是:
Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses.
第 14 题根据上下文应该是“引起、产生”之类的意思(比如 “precedes” 或 “produces”),但这里我们只看第 15 题。
句子意思:
虽然悲伤也会先于(或导致)眼泪,但有证据表明情绪可以源于肌肉反应。
逻辑分析:
- 这里讲的是因果关系方向:情绪可以由肌肉反应引起。
- “flow from” 是一个固定搭配,表示“源于……”。
- 前半句说“悲伤 → 流泪”,后半句说“情绪 ← 肌肉反应”,这是对比关系。
选项分析:
A. into(流入)—— 表示方向是“情绪流向肌肉反应”,但这里逻辑是反的。
B. from(来自)—— 符合“情绪来源于肌肉反应”的逻辑。
C. towards(朝向)—— 方向反了。
D. beyond(超出)—— 意思不符。
因此正确答案是 B. from。
16
好的,我们先来看第 16 题所在句子的上下文:
In an experiment … social psychologist Fritz Strack … asked volunteers to ____ 16 ____ a pen either with their teeth — thereby creating an artificial smile — or with their lips, which would produce a(n) ____ 17 ___ expression.
第一步:理解实验操作
这个实验是让参与者用牙齿咬住一支笔(这样会迫使面部肌肉形成类似微笑的状态),或者用嘴唇夹住笔(这样会形成类似皱眉的表情)。
所以,这里需要一个动词,表示“用牙齿或嘴唇固定住笔”。
第二步:选项分析
- A. fetch 取来,去拿 → 不符合,不是去取笔,而是固定笔。
- B. form 形成 → 可以说 form a smile,但不能说 form a pen,搭配不当。
- C. pick 捡起,挑选 → 实验不是让参与者挑选笔,而是固定笔做表情。
- D. hold 握住,保持,含住 → 可以表示“用牙齿咬住(hold with teeth)”或“用嘴唇夹住(hold with lips)”,符合实验动作。
第三步:验证逻辑
实验的关键是让参与者保持某种面部表情,因此必须持续“hold”住笔,而不是短暂地 pick 或 fetch。
结论:
正确答案是 D. hold。
17
好的,我们先看第 17 题的上下文。
原文提到:
… asked volunteers to hold a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n) ___ expression.
- 用牙齿咬住笔 → 强制牵动笑肌 → 形成“微笑”的表情。
- 用嘴唇夹住笔(不露出牙齿) → 嘴角无法上扬,反而可能抑制笑容 → 形成“非笑”的表情,甚至类似“撇嘴”或“不高兴”的表情。
四个选项:
A. disappointed(失望的)
B. excited(兴奋的)
C. joyful(快乐的)
D. indifferent(冷漠的)
实验设计是对比“笑”与“不笑/抑制笑”的表情,后者在文中显然与“微笑”相反,所以应是“不高兴”一类的表情。
“disappointed” 符合“不高兴、失望”的表情,而 “indifferent” 是“漠不关心”,与嘴唇动作形成的“不高兴”不太一致,因为嘴唇夹笔会形成类似沮丧或不满的表情,不是冷漠。
而且从实验心理学常用范式来看(Strack, 1988 的经典实验),用嘴唇含住笔会做出类似“皱眉/不高兴”的表情,而不是冷漠。
在选项中,最贴近“不高兴”的就是 A. disappointed。
所以第 17 题正确答案是 A。
18
解析:
第 18 题所在句子为:
Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ______ more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown…
1. 句意理解
实验要求两组人用不同方式咬住笔:
- 一组用牙齿咬(形成微笑表情)
- 另一组用嘴唇咬(形成不悦表情)
然后让他们看搞笑漫画,比较他们的反应。
2. 动词搭配与语境
- react to 是固定搭配,意为“对……作出反应”,符合语境:对漫画作出更热烈的反应。
- adapt to(适应)、cater to(迎合)、turn to(转向)均不符合“对刺激作出反应”的语义。
3. 逻辑对应
前文提到“表情可能影响情绪”,这里通过实验证明:做出微笑表情的人对搞笑漫画反应更热烈,从而支持该假说。
4. 因此正确答案是 D. reacted。
19
解析:
第 19 题所在句为:
Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ______ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.
1. 句子结构分析
- 主句是实验结果的描述:微笑组比皱眉组对卡通反应更热烈。
- 逗号后的部分是一个现在分词短语作伴随状语,对主句内容进行补充说明或解释。
- 空格后是 “that expressions may influence emotions…”,这是一个宾语从句,说明前面动作所暗示的内容。
2. 选项含义与搭配
- A. suggesting 表示“暗示,表明”,后常接宾语从句,用于说明实验或现象所隐含的结论。
- B. requiring 表示“要求”,与句意不符。
- C. mentioning 表示“提到”,通常不用于从结果中推导出结论的语境。
- D. supposing 表示“假设”,常用于条件或假设情况,而此处是实验结果直接暗示的结论,不是假设。
3. 逻辑与语义
实验结果(微笑组反应更积极)暗示了“表情会影响情绪,而不仅仅是情绪影响表情”这一结论。
“suggesting” 在这里起到引出结论的作用,符合科学写作中“由现象/数据得出推论”的常见表达。
因此正确答案是 A. suggesting。
20
好的,我们先分析一下第 20 题的上下文逻辑。
文章最后一段的逻辑梳理:
- 前面提到一个实验:用牙齿咬住笔(强作笑脸)的人比用嘴唇含住笔(作苦相)的人对卡通更有趣的反应更强烈。
- 这说明 表情可能影响情绪,而不只是情绪影响表情。
- 最后一句说:“, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.”
(,笑的身体行为能够改善情绪。)
选项分析:
- A. Eventually(最终,表示时间顺序或结果)
这里不是单纯的时间先后,也不是一个漫长过程的最终结果,所以不太合适。 - B. Consequently(因此,表示因果关系)
逻辑上,前文实验是支持“表情影响情绪”这一观点,而“笑能改善情绪”是这一观点的另一个体现,但并不是直接的因果推导(实验直接证明的是“微笑”影响情绪,而不是“笑”本身,这里是类比推理)。 - C. Similarly(类似地,表示类比或同类情况)
实验是“假装微笑影响情绪”,而“笑的行为改善情绪”是类似的作用机制,所以用 Similarly 很合适。 - D. Conversely(相反地)
上下文没有转折对立关系,排除。
为什么选 C:
实验表明 人为做出的微笑表情 可以让人对幽默内容反应更积极 → 同理,笑这个身体动作 也可能改善情绪。
两者属于同类现象,用 Similarly 表示这种平行的类推关系。
答案:C. Similarly
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Reading the following fours texts. Answer the question below each text by Choosing , , or [DJ. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)
Text 1
The decision of the New York philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least “Hooray! A t last!“wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-musi critic
One of the reason why the appiontment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilber is commparatively little known Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him"an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.“As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustay Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that semms likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint prwise
For my par, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, be performs an impressive variety of interesting composition, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer amd download still more recorded music form iTumes
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recording are no substifute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes , theeater companies, and museums, but also with the recorsed performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recording are cheap, available everwhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s choosing. The widespread availabilyty of such recording has thus brought about a ctisis in the institution of the traditional classical councert
One possible reponse is for classical performers to program attravtive new music that is not yet available on recors. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross,a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Phiharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely, expanding the orchestra’s repertorre will not be enough. If Gilbert and thr Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’a olderest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.
21
We learn from Para I that Gilbert’s appointment has
解析:
题目问的是从第一段中我们可以得知 Gilbert 的任命引起了怎样的反应。
第一段原文关键信息:
- “For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.”
- “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini…
这里的 “favorable”(赞成的)和 “Hooray! At last!"(好啊!终于!)都表明反应是正面的、赞扬的。
选项分析:
- A. incurred criticism → 受到批评(与原文 favorable 相反)
- B. raised suspicion → 引起怀疑(未提及)
- C. received acclaim → 受到赞扬(与 favorable 和 Hooray 对应)
- D. aroused curiosity → 引起好奇(虽然任命突然可能让人好奇,但第一段强调的是 favorable 反应,不是好奇)
因此正确答案是 C。
22
Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is
解析:
定位关键句:
第二段中提到 Tommasini 对 Gilbert 的评价:“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”
理解关键词:
- unpretentious 意思是“不炫耀的、谦逊的”,对应 modest。
- “no air of the formidable conductor” 表示他没有那种令人敬畏的指挥家的架子,进一步说明他为人低调、不张扬。
选项分析:
- A. influential(有影响力的)—— 文中没有提到他的影响力,反而说他 relatively little known。
- B. modest(谦逊的)—— 与 unpretentious 含义一致。
- C. respectable(可敬的)—— 虽然可能正确,但不是 Tommasini 这句话的直接重点。
- D. talented(有才华的)—— 文中未直接强调其天赋,而是侧重性格特点。
结论:
根据 Tommasini 的原话,他眼中的 Gilbert 是一个谦逊、不摆架子的音乐家,因此正确选项是 B. modest。
23
The auther believes that the devoted concertgoers
让我们先定位原文中关于 devoted concertgoers 的段落。
第四段开头说:
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.
作者认为这些忠实的音乐会听众“没抓住重点”。
接着他解释说,古典音乐演奏者不仅要和剧院、舞蹈团等竞争,还要和 20 世纪伟大古典音乐家的录音竞争,这些录音便宜、随处可得,而且艺术品质常常比现在的现场演出更高。
所以作者的意思是:
- 现场演出并不一定比录音好(甚至常常不如那些经典录音)。
- 但 devoted concertgoers 坚持认为“录音不能替代现场演出”,这其实是高估了现场演出的价值。
看选项:
A. ignore the expense of live performance → 文中没重点提他们忽略花费。
B. reject most kinds of recorded performance → 他们不是拒绝大多数录音,而是认为录音不能替代现场,但没说拒绝听录音。
C. exaggerate the variety of live performance → 文中没强调他们夸大“多样性”,而是夸大现场演出的价值。
D. overestimate the value of live performance → 符合文意,他们认为现场不可替代,但作者认为录音品质可能更高,所以他们高估了现场的价值。
答案:D
24
According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?
好的,我们先定位原文关于 recordings 的论述,然后逐一分析选项。
原文关键信息(主要在第四段):
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. … classical instrumentalists must compete … with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
选项分析:
A. They are often inferior to live concerts in quality
- 原文说 recordings 的艺术质量常常比现在的现场表演更高(much higher in artistic quality),所以此项与原文相反。
B. They are easily accessible to the general public
- 原文明确提到 “available everywhere” 并且 “cheap”,这对应“公众容易获得”,因此该项正确。
C. They help improve the quality of music
- 原文没有说 recordings 帮助提高音乐质量,只说了它们质量高,而且给现场音乐会带来危机,没有提到它们对音乐质量提升的作用。
D. They have only covered masterpieces
- 原文没有说录音只收录杰作,事实上录音内容广泛,不只是名作。
答案:B
25
Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalixing the Philharmonic, the authir feels
让我们一步步分析作者对 Gilbert 振兴爱乐乐团的态度。
1. 定位相关段落
题干问的是作者对 Gilbert 在振兴纽约爱乐乐团方面的作用持什么态度。
文中最后一段提到了 Gilbert 对新音乐的兴趣,以及评论家 Alex Ross 对他的积极评价,但作者紧接着提出了质疑。
原文最后一段:
Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.
2. 分析作者语气
- 作者先提到 Gilbert 对新音乐有兴趣,并且 Ross 认为他能让乐团变得“ markedly different, more vibrant”。
- 但作者马上用 “But what will be the nature of that difference?” 表示不确定这种“不同”到底是什么。
- 接着作者指出“仅仅扩大曲目是不够的”,并强调他们必须改变乐团与观众的关系。
- 这暗示作者认为 Gilbert 能否做到这一点还不确定,甚至可能怀疑他是否能真正实现这种改变。
3. 排除干扰项
- B. enthusiastic(热情) → 作者没有表现出热情,而是质疑。
- C. confident(有信心) → 没有表达信心,反而强调“必须改变…”,暗示目前还没做到。
- D. puzzled(困惑) → 作者并非困惑“Gilbert 的角色”,而是质疑其效果,更接近“怀疑”而非“困惑不解”。
- A. doubtful(怀疑) → 最符合,作者对 Gilbert 能否成功振兴乐团表示怀疑。
最终答案:A ✅
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his expanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving to presue my goal of running a company, broadcasting his ambition “as very much my decision,” MeGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.
MaGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to refect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the NO.2 executives Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarte, CEo turmover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, acording to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For year executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Kmn Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey, “I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”
Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commoditied exchange. Robert Willumstad left Cltigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institurion three years later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has mad it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad on.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, bu that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long”
26
When McGee anounced his departure,his manner can best be described as being()
解析:
题目问的是:当 McGee 宣布离职时,他的态度可以最好地描述为 ______。
四个选项分别是:
A. 傲慢的
B. 坦率的
C. 以自我为中心的
D. 冲动的
原文依据:
第一段提到:
his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company”
- straight up 意思是“直截了当”
- rather than cloaking… in vague excuses 意思是“没有用模糊借口掩饰”
- came right out and said… 意思是“直接说出来”
这些措辞都表明 McGee 的态度是 坦率、直接、不绕弯子,对应 frank(坦率的)。
排除其他选项:
- A. arrogant(傲慢):文中没有体现他高人一等或傲慢的语气。
- C. self-centered(以自我为中心):虽然他说是为了自己的目标,但这是离职的常见理由,不必然表示“自私”或“自我中心”,且语气评价是中性的。
- D. impulsive(冲动):文中没有提到他是一时冲动做的决定,反而暗示是经过考虑的。
因此正确答案是 B. frank。
27
According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quiting may be spurd by ()
我们先来看题目要求:
根据第 2 段,高级管理人员辞职可能是受到什么驱使?
第 2 段原文:
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, senior executives’ who don’t get the nod also wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.
关键信息提取:
- McGee 辞职是为了有时间思考 他想经营什么样的公司。
- 这也向外界表明了他的 志向(aspirations)。
- 其他高管(如 Avon 和 American Express 的二把手)辞职时解释 they were looking for a CEO post(寻找 CEO 职位)。
这些内容都指向一个共同点:他们辞职是为了追求新的职业目标,特别是成为 CEO 或经营一家公司。
选项分析:
- A. 对更好财务状况的期望 → 文中未提及财务动机。
- B. 反思私人生活的需要 → 文中说的是 reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run,是职业思考,不是私人生活。
- C. 与董事会关系紧张 → 未提及与董事会关系问题。
- D. 追求新的职业目标 → 符合文意,McGee 和其他高管辞职都是为了寻找 CEO 职位或经营公司。
因此正确答案是 D。
28
The word “poached”(Line3, Paragraph 4) most probably means()
解析:
定位原文
第四段提到:For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.
这句话的意思是:多年来,高管和猎头都遵循一个规则——最有吸引力的 CEO 候选人是那些必须被 ______ 的人。
上下文逻辑
本段主题是“高管在没有找到下家的情况下辞职”在当时并不常见,因为传统观念认为,最好的 CEO 人选是在其他公司任职、需要被“挖”过来的人,而不是主动辞职去找工作的人。
因此,poached 在这里与“挖角”(从别的公司主动争取过来)有关。选项分析
- A. approved of(被赞同)——不符合“猎头寻找 CEO”的语境。
- B. attended to(被照顾、被关注)——语义不符。
- C. hunted for(被寻找、被猎取)——与“猎头挖人”意思一致。
- D. guarded against(被防备)——与文意相反。
结论
根据上下文,poached 在此处意为“被挖走/被猎取”,所以正确答案是 C。
29
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ()
解析:
最后一段的关键信息是:
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter.
逻辑分析:
- 文中提到“传统规则是待在原处更安全”,但现在“这一点已经被彻底颠覆”。
- 这意味着过去高级经理人通常倾向于留在原职,而不是轻易离职。
- 选项 A. top performers used to cling to their posts(顶尖人才过去常常固守职位)正是对这一传统规则的概括,因此是正确推断。
其他选项分析:
- B:文中没有讨论“忠诚度”是否过时,只讨论离职是否丢脸以及是否安全。
- C:文中没有说顶尖人才更关心声誉,而是说现在离职对声誉的影响变小了。
- D:与原文意思相反,因为猎头说传统规则已经被颠覆,所以“固守传统规则更安全”是错误的。
答案:A
30
Which of the following is the best title for the text?
让我们一步步分析。
1. 文章主旨概括
- 第一段:Liam McGee 从 Bank of America 辞职,没有找好下家,直接说明是为了当 CEO。
- 第二段:其他高管也这么做,因为经济环境让高管不愿让模糊的声明损害名声。
- 第三段:经济复苏时,高管更愿意“无网跳槽”(没有安全网)。
- 第四段:传统观念认为 CEO 需要被挖,但现在不一样。
- 第五段:举例说明有人跳槽后一段时间才找到理想职位。
- 第六段:旧观念正在消失,金融危机让跳槽或离开坏工作更可接受。
核心主题:高级经理人(不一定是现任 CEO)在没有下一份工作保证的情况下辞职,以寻求更好的 CEO 职位。
2. 选项分析
A. CEOs: where to GO?
文章重点不是 CEO 要去哪里,而是高级经理人(很多是 deputy chiefs / No.2 executives)主动辞职找 CEO 职位。B. CEOs: All the Way Up?
片面,文章不是讲 CEO 如何一路晋升,而是讲“跳”这个行为。C. Top managers Jump without a Net
“Top managers”覆盖了文中的 deputy chiefs, No.2 executives 等;“Jump without a net”是文中比喻(没有安全网的情况下跳槽),符合全文主旨。D. The Only way out for Top Performers
太绝对,文章没有说这是“唯一”出路,只是说这种现象越来越普遍。
3. 为什么选 C
文章反复出现的关键概念:
- 高管辞职时没有找好下家(without a position lined up / without a net)
- 为了追求 CEO 职位
- 传统规则改变
“Top managers Jump without a Net” 简洁准确地概括了全文核心现象。
答案:C ✅
Text 3
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid " mediasuch as television commercials and print advertisements-still play a major rol, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Webe site. The way consumenrs now approatch the board range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
Paind and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiators for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media-for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We difine such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong tha other organization palce their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. Thies trend, which we believe is still in its infance, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further John& JOhnson, for example,has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign become hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesse that originally created them.
If that happends, passinate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott producs, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficinly quick or thoughtful, and the learming curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and wellorchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly sites such as Twitter and the social-news sit Digg.
31
Consumers may creat “earned” media when they are ()
解析:
根据原文第一段内容:
Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.
这里说的是消费者如果对某产品充满热情,会通过发送产品相关邮件给网站注册用户等方式,创造 “owned” media(自有媒体)。
但题目问的是 “earned” media(赢得媒体)的产生场景。
在第二段开头提到:
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers… For earned media, such marketers act as the initiators for users’ responses.
也就是说,赢得媒体是用户自发地对产品进行正面宣传、评论等形成的媒体曝光。
结合全文逻辑和例子,当消费者热衷于推荐他们喜欢的产品时(比如在社交网络评论、分享、点赞),就产生了 earned media。
选项分析:
- A 痴迷于在特定网站网购 —— 未直接产生媒体内容。
- B 受到促销邮件的启发 —— 这是商家发起的,不是用户主动创造 earned media 的直接原因。
- C 渴望帮朋友推广优质产品 —— 原文未提及帮朋友推广,而是用户因自己喜爱而推荐。
- D 热衷于推荐他们最喜欢的产品 —— 符合 earned media 的定义,即消费者自愿宣传。
因此正确答案是 D。
32
According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature ()
解析:
根据题干要求,定位到第二段。
第二段对 sold media 的定义是:
We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.
关键信息是 whose traffic is so strong,即“其流量非常大”,所以其他机构才会愿意在这种环境中投放广告或放置电子商务引擎。
因此,sold media 的主要特征就是 strong user traffic(强大的用户流量)。
选项分析:
- A. a safe business environment(安全的商业环境)—— 文中未提及。
- B. random competition(随机竞争)—— 文中未强调随机性。
- C. Strong user traffic(强大的用户流量)—— 与原文定义一致。
- D. flexibility in organization(组织灵活性)—— 文中未提及。
正确答案:C
33
The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earmed media ()
解析:
第 33 题问的是:作者在第三段指出 earned media(赢得媒体)具有什么特点。
1. 定位第三段内容
第三段开头提到:
The same dramatic technological changes … have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.
Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media…
这里指出,hijacked media(劫持媒体) 是 earned media 的对立面。
也就是说,earned media 本来是用户自发对品牌的正面传播,但如果消费者反过来利用这些媒体渠道发布负面意见,就变成了劫持媒体。
2. 逻辑推导
题干问的是 earned media,但第三段主要讲的是它可能被劫持,从而变成负面营销。
也就是说,earned media 这种形式可以被消费者用来施加对品牌的负面影响(即 hijacked media 是利用 earned media 的渠道和传播力)。
所以作者暗示:earned media 可以被用来产生营销上的负面效果。
3. 选项分析
- A. invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers
文中没有说 earned media 本身会引发持续冲突,而是说可能被劫持。 - B. can be used to produce negative effects in marketing
正确。因为 earned media 的传播机制可以被消费者反过来用于负面传播(即 hijacked media 是它的反面应用)。 - C. may be responsible for fiercer competition
文中未提及竞争加剧。 - D. deserve all the negative comments about them
文中没有说 earned media 应得所有负面评价,这是过度推断。
答案:B
34
Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of ()
解析:
题干定位
题干问“丰田汽车的经历被引用作为……的例子”,原文最后一段提到了 Toyota Motor 的经历。原文对应内容
最后一段提到:In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign…
这里的 “such a case” 指的是前文提到的 “hijacked media”(被劫持的媒体)情况,即消费者利用社交媒体对品牌造成负面舆论压力。丰田的例子说明他们通过快速、协调的社交媒体回应活动,减轻了危机带来的损害。
逻辑对应选项
- A 项:responding effectively to hijacked media(有效应对被劫持的媒体)——与原文丰田的做法一致。
- B 项:persuading customers into boycotting products(劝说消费者抵制产品)——与丰田做法相反。
- C 项:cooperating with supportive consumers(与支持公司的消费者合作)——原文未重点提及。
- D 项:taking advantage of hijacked media(利用被劫持的媒体)——原文是应对危机,不是利用它获利。
结论
丰田的例子是在说明,当媒体被劫持引发负面舆论时,企业可以通过快速有效的社交媒体回应来减轻损失,因此正确选项是 A。
35
Which of the following is the text mainly about?
好的,我们来一步步分析为什么正确答案是 A. Alternatives to conventional paid media。
1. 文章主旨结构分析
第一段:
开头说“营销成功的粗略准则曾经是你花钱买曝光,但现在不再是这样了”。
指出除了传统付费媒体(电视广告、平面广告)外,现在公司可以利用许多其他媒体形式。
接着提到消费者可能创建 owned media(自有媒体),以及消费者接触的媒体因素已超出传统付费媒体。第二段:
分别说明 paid media、owned media,并引出 earned media(用户自主传播)。
还提出 sold media(将自有媒体流量变现,卖给其他商家做广告)。
举例说明这种趋势在零售、旅游行业开始,并扩展到其他行业。第三段:
提到技术变革带来更多传播选择,也带来风险——消费者可能更快地发表负面意见,形成 hijacked media(劫持媒体)。
解释 hijacked media 是 earned media 的反面。第四段:
举例说明公司应对 hijacked media 的情况(丰田案例)。
2. 主题归纳
文章整体是 “传统付费媒体 → 其他各种媒体形式(owned, earned, sold, hijacked)” 的演进和讨论。
核心是介绍 除了传统付费媒体之外的其他媒体类型,并分析它们的特征、机会与风险。
3. 选项分析
A. Alternatives to conventional paid media
符合全文主旨,文章就是在讲传统付费媒体之外的各种替代形式(owned, earned, sold, hijacked)。B. Conflict between hijacked and earned media
冲突只在第三、四段提到,是局部细节,不是全文核心。C. Dominance of hijacked media
劫持媒体并非占主导地位,只是风险之一。D. Popularity of owned media
自有媒体只是其中一种替代形式,不能概括全文。
4. 结论
文章主线是 营销媒体形态的多样化,从传统付费媒体扩展到其他类型,并讨论其利弊。
因此正确选项是 A。
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter-nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience Rather than concluding that children make parents cither happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness, instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive-and newly single-mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant’ news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, o sot any wonder that admiting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten kiling? t doesn’t seem quite fair, then , to compare the regrets of parent to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course the image of parenthood that celebrity magazine like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell i,raising a kid on their “own(read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.”
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we sce every weck of stress-fe,happiness enancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting the Rachel”’ might make us look just a litle bit like Jenifer Aniston.
36
Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring
解析:
定位关键信息
题目问 Jennifer Senior 在她的文章中提出抚养孩子能带来什么。文章第一段提到:Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness, instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.
以及:
the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.理解观点
Senior 认为,幸福不应被看作由即时的快乐来衡量,而应视为一种“过去时”的状态。抚养孩子的日常可能很艰难,但日后回顾时却能带来强烈的满足与快乐。匹配选项
- A. temporary delight(暂时的快乐)—— 与她的观点相反,她认为即时快乐不是重点。
- B. enjoyment in progress(过程中的享受)—— 同样与她的观点不符,她强调过程是艰难的。
- C. happiness in retrospect(回顾时的幸福)—— 对应 “past-tense condition” 和 “later be sources of intense gratification”。
- D. lasting reward(持久的回报)—— 文章未强调“持久”,而是强调“事后回顾”的幸福感。
结论
根据原文,Senior 强调的是事后回顾时感到幸福,因此 C 正确。
答案:C
37
We learmn from Paragraph 2 that
解析:
第 37 题问的是从第二段我们可以得知什么。我们来看第二段的内容:
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive-and newly single-mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant’ news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
段落大意:
- 杂志封面上有魅力的母亲抱着可爱的婴儿的形象,在报摊上比比皆是。
- 还有关于新收养孩子的、新成为单身母亲的桑德拉·布洛克的故事,以及常见的“詹妮弗·安妮斯顿怀孕了”的新闻。
- 几乎每周至少有一位名人妈妈或准妈妈在杂志封面上微笑。
选项分析:
A. celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. (名人妈妈是八卦的永久来源。)
段落确实提到媒体经常报道名人母亲,但“八卦”这个词带有贬义,且段落强调的是“形象”和“故事”的普遍性,并未直接说这是为了“八卦”。更重要的是,这并非段落的核心观点。B. single mothers with babies deserve greater attention. (带孩子的单身母亲值得更多关注。)
段落提到桑德拉·布洛克作为单身母亲被报道,但这只是一个例子,用来说明名人母亲故事的普遍性。段落并没有论证单身母亲“应该”得到更多关注。C. news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. (关于怀孕名人的新闻很有娱乐性。)
“娱乐性”是主观推断。段落陈述了这些新闻存在的普遍现象,但并未评价其性质是否“娱乐”。D. having children is highly valued by the public. (生育孩子被公众高度重视。)
这是最符合段落主旨的选项。段落通过描述媒体上无处不在的、微笑的名人母亲/准母亲形象,暗示了我们的社会和文化推崇、赞美生育。杂志封面选择这些内容,是因为它们有市场,这反映了公众价值观——生育被视为一件积极的、值得庆祝和展示的事情。这与第三段首句 “In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation”(在一个如此执着地庆祝生育的社会里)形成了直接的呼应和证据支持。
因此,正确答案是 D。 第二段通过描绘媒体上频繁出现的、光鲜亮丽的名人母亲形象,揭示了社会对生育行为的高度推崇和普遍价值认同。
38
It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folk.
解析:
题目要求根据第3段推断关于没有孩子的人(childless folk) 的信息。
第3段原文关键句:
Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
句子分析:
- 前半句说:不快乐的父母很少被促使去反思自己是否不该生孩子。
- 后半句说:但不快乐的无子女者却总是被一种信息困扰——孩子是世界上最重要的事情,因此他们的痛苦一定是因为生活中缺少孩子造成的。
逻辑推导:
- 这种“信息”是来自社会主流观念的,相当于在暗示:没有孩子的人生不完整,所以你不快乐是活该。
- “bothered with the message” 意味着他们经常接收到这种信息,这实际上是一种无形的社会压力或批评。
- 选项分析:
- A. are constantly exposed to criticism(不断遭受批评)
这里的“criticism”并非一定是当面指责,而是社会观念对他们的无形评判和质疑,与原文“bothered with the message”对应。 - B. 被媒体忽视 → 文中未提媒体是否忽视他们。
- C. 未能履行社会责任 → 文中未直接说这是社会责任问题。
- D. 更不容易满足于生活 → 文中比较的是“不快乐的父母”和“不快乐的无子女者”,但并没有说无子女者总体上更不满,只是说他们不快乐时会被归因于没孩子。
- A. are constantly exposed to criticism(不断遭受批评)
因此正确答案是 A,因为社会不断传递“孩子最重要”的信息,等于是对无子女者的生活选择进行变相批评,让他们感到被指责。
39
According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is
解析:
题目要求根据第4段判断名人杂志传递的信息是什么。
第4段关键信息:
- 杂志(如《Us Weekly》《People》)呈现的“父母形象”是 极不现实的(hugely unrealistic)。
- 特别是像桑德拉·布洛克这样的单身母亲形象,实际上根据研究,单身父母是最不快乐的群体。
- 然而,从杂志报道来看,她们却把独自抚养孩子(实际有全天候帮助)描述成“小菜一碟”(a piece of cake)。
逻辑分析:
- 杂志把辛苦的育儿过程描绘得轻松、光鲜,这与现实严重不符。
- 这种不真实的描绘会 误导 读者,让他们对育儿产生不切实际的期望。
选项分析:
- A. soothing(安慰的)→ 不符合,杂志并非在安慰读者,而是在美化育儿。
- B. ambiguous(模糊的)→ 不符合,杂志传递的信息是明确的美化,并不模糊。
- C. compensatory(补偿的)→ 不符合,没有体现补偿含义。
- D. misleading(误导的)→ 正确,因为杂志呈现的形象不真实,会误导公众对育儿的认知。
因此正确答案是 D。
40
Which of the following can be infered from the last paragraph?
让我们先分析最后一段的内容,再判断选项。
最后一段原文关键信息:
- 很少有人会蠢到因为明星(如 Reese 和 Angelina)把养孩子描绘得很光鲜就想要孩子——大多数成年人知道孩子不是做个发型那么简单。
- 但有趣的是,我们每周看到的那些“无忧无虑、幸福满满的父母形象”,是否在潜意识里加剧我们对实际生活的不满,就像我们曾希望剪个 Rachel 发型就能让自己有点像 Jennifer Aniston 一样。
推理要点:
- 作者暗示,虽然大多数人不会直接模仿明星去生孩子,但媒体不断展示的“幸福父母”形象,可能在潜移默化中影响我们对养育孩子的看法,让我们对现实育儿更易感到不满(因为现实没那么轻松美好)。
- 也就是说,明星妈妈的形象在某种程度上影响了我们对育儿的态度。
选项分析:
A. 生孩子对明星妈妈的光环贡献很小 → 文中未讨论明星本人因生孩子获得多少光环,而是说她们的形象影响普通人。
B. 明星妈妈影响了我们对养育孩子的态度 → 与原文推理一致,因为作者说这些形象可能潜意识里加剧我们对实际经历的不满,即影响了我们的态度。
C. 生孩子加剧我们对生活的不满 → 这是直接现象,但最后一段强调的是明星形象可能加剧这种不满,而不是“生孩子”本身直接加剧,且这是对部分人的可能影响,不是必然推论。
D. 我们有时忽视育儿带来的幸福 → 最后一段没提“忽视幸福”,而是说媒体形象可能让我们对实际体验更不满意。
因此正确选项是 B。
Part B
Directions
The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize those paragraph into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph E and C have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
41-45
[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
[B] His concerm is mainly with the humanitis: Literature, 1anguages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of sytle:22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”, they form a sort of social glue.
[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English department awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to du something for which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-art degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation top American universities have professionalized the professor. The growth on public money for academic research has speeded the process; federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll Poressionalism has turmed the acquistion of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successul academic career; as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr. Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced. Otherwise,academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.“Academic inquiry, at least in some fields,may need to become less cxclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand dose not say.
[G] The subtle and ineligent ite bok The marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.
41 ______ → 42 ______ → E → 43 ______ → 44 ______ → 45 ______
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
46-50
With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in - depth exploration of the central idea of self - help writing.
(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?"
Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.
Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48)
This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
This, however, would be a knee - jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fact, (49) circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation. Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Write a letter to a friend of yours to
recommend one of your favorite movies and
give reasons for your recommendation.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use"Li Ming"instead.
Do not write the address.(10points)
Part B
52
Direction
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
describe the drawing briefly
explain its intended meaning and
give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
(图画展示了一艘行驶在水面上的船,船上有人,而水面漂浮着诸多垃圾,如包装袋、瓶子等,图画下方有文字 “旅途之余”。)

3 - 2012 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | B | 2 | A | 3 | B | 4 | D | 5 | C |
| 6 | B | 7 | D | 8 | B | 9 | A | 10 | B |
| 11 | A | 12 | C | 13 | C | 14 | D | 15 | A |
| 16 | C | 17 | A | 18 | C | 19 | D | 20 | D |
| 21 | D | 22 | B | 23 | A | 24 | C | 25 | D |
| 26 | C | 27 | D | 28 | A | 29 | D | 30 | A |
| 31 | A | 32 | B | 33 | B | 34 | D | 35 | C |
| 36 | C | 37 | D | 38 | B | 39 | C | 40 | A |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.
Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself to the code of conduct that to the rest of the federal judiciary.
This and other cases the question of whether there is still a between the court and politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions they would be free to those in power and have no need to political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely .
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily as unjust.
The justices must doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, , convincing as law.
1
解析:
第 1 题空格所在的句子是:
The court cannot ______ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law ______ justices behave like politicians.
意思是:如果法官表现得像政客一样,那么最高法院就无法 保持 其作为法治守护者的合法性。
- A. emphasize(强调)—— 逻辑不符,这里不是说“强调合法性”,而是“保持合法性”。
- B. maintain(维持,保持)—— 符合语境,即“无法保持其合法性”。
- C. modify(修改)—— 与“legitimacy”搭配不当。
- D. recognize(承认)—— 主语是法院自己,不能说“法院无法承认自己的合法性”,逻辑不通。
因此正确答案是 B. maintain。
2
解析:
第 2 题句子为:
The court cannot maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law ______ justices behave like politicians.
逻辑关系分析:
- 主句说“法院无法保持其作为法治守护者的正当性”,从句说“法官表现得像政客一样”。
- 这里需要填入一个连接词,表示“在……情况下”主句的情况会发生。
- “当法官表现得像政客时,法院就无法保持其正当性”是符合逻辑的。
选项分析:
- A. when(当……时)—— 表示一种条件或时间,符合句意。
- B. best(最好的)—— 语法和逻辑都不通。
- C. before(在……之前)—— 逻辑上不通,因为“在法官像政客之前就无法保持正当性”不合理。
- D. unless(除非)—— 代入后意为“除非法官像政客一样行事,否则法院无法保持正当性”,这与原文想表达的因果逻辑相反。
因此,正确答案是 A. when。
3
解析:
第 3 题所在句子为:
Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that ______ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.
逻辑分析:
- 前文提到“法院不能保持其作为法治守护者的正当性,如果法官表现得像政客一样”。
- 接着用“Yet”表示转折,指出“在几个例子中,法官的行为确实……法院独立公正的声誉”。
- 既然前文说“表现得像政客会损害正当性”,那么这里举的例子应当是负面行为,因此该行为对法院声誉的影响是负面的。
选项分析:
- A. restored(恢复)→ 与文意相反,这里不是恢复声誉,而是损害。
- B. weakened(削弱)→ 符合逻辑,法官参与政治活动会削弱法院独立公正的形象。
- C. established(建立)→ 与文意不符,法院的独立公正声誉原本就有,不是现在才建立。
- D. eliminated(消除)→ 语气过重,完全消除声誉不符合现实,且与下文“使人们不太可能视判决为公正”的程度不符。
因此,B. weakened 最符合上下文逻辑。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在句子为:
That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be $\underline{\text{4}}$ as impartial judgments.
逻辑分析:
- 前文提到,法官参加政治活动会损害法院的独立和公正形象。
- 如果法官行为像政客,那么法院的判决就不太可能 被公众/外界接受 为公正的判决。
- 空格处需要填入一个表示“被接受、被认可”含义的词。
选项分析:
- A. challenged(被挑战)—— 与逻辑不符,这里不是强调判决被质疑,而是强调不被接受为公正判决。
- B. compromised(被妥协/损害)—— 虽然“compromised”可以表示“损害”,但此处是被动语态,搭配“as impartial judgments”不合适,语义不通。
- C. suspected(被怀疑)—— 虽然意思相关,但“be suspected as”用法不自然,通常用“be suspected of”,且这里强调“不被接受为公正判决”更直接。
- D. accepted(被接受)—— “be accepted as”是常见搭配,意为“被认为是…”,符合语境:判决不太可能被视为公正判决。
因此正确答案是 D. accepted。
5
解析:
第 5 题题干为:
Part of the problem is that the justices are not ______ by an ethics code.
选项:
A. advanced(推进;促进)
B. caught(抓住)
C. bound(受约束)
D. founded(建立)
逻辑与语义分析:
- 前文提到法官参与政治活动会损害法院的独立公正形象,这里说“部分问题在于,法官并不受道德准则的______”。
- “受道德准则约束”是常见搭配,即 be bound by a code/rules。
- 其他选项:
- A. advanced by an ethics code(被道德准则推进)——语义不通。
- B. caught by an ethics code(被道德准则抓住)——不合逻辑。
- D. founded by an ethics code(由道德准则建立)——主语是法官,不是机构,不适用。
因此,正确答案是 C. bound,意为“受……约束”,符合上下文“法官不受道德规范约束”的意思。
6
解析:
第 6 题所在句子为:
At the very least, the court should make itself ______ to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary.
选项含义:
- A. resistant(抵抗的)—— 与文意相反,这里应是“遵守”行为准则,而不是抵制。
- B. subject(受…支配的,服从于)—— “be subject to” 是固定搭配,表示“受…约束,遵守”。
- C. immune(免疫的,免除的)—— 与文意相反,作者认为法院现在不受 ethics code 约束,这是问题,所以应受约束,而不是豁免。
- D. prone(易于…的)—— “be prone to” 表示“倾向于(发生不好的事)”,与“code of conduct”搭配不当。
逻辑分析:
上文提到“justices are not bound by an ethics code”,所以作者建议最高法院至少应让自己服从于(subject to)其他联邦司法系统遵守的行为准则。
因此正确答案是 B. subject。
7
解析:
上下文理解
该句意思是:“至少,最高法院应当使自己______适用于联邦司法系统其他部门的行为准则。”
这里说的是法院应当遵守(或受约束于)其他联邦司法机构同样遵守的行为准则。选项分析
- A. resorts (to) 表示“诉诸于,求助于”,主语一般是人或机构,resort to something 是固定搭配,但这里空格后是 to the rest of…,且主语是 code of conduct,逻辑不对。
- B. sticks (to) 表示“坚持”,主语一般是人,stick to rules(遵守规则),但这里主语是 code of conduct(行为准则),不能说“行为准则坚持于其他司法系统”,语义不通。
- C. leads (to) 表示“导致”,意思不符。
- D. applies (to) 表示“适用于”,即“该行为准则适用于联邦司法系统的其他部门”,完全符合句意。
语法与搭配
- “the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary” 是定语从句,修饰 the code of conduct,意为“适用于联邦司法系统其他部门的行为准则”。
- 这是常见的法律与规章语境用法。
答案:D
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句子为:
This and other cases ______ the question of whether there is still a ______ between the court and politics.
1. 上下文逻辑
前文提到最高法院法官参与政治活动的例子,这些行为引发了对法院独立性和公正性的质疑。
“This and other cases” 指的是这些引发争议的事件,它们自然会把某个问题“提出来”让大家关注和讨论。
2. 选项含义与搭配
- A. evade(逃避)—— 这些案例并没有“逃避”问题,而是恰恰相反,使问题凸显。
- B. raise(提出,引起)—— “raise the question” 是固定搭配,意为“提出问题”,符合语境。
- C. deny(否认)—— 与“question”搭配时,语义不通,逻辑不符。
- D. settle(解决)—— 这些案例并没有“解决”问题,而是引出问题。
3. 句意确定
整句意思是:“这类以及其他案例提出了一个问题:法院与政治之间是否还存在界限。”
因此 B. raise 为正确选项。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在句子为:
This and other cases ______ the question of whether there is still a ______ between the court and politics.
前半句意思是“这件事和其他案件提出了一个问题”,即“法院与政治之间是否仍然存在______”。
根据上下文,文章在讨论法院是否还能保持独立于政治之外,即是否还有界限或分界线。
- A. line(界限、分界线)—— 符合语境,指法院与政治之间应当有一条分界线。
- B. barrier(障碍)—— 虽然也有“隔阂”之意,但更强调物理或抽象障碍,不如 line 常用在“界限、分界”这种抽象概念中。
- C. similarity(相似性)—— 与文意相反。
- D. conflict(冲突)—— 不符合语境,这里不是讨论两者之间的冲突,而是讨论是否还有区分。
在英文中,“a line between A and B”是常见搭配,表示“A 与 B 之间的界限”,因此 A. line 是正确答案。
10
解析:
第 10 题所在句子为:
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law ______ having authority apart from politics.
1. 句意理解
这句话的意思是:“宪法的制定者设想法律拥有独立于政治的权威。”
“envision” 意为“设想、想象”,后面常接“as”表示“将……视为 / 设想为……”。
2. 固定搭配
“envision … as …” 是常见的搭配,表示“将……设想为……”。
例如:He envisioned himself as a successful writer.(他设想自己成为一名成功的作家。)
3. 选项分析
- A. by:表示方式,但“envision law by having authority” 逻辑不通。
- B. as:符合“envision … as …”的搭配,意为“将法律设想为拥有独立于政治的权威”。
- C. through:表示通过某种手段,不符合句意。
- D. towards:表示方向,不用于 envision 的搭配。
因此,正确答案是 B. as。
11
解析:
第 11 题所在句子为:
They gave justices permanent positions ______ they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support.
1. 逻辑关系分析
前半句说“给予法官终身职位”,后半句说“他们就能自由地触怒当权者,且无需培植政治支持”。显然,前后是目的或结果关系——给予终身职位,是为了让他们能够独立、无惧地司法。
2. 选项辨析
- A. so:可以引导目的或结果状语从句,相当于“so that”(为了,以便)。
- B. since:表示“因为”或“自从”,这里不是因果关系,也不是时间关系。
- C. provided:表示条件“只要”,不符合逻辑(不是“只要他们能自由触怒当权者,就给他们终身职位”,这颠倒了意图)。
- D. though:表示让步“虽然”,不符合语义。
3. 确定答案
这里需要一个表示“以便”或“为了”的连接词,so 可以引导目的状语从句(口语或非正式中常省略 that),符合句意。
因此正确答案是 A. so。
12
解析:
第 12 题位于这句话中:
They gave justices permanent positions so that they would be free to ___ those in power and have no need to cultivate political support.
逻辑分析:
- 前面说“给予法官终身职位”,目的是让他们“自由地去 ___ 当权者”。
- 后半句说“不需要培养政治支持”,说明他们不必讨好当权者,甚至可以做出与当权者意愿相悖的决定。
- 因此,这里需要一个表示“敢于对抗 / 得罪 / 不迎合”的词。
选项分析:
- A. serve(服务)—— 与“不需要培养政治支持”逻辑不符,因为“服务当权者”意味着迎合。
- B. satisfy(使满意)—— 同样与“不需要讨好”矛盾。
- C. upset(使不安 / 得罪)—— 符合语境,表示法官可以自由地作出可能触怒当权者的裁决。
- D. replace(取代)—— 不合逻辑,法官的职责不是取代当权者。
因此,C. upset 是正确答案。
13
我们先看第 13 题的上下文:
They gave justices permanent positions so that they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to ______ political support.
逻辑分析:
- 前面说“法官有终身职位”,目的是让他们可以无惧得罪当权者。
- 因此,他们不需要去“培养/寻求/维持”政治支持。
- 四个选项:
- A. confirm(确认) → 与“政治支持”搭配不当,不符合逻辑。
- B. express(表达) → 法官不需要“表达”政治支持?意思有点偏,不是最贴切,因为这里强调的是“主动去获取或维持支持”,而不是“表达支持”。
- C. cultivate(培养,建立关系) → 常与“支持”“关系”搭配,意为“培养政治支持”,符合语境。
- D. offer(提供) → 一般是提供帮助给别人,而不是“提供支持”给政客?这里主语是法官,他们不需要向别人提供支持,而是不需要去“拉拢、培养”支持。
最佳答案:C. cultivate(培养政治支持),因为法官有终身职位,就不必像政客那样去经营政治人脉或寻求支持。
所以第 13 题选 C。
14
解析:
第 14 题所在句子为:
Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely ______.
句意理解:
这句话的意思是“我们的法律体系被设计成将法律与政治分开,正是因为它们本身联系非常紧密”。
逻辑上,这里需要一个表示“紧密联系”的词,因为如果法律与政治本身没有紧密关系,就不需要特意将它们分开。
选项分析:
- A. guarded(被守卫) → 不符合语义
- B. followed(被跟随) → 不搭配,且不表示“紧密相连”
- C. studied(被研究) → 不符合语境
- D. tied(被绑在一起,紧密相关) → 符合逻辑和搭配
因此正确答案是 D. tied,表示法律与政治在现实中紧密相连,所以需要制度设计来使它们分离,以保持司法独立。
15
解析:
第15题所在句为:
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property.
句子意思:宪法是政治性的,因为它源于植根于基本社会______的选择,比如自由和财产。
选项分析:
- A. concepts(概念)—— “liberty” 和 “property” 是基本的社会概念,符合“植根于基本社会概念”的语义。
- B. theories(理论)—— 自由和财产不是“理论”,而是社会理念或概念,不太贴切。
- C. divisions(划分、部分)—— 自由和财产不是社会的“划分”,语义不通。
- D. convenience(便利)—— 与自由、财产这类根本价值无关,不合逻辑。
因此正确答案是 A. concepts,指自由和财产这类基本社会概念,是宪法选择的价值根基。
16
我们来看第 16 题所在的句子:
When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political…
解析:
- 句子意思是:当法院处理社会政策方面的决定时,它 塑造/形成 的法律不可避免地带有政治性。
- 这里 “the law it shapes” 指的是法院在判决过程中 形成、确立的法律原则或判例法,而不是排除(excludes)、质疑(questions)或控制(controls)法律。
- shape the law 是常见的法律英语表达,意为“塑造法律”“对法律的形成起作用”。
- 从上下文看,法院通过判决来 塑造 法律,因此选 C. shapes 最符合逻辑和搭配。
所以正确答案是 C。
17
解析:
第 17 题所在句子为:
When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it $\underline{\quad16\quad}$ is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily $\underline{\quad17\quad}$ as unjust.
句意理解:
当法院处理社会政策决定时,它(所阐述/制定)的法律不可避免地带有政治性——这就是为什么沿着意识形态路线分裂的判决很容易 ______ 为不公正的。
逻辑关系:
- 因为这些判决带有政治色彩,所以容易被认为/指责为不公正。
- 空格处动词短语应为 “______ as unjust”,意思是“被当作不公正的而______”。
- 常用搭配是 “be dismissed as…” 表示 “被认为(是某种负面评价)而不予理会/不被重视”。
选项分析:
- A. dismissed:be dismissed as… 意为 “被轻视为…/被认为不过是…”,符合语境(人们认为这些判决不公正而不予重视)。
- B. released:释放,发布,不与 “as unjust” 构成合理搭配。
- C. ranked:被排名为…,语义不通。
- D. distorted:被扭曲为…,虽然语法可能成立,但逻辑上不是“被扭曲成不公正”,而是直接被“当作不公正的而不予重视”。
因此正确答案是 A. dismissed。
18
解析:
第 18 题所在句子为:
The justices must ______ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves ______ to the code of conduct.
1. 上下文逻辑
前文提到,最高法院法官因参与政治活动而损害了法院的独立公正形象,并且他们不受道德准则约束。因此,公众对法院的合法性产生怀疑。
后文说,通过遵守行为准则,才能使裁决更可能被视为独立于政治,并令人信服。
2. 选项分析
- A. suppress(压制、抑制):虽然可以搭配“doubts”,但“压制怀疑”只是不让怀疑表现出来,并没有真正解决问题,不符合通过“遵守行为准则”来解决问题的逻辑。
- B. exploit(利用、剥削):利用怀疑不符合语境,因为这里不是要利用怀疑做别的事,而是要消除或应对怀疑。
- C. address(处理、应对):指采取措施解决问题,符合语境——法官通过遵守行为准则来处理/应对公众对合法性的怀疑。
- D. ignore(忽视):忽视怀疑只会让问题更严重,与后文“使裁决更可信”矛盾。
3. 搭配与语义
“address doubts”是常见搭配,意为“处理/消除疑虑”,符合“通过遵守行为准则来恢复公信力”的逻辑。
因此,正确答案是 C. address。
19
解析:
第 19 题空格所在句为:
The justices must ______ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves ______ to the code of conduct.
这里的意思是:法官必须通过让自己 对行为准则负责 来消除对法院合法性的质疑。
- A. accessible(可接近的,可使用的)—— 与“对准则负责”意思不符。
- B. amiable(和蔼可亲的)—— 与语境无关。
- C. agreeable(令人愉快的,同意的)—— 不符合“受约束、负责任”的语义。
- D. accountable(负有责任的)—— 符合文意,即“受行为准则约束,为其行为负责”。
因此正确答案是 D. accountable。
20
解析:
第 20 题位于句末,前文提到“通过遵守行为准则来消除对最高法院合法性的质疑”,接着说“那将使他们的裁决更可能被视为独立于政治之外,______,作为法律而令人信服”。
- A. by all means 意为“无论如何、务必”,表示强调或允许,不符合逻辑关系。
- B. at all costs 意为“不惜一切代价”,语气强烈,且与上下文无因果或总结关系。
- C. in a word 意为“总之”,用于总结,但这里不是对上文的总结,而是对前一个分句的结果进一步说明。
- D. as a result 意为“因此”,表示前一分句的情况导致后一分句的结果。
这里逻辑是:因为裁决被视为独立于政治,所以它们作为法律更令人信服,这是因果关系,因此 D 正确。
答案:D
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Come on - Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good - drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In Soul Carolina, a state sponsored antismoking program aled Rage Agains the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV - prevention initiative known as LoveLif recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.
The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many public - health campaigns is spot on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously lawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers - teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut, Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits - as well as negative ones - spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better - behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
21
According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as
解析:
题目问的是:根据第一段,同伴压力通常表现为______。
第一段的核心内容如下:
“That whispered message… is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good — drinking, drugs and casual sex.”
这句话明确说明,当我们听到“同伴压力”时,大多数人想到的是它通常导致不好的结果,比如喝酒、吸毒、随意性行为。
这些都属于 undesirable behaviors(不良行为)。
因此,同伴压力在这里被描述为不良行为的一个原因。
选项分析:
- A. a supplement to the social cure(社会治疗的一种补充)—— 这是 Rosenberg 提出的新观点,但并不是“通常”人们对 peer pressure 的看法。
- B. a stimulus to group dynamics(群体动力的刺激)—— 这是社会治疗的原理,不是通常对同伴压力的普遍认知。
- C. an obstacle to school progress(学校进步的障碍)—— 文中未提及。
- D. a cause of undesirable behaviors(不良行为的原因)—— 与原文“leads to no good — drinking, drugs and casual sex”对应。
所以正确答案是 D。
22
Rosenberg holds that public advocates should
解析:
根据文章第三段最后一句:
Rosenberg argues convincingly that public health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
其中 take a page from 是一个习语,意思是“向……学习”或“借鉴……的经验”。
这句话的意思是:Rosenberg 认为公共卫生倡导者应该向善于运用同侪压力的广告商学习。
因此,Rosenberg 的观点是 public advocates 应该学习广告商的经验,对应选项 B. learn from advertisers’ experience。
其他选项分析:
- A:招募专业广告人员(文中未提招募,而是强调学习其方法)
- C:远离商业广告商(与原文意思相反)
- D:认识到广告的局限性(文中未提广告的局限性,而是强调其成功运用同侪压力)
正确答案:B
23
In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to
解析:
题目问的是“在作者看来,罗森伯格的书未能……”,即从文章作者的角度评价罗森伯格的书《加入俱乐部》的不足之处。
定位关键段落:
文章第四段提到:
Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.
这里明确指出罗森伯格的书没有充分探究社会和生物因素,而这些因素正是使同侪压力如此强大的原因。
选项分析:
A. adequately probe social and biological factors
与原文完全对应,是作者明确指出的缺点。B. effectively evade the laws of the social cure
文中没有提到“规避社会治疗的法则”,属于无中生有。C. illustrate the functions of state funding
虽然提到“Rage Against the Haze”项目在州政府资金削减后失败,但这只是一个例子,并非作者批评罗森伯格书的主要缺陷。D. produce a long - lasting social effect
文章确实提到社会治疗的效果不持久,但这是社会治疗本身的问题,不是罗森伯格的书“未能做到”的事情,而是罗森伯格所举的案例本身效果不持久。
因此正确答案是 A,因为这是作者在文中直接指出的罗森伯格书的不足。
24
Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors
解析:
题目问的是第 5 段(Paragraph 5)表明我们对行为的模仿具有什么特点。
我们定位到原文第 5 段:
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits - as well as negative ones - spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
关键句是最后一句:
This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
(这是一种微妙的同侪压力形式:我们会无意识地模仿我们每天看到的行为。)
- unconsciously 对应 without our realizing it(我们没有意识到的情况下)。
- 因此,我们对行为的模仿是在无意识中发生的,这正是 C 选项的含义。
其他选项分析:
- A. is harmful to our networks of friends
文中只说行为通过朋友网络传播,并未说模仿行为对朋友网络有害,错误。 - B. will mislead behavioral studies
该段未提及对行为研究的误导,错误。 - D. can produce negative health habits
虽然提到负面健康习惯也会传播,但题干问的是“第 5 段表明模仿行为的特点”,核心特点是 无意识,而不是强调会产生负面健康习惯,因此 D 不是最佳答案。
答案:C
25
The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
解析:
题目问的是:作者在最后一段暗示同伴压力的效果是______。
四个选项:A. 有害的;B. 可取的;C. 深刻的;D. 可疑的。
1. 定位到最后一段内容:
最后一段第一句说“同伴群体对我们的行为有巨大影响”是确定的,但第二句开始转折:
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.
意思是:专家和官员能否成功选择我们的同伴群体并引导其向好的方向发展,这一点远不确定。
接着作者用教师调座位的类比,说这种方法并不真正管用,并指出问题在于“从外部设计的社会治疗”——在现实世界,我们坚持自己选择朋友。
2. 逻辑推理:
作者在这里并不是在否定同伴压力本身的效果(事实上前文承认同伴压力影响很大),而是在质疑人为利用同伴压力做社会治疗的效果。
因此,最后一段强调的是这种利用同伴压力的社会干预方式的效果是值得怀疑的。
3. 对应选项:
- A(harmful)文中未强调有害。
- B(desirable)作者并不认为这种外部引导的同伴压力效果是理想的。
- C(profound)虽然同伴压力影响深刻,但最后一段的重点是质疑外部干预的有效性,不是强调其深刻性。
- D(questionable)符合最后一段主旨——对专家、官员能否成功利用同伴压力表示怀疑。
答案:D
Text 2
A deal is a deal - except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management - especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent - setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
26
The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, para.1) is closest in meaning to
解析:
上下文线索定位
原文第一段提到:The company … provoked justified outrage … when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
这里说 Entergy 公司宣布要 renege on 一项长期承诺,结果引发了合理的愤怒(justified outrage)。
由此可推断,reneging on 这个行为是负面的,并且是违背承诺的意思。后文进一步印证
第二段开头说:Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not…
这说明公司做了它曾承诺不会做的事,即“违背承诺”。选项比对
- A. condemning(谴责)—— 与“违背承诺”不符。
- B. reaffirming(重申)—— 与引发 outrage 矛盾。
- C. dishonoring(不遵守,违背)—— 符合“违背承诺”的意思。
- D. securing(确保)—— 与文意相反。
短语常见含义
“renege on” 在英文中固定表示“食言、背信、违约”,与 dishonoring an agreement/commitment 同义。
因此,正确答案是 C. dishonoring。
27
By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to
解析:
定位关键信息
题目问的是 Entergy 在 2002 年签订协议时的意图。
原文第三段提到:The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant… As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.
理解协议背景
- 2002 年,Entergy 购买了佛蒙特州唯一的核电站。
- 为了获得州政府对这笔交易的批准,该公司同意一个条件:2012 年后要继续运营,必须向州监管机构申请许可。
- 因此,签订 2002 年协议的直接目的是让收购交易获得批准,也就是获得购买电厂的许可。
排除干扰项
- A 项“获得佛蒙特州监管机构的保护” → 文中未提及保护,只是接受监管条件。
- B 项“寻求联邦立法机构的支持” → 2002 年协议与联邦无关,是针对州政府的承诺。
- C 项“获得经营许可的延期” → 这是 2002 年协议中承诺的未来义务,不是签订协议时的直接目的。
- D 项“获得购买电厂的许可” → 与原文“as a condition of receiving state approval for the sale”对应,是签订协议的直接目的。
答案:D(get permission to purchase a power plant)
28
According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its
解析:
根据题干要求,定位到文章第4段。
第4段提到:
A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management — especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.
这里的关键词是 management(管理),并且提到了一系列的事故(冷却塔部分倒塌、地下管道泄漏),这些都属于管理实践(managerial practices)方面的问题。
选项分析:
- A. managerial practices(管理实践)—— 与原文 safety and Entergy’s management 对应,正确。
- B. technical innovativeness(技术创新)—— 文中未提及技术创新的问题。
- C. financial goals(财务目标)—— 未提及。
- D. business vision(商业远见)—— 未提及。
因此,正确答案是 A。
29
In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test
解析:
定位关键信息
文章第五段提到:The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.
理解题干与选项
题干问:“在作者看来,佛蒙特州案将测试______。”
关键句中的 how far those powers extend 意思是“这些权力能延伸到什么程度”,即“州在核问题上的权力界限”。选项比对
- A:Entergy 履行所有承诺的能力 —— 文中未强调这是该案的核心测试目标。
- B:各州零散规定的本质 —— 文中虽有提到 patchwork regulations,但这是担忧的结果,不是该案直接测试的内容。
- C:联邦对核问题的权威 —— 文章确实提到联邦有管制权,但本案测试的是 州权 的范围,不是联邦权力本身。
- D:州在核问题上的权力界限 —— 与原文 “how far those powers extend” 完全对应。
结论
作者观点明确:法律学者认为此案将成为一个先例,测试州对核能管制权的 界限,因此正确选项是 D。
答案:D
30
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
解析:
文章最后一段提到,Entergy 在美国还运营着其他 11 座核反应堆,包括位于普利茅斯的 Pilgrim 核电站,并且已向联邦政府申请延长其运营 20 年。然而,由于 Entergy 在佛蒙特州违背承诺的行为,核管理委员会(NRC)在审查其申请时,应当考虑 Entergy 的承诺是否可信。
关键逻辑推导:
- Entergy 在佛蒙特州的行为损害了其信誉。
- NRC 在审查其其他核电站(如 Pilgrim)的申请时,会考虑到 Entergy 是否值得信任。
- 如果 NRC 认为 Entergy 不可靠,可能会拒绝其申请,从而影响 Entergy 在其他地区的业务。
因此,可以推断出 Entergy 在其他地方的业务可能会受到影响,对应选项 A。
其他选项分析:
- B:NRC 的权威会受到挑战?文中未提及,且 NRC 是监管机构,Entergy 是申请方,不存在“挑战权威”的逻辑。
- C:Entergy 会撤回其在普利茅斯的申请?文中未提及,且 Entergy 已提交申请,没有迹象表明会撤回。
- D:佛蒙特州的声誉可能受损?文章讨论的是 Entergy 的信誉受损,而非佛蒙特州。
答案:A
Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self - deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s “me, here, now” becomes the community’s “anyone, anywhere, anytime”. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new - search, not re - search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albet Szent - Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought”. But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
31
According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
解析:
题目问的是根据第一段,科学发现过程的特点是什么。我们回到第一段原文进行分析:
第一句描述了理想化的科学过程:
“In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.”
这里说的是理想情况——客观、系统、逻辑性。第二句用 “But” 转折,引出真实情况:
“But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.”
关键词:ambiguous(模糊的) 和 complicated(复杂的)。后面几句进一步解释为什么不是纯粹客观的:
- 我们无法摆脱个人背景(life experience)
- 先前的知识和兴趣会影响我们的认知和行动
- 误解、错误和自欺欺人的机会很多(misinterpretation, error, and self-deception)
因此,第一段强调的是真实科学发现过程的模糊性、复杂性和主观性,对应选项中的 A. uncertainty and complexity(不确定性和复杂性)。
B 项中的 “misconception and deceptiveness” 只是可能存在的问题,不是主要特征;
C 项 “logicality and objectivity” 是理想化版本的特点,不是真实情况;
D 项 “systematicness and regularity” 也不符合文中描述的实际情况。
32
It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
解析:
第 2 段的核心内容是“可信性过程”(credibility process),即从一项发现声明(discovery claim)转变为成熟的、被科学界接受的发现(mature discovery)的过程。
原文提到:
But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.
This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s “me, here, now” becomes the community’s “anyone, anywhere, anytime”.这里的关键词是 collective(集体的)和 community(科学界),强调这一过程需要集体的审查和接受,而不是单靠个人的努力。
选项分析:
- A. strict inspection(严格审查):虽然文中提到 scrutiny,但强调的是“collective scrutiny”,重点在“集体”而非“严格”。
- B. shared efforts(共同的努力):与 collective / community 对应,符合文意。
- C. individual wisdom(个人智慧):与原文强调的“集体”相反。
- D. persistent innovation(持续创新):文中未提及。
因此,正确答案是 B。
33
Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
解析:
第3段的核心内容是描述一个科学发现声明如何通过科学界的集体审查与互动,最终转变为可信的发现。
原文提到:
“As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.”
这句话明确指出,一个发现声明要变得可信,必须经过科学界的检验、互动与对抗。
选项分析:
- A:吸引公众注意并不是使其可信的关键,文中强调的是科学界的审查过程。
- B:被科学界检验(examined by the scientific community)与原文“collective scrutiny and acceptance”以及“works its way through the community”对应,是正确选项。
- C:虽然编辑和评审是科学界的一部分,但只是其中一个环节,不足以概括整个可信性过程。
- D:被同行科学家频繁引用是可信性可能带来的结果,但不是可信性形成的直接原因。
因此,正确答案是 B。
34
Albert Szent - Gyorgyi would most likely agree that
让我们一步步分析这道题。
1. 题干定位
题干问 Albert Szent-Györgyi 最可能同意哪个观点。
原文中引用了他的话:
“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”
意思是:看到每个人都看到过的东西,但想到没有人想到过的东西。
2. 理解这句话的隐含观点
这句话强调的是观察与思考的独特性,尤其是批判性、创新性思维在科学发现中的作用。
“看到别人都看到的”说明现象是公开的,但“想到别人没想到的”意味着需要突破常规思维,用新的角度去思考。
3. 选项分析
- A. scientific claims will survive challenges(科学主张会经受住挑战)
原文虽然提到 credibility process 中有挑战,但 Albert 这句话并未直接强调“经受挑战”,而是强调“想别人所未想”。 - B. discoveries today inspire future research(今天的发现会启发未来的研究)
这句话本身合理,但不是 Albert 这句话的核心意思。 - C. efforts to make discoveries are justified(做出发现的努力是合理的)
没有直接对应他的观点。 - D. scientific work calls for a critical mind(科学工作需要批判性思维)
“thinking what nobody has thought” 正是批判性、创新性思维的体现,与 D 高度一致。
4. 结论
Albert 的话强调的是科学发现需要跳出常规思考,这正是批判性思维(critical mind)的表现,因此正确答案是 D。
35
Which of the following would be the best title of the text
好的,我们来一步步分析为什么正确答案是 C. Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science(科学活动中可信度的形成过程)。
1. 文章主旨分析
- 第一段:对比理想化的科学(客观、直接)与现实中的科学(受背景知识、兴趣影响,易出错)。
- 第二段:提出核心概念——科学发现声明(discovery claim)最初只是“原始科学”,需要经过 collective scrutiny(集体审查)和接受,才能变成成熟的发现,这个过程叫 credibility process(可信性过程)。
- 第三段:描述可信性过程的具体运作——科学界各成员(研究者、编辑、评审、其他科学家、公众)通过互动与碰撞,把个人发现转化为集体可信的发现。
- 第四段:提出可信性过程中的两个悖论(关注新事物而非重复验证;新颖性常引起怀疑),说明新发现被接受需要时间。
- 第五段:总结可信性是发生在科学发现声明上的一个过程,类似于“思想的公地”,通过共同推理、挑战、修正来完成。
可见全文的核心是 科学发现如何从个人声称变成公认可信知识的过程,也就是 credibility 的演变过程。
2. 选项分析
A. Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development
“新颖性作为科学发展的引擎”。虽然第四段提到新颖性很重要,但新颖性只是这个过程的一个方面(而且会引起怀疑),不能概括全文主旨。B. Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery
“科学发现中的集体审查”。集体审查是可信性过程的关键环节,但只是过程的一部分,不能涵盖悖论、时间因素和最终“思想的公地”的总结。C. Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science
“科学活动中可信度的演变”。这与全文主线完全一致:从声称→集体审查与互动→解决悖论→被接受,正是 credibility 如何演变的过程。D. Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
“在科学入口处对可信性的挑战”。这只是可信性过程初期的一个现象,不能概括整体过程。
3. 为什么选 C
全文反复出现的词是 credibility process,描述了这一过程的各个阶段与特点,选项 C 中的 Evolution 对应文中的 process,并且覆盖了从声称到公认的完整动态,因此是最佳标题。
Text 4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public - sector workers but only about 15% of private - sector ones are unionized.
There are three reasons for the public - sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well - educated. A quarter of America’s public - sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left - of - centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public - sector unions.
At the state level, their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public - sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawnout battles. Yet, even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.
John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public - sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public - sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
36
It can be learned from the first paragraph that
解析:
题目要求从第一段中推断出正确信息。我们逐一分析选项:
A. Teamsters still have a large body of members.
第一段提到 Teamsters 在 1960 年时处于鼎盛时期,但并未说明现在是否仍有大量成员。因此无法从本段得出此结论。B. Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
原文第一句是虚拟语气:“如果 Jimmy Hoffa 今天还活着,他可能会代表公务员”,并未说他是公务员。事实上,Hoffa 是工会领袖,并非公务员。C. unions have enlarged their public - sector membership.
第一段通过数据对比说明公共部门工会会员比例大幅上升:- 1960 年:只有 10% 的美国政府工作人员是工会成员
- 现在:36% 是工会成员
- 2009 年:美国公共部门工会成员人数超过私营部门
- 英国:公共部门工会化率超过一半,私营部门只有约 15%
这些数据明确说明公共部门工会会员数量显著增加,因此 C 项正确。
D. the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
第一段未提及政府与工会的关系变化。
正确答案:C
37
Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?
让我们先看题目要求:判断第 2 段中哪一项是正确的。
第 2 段原文内容概括:
公共部门工会兴旺有三个原因:
- 他们可以罢工停摆,却不用承担太多后果(shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences)。
- 他们大多聪明、受过良好教育(bright and well-educated)。
- 他们现在在左翼政治中占主导地位,例如英国工党与工会关系密切,其领袖 Ed Miliband 就靠公共部门工会的投票支持当选。
选项分析:
A. Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
文中没有说他们“谨慎行事”,而是说他们可以罢工却不用承担严重后果,这并不等于“prudent(谨慎)”,所以 A 错。B. Education is required for public-sector union membership.
文中只说很多公共部门工会成员受过良好教育(a quarter have a university degree),但并没有说“必须要有教育(学历)才能加入”,所以 B 错。C. Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
文中说工党与工会主义有长期联系(associated with trade unionism),并不是“fighting against”,所以 C 错。D. Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
对应第一个原因:他们可以 shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences,意思就是“很少因行动而惹上麻烦”,与 D 表述一致。
因此正确答案是 D。
38
It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
我们先看题目要求:从第 4 段推断,公共部门的收入情况如何。
第 4 段原文:
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
关键信息:
- 公共部门平均工资高于私营部门。
- 但真正的收益来自 福利和工作制度。
- 政治家们反复“延期支付”公共部门的薪酬协议——保持工资增长适度,但增加假期和已经很慷慨的养老金。
分析:
“backloaded” 意味着把报酬延后,比如不是直接涨很多工资,而是增加养老金等未来福利。
因此,公共部门收入的增加不是直接体现在工资上,而是通过福利(养老金等)间接提高的。
选项分析:
A. illegally secured(非法获得)—— 文中未提非法。
B. indirectly augmented(间接增加)—— 对应“backloaded”方式,通过福利间接增加收入。
C. excessively increased(过度增加)—— 文中只说工资增长适度(modest),所以不是过度增加。
D. fairly adjusted(公平调整)—— 文中没有评价公平与否。
所以正确答案是 B。
39
The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
好的,我们来逐步分析这道题。
1. 定位原文
题目问的是“威斯康星州工会的例子表明工会______”。
原文对应在倒数第二段:
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.
2. 上下文逻辑
- 前文(倒数第三段)提到公共部门改革遭到强烈反对(Reform has been vigorously opposed),尤其在教育领域。
- 接着讲“当这些(工会带来的)代价对其他人变得更明显时,政客们开始压制(clamp down)”。
- 然后举 Wisconsin 的例子:工会召集成千上万的支持者反对州长 Scott Walker(他当时推动限制公共部门工会权力的法案)。
- 这说明工会是在对抗旨在减少公共部门开支和特权的改革。
3. 选项分析
- A. often run against the current political system
工会反对的是某个具体政策(公共部门改革),而不是整个政治制度,这里“current political system”范围太大,不准确。 - B. can change people’s political attitudes
原文没有强调改变人们的政治态度,而是说他们动员支持者反对改革。 - C. may be a barrier to public-sector reform
与原文逻辑一致:工会反对改革 → 成为改革的障碍。 - D. are dominant in the government
虽然前文提到工会影响力大,但 Wisconsin 的例子主要说明的是它们对改革的阻碍,而不是强调 dominance。
4. 结论
正确选项是 C. may be a barrier to public-sector reform,因为该例子在上下文中是用来说明工会对公共部门改革的强烈抵制。
40
John Donahue’s attitude towards the public - sector system is one of
解析:
定位关键信息
题目问 John Donahue 对公共部门制度的态度,所以应找到原文中 John Donahue 的观点。
最后一段提到:John Donahue … points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.
(西方公务员制度的文化规范适合那些安于现状的人,但对高成就者不利。)分析态度词
- 他说这种制度 “is bad for high achievers”(对高成就者不利)。
- 接着又说:Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
(银行家的高薪受到很多批评,但公共部门制度不奖励高成就者,对美国可能是更大的问题。) - 这里用 “much bigger problem” 表明他认为这是一个严重缺陷。
推断态度
他认为这种制度不利于激励高绩效人才,并且把它视为美国的一个大问题,说明他对这种制度持负面评价。匹配选项
- A. disapproval(不赞同) → 符合
- B. appreciation(欣赏) → 相反
- C. tolerance(容忍) → 没有体现容忍
- D. indifference(漠不关心) → 文中明显关心并批评
因此正确答案是 A。
Part B
Directions
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choice,which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
41-45
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) __________
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century’s culture machine.
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42) __________ I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.
All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) __________
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading content, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining to just consume. (44) __________
Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45) __________
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” - creations and experiences to which others adhere.
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.
[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
46-50
Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.
(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.
(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
extend your welcome and
provide some suggestions for their campus life here.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should
describe the drawing briefly
explain its intended meaning, and
give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)
(画面中有一个打翻的瓶子,里面的液体洒出了一部分。旁边有两个人,一人手扶额头,上方气泡框里写着 “全完了!”;另一人面带微笑,上方气泡框里写着 “幸好还剩点儿。”)

4 - 2013 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | 2 | B | 3 | C | 4 | D | 5 | B |
| 6 | D | 7 | A | 8 | A | 9 | D | 10 | C |
| 11 | A | 12 | C | 13 | B | 14 | C | 15 | B |
| 16 | C | 17 | D | 18 | D | 19 | B | 20 | A |
| 21 | D | 22 | B | 23 | A | 24 | C | 25 | C |
| 26 | B | 27 | D | 28 | A | 29 | A | 30 | D |
| 31 | B | 32 | B | 33 | D | 34 | A | 35 | C |
| 36 | C | 37 | C | 38 | D | 39 | A | 40 | B |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big was leading decision - makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. , he theorised that a judge of appearing too soft crime might be more likely to send someone to prison he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To this idea, he turned to the university - admissions process. In theory, the of an applicant should not depend on the few others randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was .
He studied the results of 9, 323 MBA interviews by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale numerous factors into consideration. The scores were used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one that, then the score for the next applicant would by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been .
1
解析:
第 1 题所在句为:
At first glance this might seem like a strength that ______ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ______ factors.
- 句意:乍一看这似乎是一种优点,这种优点 ______ 人们做出不受 ______ 因素影响的判断的能力。
- 逻辑上,这里需要一个表示“赋予、给予、使拥有”含义的动词,说明这种“优点”使得人们具备这种能力。
- A. grants 有“赋予,给予”的意思,符合语境。
- B. submits(提交)、C. transmits(传输)、D. delivers(递送)均与“赋予能力”不符。
因此正确答案是 A. grants。
2
解析:
第 2 题所在句子为:
At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___ factors.
句意是:乍一看,这似乎是一种优点,它让人能够做出不受 ______ 因素 影响的、无偏见的判断。
- 前文说“人们做决定时不太考虑背景信息”,这听起来像是优点,因为不考虑背景信息,就能不受某些因素影响。
- 这里的“因素”应该是指外部因素,即与决策本身无关的背景信息。
- B. external(外部的)符合语境,因为背景信息就是外部因素。
- A. minor(次要的)—— 这里不是强调因素是否次要,而是强调它们来自外部。
- C. crucial(关键的)—— 与文意相反,这里说的是排除这些因素才能做到无偏见。
- D. objective(客观的)—— 客观因素不一定被排除,而且这里强调的是“外部干扰因素”。
因此正确答案是 B. external。
3
解析:
第 3 题位于句子:
But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big ___ was leading decision-makers to be biased…
选项分析:
A. issue(问题、议题)
虽然可以说“大问题”,但“consider the big issue”与后文“被日常信息样本影响”的逻辑衔接不够直接,且“big issue”通常指重要议题,不是“整体情况”的意思。B. vision(视野、远见)
“consider the big vision”搭配不太自然,一般说“have a vision”或“broaden one’s vision”,而不是“consider the big vision”。C. picture(局面、情况)
“the big picture” 是固定搭配,意为“全局、整体情况”,正好对应前文“poor at considering background information”以及后文“被日常信息样本影响”——即不能考虑整体情况,反而被眼前局部信息影响。因此 C 最符合语境。D. moment(时刻)
“the big moment”指重要时刻,与文意不符,这里不是在讨论某个重要时间点。
因此正确答案是 C. picture。
4
解析:
第 4 题位于第二段开头,前一段提到 Dr. Simonsohn 推测决策者因无法考虑整体情况而受到日常接触的片面信息影响。接着,第二段以 “____, he theorised that a judge…” 开始,具体举了法官判案的例子来说明这个观点。
- A. Above all(最重要的是)表示强调最重要的因素,但这里不是强调,而是举例说明。
- B. On average(平均而言)表示统计平均值,不符合语境。
- C. In principle(原则上)表示理论上,但这里是在具体举例,不是讲原则。
- D. For example(例如)用来引出具体例子,符合上下文逻辑:前面提出观点,后面用法官判案作为例证。
因此,正确答案是 D. For example。
5
解析:
第 5 题所在句子为:
he theorised that a judge ___ of appearing too soft ___ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
句子结构分析:
- 主句:he theorised that…
- 从句主语:a judge
- 从句谓语:might be more likely to send someone to prison
- 从句条件状语:___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service…
逻辑推理:
- 法官如果之前对几个罪犯判得轻(只判了社区服务),那么接下来他可能会担心自己显得“对犯罪太软弱(too soft on crime)”。
- 这种担心会导致他更可能判下一个人入狱。
- 因此,空格处应填入表示“担心、害怕”含义的词。
选项分析:
- A. fond(喜欢)—— 与“appearing too soft”搭配不合理,法官不会喜欢显得软弱。
- B. fearful(害怕)—— 害怕显得对犯罪太软弱,符合逻辑。
- C. capable(能够)—— 语义不通。
- D. thoughtless(欠考虑的)—— 与上下文逻辑不符。
因此正确答案是 B. fearful。
6
解析:
第6题的句子是:
“… a judge ___ of appearing too soft ___ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison …”
句子结构分析:
- “a judge ___ of appearing too soft ___ crime” 是一个名词短语,其中 “___ of appearing too soft ___ crime” 是修饰 “judge” 的后置定语。
- “soft” 在这里意为“心慈手软”,后面通常接介词 on 表示“对……(犯罪等)处罚宽松”。
固定搭配:
- “be soft on crime” 是固定搭配,意为“对犯罪打击不力 / 对罪犯心慈手软”。
- 类似用法还有 “tough on crime”(严厉打击犯罪)。
选项分析:
- A. in:不与 “soft” 搭配表示“对犯罪手软”。
- B. for:不与 “soft” 这样搭配。
- C. to:可以说 “soft to someone”,但“soft to crime” 不符合习惯表达。
- D. on:soft on crime 是地道搭配。
句意理解:
法官担心自己显得“对犯罪过于宽容”,所以更可能判人入狱。
因此正确选项是 D. on。
答案:D
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子为:
… he theorised that a judge ___ of appearing too soft ___ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
这里的大意是:
法官如果之前已经对五六个被告只判了强制社区服务(显得对犯罪“心慈手软”),那么他接下来就更可能判某人入狱。
前后是条件关系:
“如果”他之前判得轻,“那么”接下来就更可能判得重。
选项分析:
- A. if 表示条件,符合逻辑。
- B. until 表示“直到”,语义不通。
- C. though 表示让步,但这里不是转折关系。
- D. unless 表示“除非”,代入后意思变成“除非他之前判得轻,否则不会判重”,与原文想表达的因果逻辑相反。
因此正确答案是 A. if。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句子是:
To ______ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process.
意思是“为了 ______ 这个想法,他转向了大学招生过程”。
前文提到 Dr. Simonsohn 提出了一个假设(speculated / theorised),接下来自然是要验证这个假设。
- A. test(检验、验证)符合语境,表示通过大学招生过程的数据来验证他的想法。
- B. emphasize(强调)不符合,因为这里不是强调观点,而是去验证它。
- C. share(分享)不符合逻辑,因为下文是进行研究,不是单纯分享观点。
- D. promote(推广、提倡)也不对,因为他的理论尚未证实,谈不上推广。
因此正确答案是 A. test。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在句子为:
In theory, the $\underline{\quad9\quad}$ of an applicant should not depend on the few others $\underline{\quad10\quad}$ randomly for interview during the same day…
意思是:理论上,申请者的 ______ 不应取决于同一天随机被选来面试的其他几个人。
选项:
- A. decision(决定)
- B. quality(质量)
- C. status(地位)
- D. success(成功)
逻辑分析:
- 这里讨论的是大学录取过程(university-admissions process),申请者参加面试,最终是否被录取取决于面试表现和 GMAT 分数。
- 文中要表达的是:申请者的录取结果(是否成功被录取)不应受同一天其他面试者的影响。
- “success” 在这里意为“申请成功”,即被录取的结果,符合语境。
- “decision” 虽然与录取决定有关,但主语是申请人时,一般不说 “the decision of an applicant”,而说 “the decision on an applicant” 或 “the applicant’s success”。
- “quality” 和 “status” 与录取过程的随机分配逻辑关系不直接,且不如 “success” 贴切。
因此,D. success 正确。
10
好的,我们先来看第 10 题的上下文:
In theory, the success of an applicant should not depend on the few others $\underline{\quad10\quad}$ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was otherwise.
选项:
A. found
B. studied
C. chosen
D. identified
解析:
- 句意是:理论上,申请者的成功与否,不应该取决于同一天被随机 选来 面试的其他几个申请者。
- 这里需要一个表示“被随机挑选/选择”的词,因为面试者是从申请者中随机抽取的。
- “chosen randomly” 是常见搭配,意为“随机选择的”。
- 其他选项:
- A. found(发现)—— 逻辑不通,不是“被发现来面试”。
- B. studied(被研究)—— 这里还没到研究阶段,只是选来面试。
- D. identified(被识别)—— 不如 chosen 贴合“随机抽取面试”的语境。
因此正确答案是 C. chosen。
11
好的,我们先来看第 11 题的上下文。
原文是:
In theory, the success of an applicant should not depend on the few others chosen randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was ______.
逻辑上,前半句说“理论上不应该依赖于同一天随机选的其他申请人”,后面用 but 表示转折,说明 Dr Simonsohn 怀疑“事实是相反的”。
四个选项里:
- A. otherwise = 不是这样的,相反地
- B. defensible = 可辩护的
- C. replaceable = 可替代的
- D. exceptional = 例外的,特殊的
这里需要一个表示“与前面说的相反”的词,所以 otherwise 符合语境,意思是“事实并非如此”或“事实是相反的情况”。
因此正确答案是 A. otherwise。
12
解析:
第 12 题空格所在句子为:
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ______ by 31 admissions officers.
- A. inspired(启发、激励)—— 面试不是被“启发”的,不符合语境。
- B. expressed(表达)—— 面试不是被“表达”的,搭配不当。
- C. conducted(进行、执行)—— “interviews conducted by…” 是常见搭配,意为“由……进行的面试”,符合句意。
- D. secured(确保、获得)—— 面试不是被“确保”的,语义不符。
因此,正确答案是 C. conducted,意为“由 31 位招生官员进行的面试”。
13
解析:
第 13 题所在句子为:
The interviewers had $\underline{\quad13\quad}$ applicants on a scale of one to five.
句意:面试官按照 1 到 5 的等级对申请人进行 评分。
选项分析:
- A. assigned:分配、指派(通常指派任务、工作等,不用于评分)
- B. rated:评分、评级(常用搭配 rate sb. on a scale)
- C. matched:匹配、相配(不符合语境)
- D. arranged:安排、整理(不用于评分行为)
搭配与语境:
“on a scale of one to five” 明确表示用 1 到 5 的等级来打分,因此 rated 是最合适的动词。
因此正确答案是 B. rated。
14
解析:
第14题所在句子为:
This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration.
四个选项为:
- A. put
- B. got
- C. took
- D. gave
固定搭配:
英语中表示“将……纳入考虑”的常用短语是 take … into consideration 或 take … into account。
此处结构为 “took numerous factors into consideration”,意思是“这个评分体系将许多因素考虑在内”。
- put … into consideration ❌(不搭配)
- got … into consideration ❌(不搭配)
- gave … into consideration ❌(不搭配)
因此,正确答案是 C. took。
15
解析:
第15题所在的句子是:
The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test… to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
这句话的意思是“这个分数(面试分数)______与申请者的 GMAT 分数一起使用,来决定是否录取他/她”。
- A. instead(代替)—— 逻辑不对,因为面试分数不是代替 GMAT 分数,而是一起使用。
- B. then(然后,接着)—— 可以表示“然后被用来”,但这里更强调“接着/然后”这种顺序或逻辑上的下一步,符合语境。
- C. ever(曾经)—— 时态和语义不符,这里不是过去经历。
- D. rather(而是)—— 常用于“rather than”,表示对比,这里没有对比含义。
结合上下文,面试分数是在面试官评出之后,再与 GMAT 分数结合做决定,所以用 then 表示“接着、然后”这一顺序步骤。
因此正确答案是 B. then。
16
解析:
第16题所在句子为:
“… the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is ______ out of 800 points, …”
- A. selected(选择)—— 考试分数不是被“选择”出来的,不符合搭配。
- B. passed(通过)—— 虽然可以说“通过考试”,但这里是在说“总分是800分”,不是“通过800分”,语义不通。
- C. marked(打分)—— “be marked out of 800 points” 是英语中常见表达,意思是“按800分制评分”,符合语境。
- D. introduced(引入)—— 与分数无关,逻辑不符。
因此正确答案是 C. marked。
17
我们先看原文句子:
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ______ that, then the score for the next applicant would …
这里的逻辑是:
- 面试是按顺序进行的,每天有一批申请人。
- 比较的是“前一个申请人”的分数与“在它之前的那个申请人”的分数。
- 即:设当前正在面试的申请人是 A,前一个是 B,再前一个是 C。
- 如果 B 的分数比 C 的分数高 0.75 分或更多,那么 A 的分数会下降。
所以空格处是 “the one ______ that” 中的介词,表示“在它之前的那位”。
“the one before that” 是常见用法,但选项里没有 before。
选项有:
A. below
B. after
C. above
D. before(这里选项 D 在题中实际是 before,不是 below 重复)
根据常见考题,这里选 D. before(在它之前的那位)。
解析:
- “the one before that” = 在那一位之前的那一位(即前前一位)。
- 比较的是 previous candidate 与 previous previous candidate 的分数差。
- 如果 previous candidate 比 previous previous candidate 分数高很多,则下一个会受影响。
18
解析:
第 18 题出现在这一段:
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ______ that, then the score for the next applicant would ______ by an average of 0.075 points.
根据上下文逻辑,这里讲的是对比效应(contrast effect):
- 如果前一个申请人分数比再前一个高出很多(0.75 分以上),那么下一个申请人的分数会下降 0.075 分。
- 这是因为面试官在连续评分时,会不自觉地与刚评过的前一位比较,如果前一位分数很高,就会显得下一位稍差,从而给分偏低。
四个选项:
- A. jump(上升) → 与文意相反
- B. float(漂浮) → 不符合语境
- C. fluctuate(波动) → 没有体现“下降”的规律性
- D. drop(下降) → 符合研究发现
因此正确答案是 D. drop。
19
解析:
第 19 题所在句子为:
This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points…
意思是:
“这听起来可能很小,但要 抵消 / 消除 这种分数下降的影响,考生需要多考 30 分 GMAT。”
选项分析:
- A. achieve(实现)—— 与“消除影响”不符,逻辑不通。
- B. undo(消除,抵消)—— 符合语境,表示“抵消这种分数下降带来的影响”。
- C. maintain(维持)—— 这里不是维持影响,而是消除影响,不符合。
- D. disregard(忽视)—— 忽视影响的话就不需要多考 30 分了,与文意矛盾。
因此正确答案是 B. undo。
20
解析:
第 20 题所在句子为:
This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ______.
句意为:
“这听起来可能很小,但为了抵消这种分数下降的影响,申请人需要比原本______的 GMAT 分数再多考 30 分。”
逻辑分析:
- “otherwise” 表示“在没有这种分数下降影响的情况下”。
- 在没有这种影响时,原本需要多少分是“必要的”?
- 即:需要比原本必要的分数多 30 分。
选项分析:
- A. necessary(必要的) → 符合句意:比原本必要的分数多 30 分。
- B. possible(可能的) → 逻辑不通,不是“比原本可能的分数”。
- C. promising(有希望的) → 语义不符。
- D. helpful(有帮助的) → 不贴合“原本需要的分数”这一含义。
因此正确答案是 A. necessary。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
21
Priestly criticizes her assistant for her _______.
解析:
定位原文信息
文章第一段提到,Miranda Priestly 批评她的助理,是因为助理认为 high fashion doesn’t affect her(高端时尚影响不到她)。
接着 Priestly 解释了助理身上毛衣的深蓝色是如何从时尚秀场一步步传递到廉价商品区的,暗示助理其实也在无意识中受到时尚趋势的影响。选项分析
- A. lack of imagination(缺乏想象力)
原文并未说她缺乏想象力,而是说她错误地认为时尚与自己无关。 - B. poor bargaining skill(讨价还价能力差)
无关信息,原文未提及。 - C. obsession with high fashion(痴迷高端时尚)
与原文意思相反,助理并不痴迷高端时尚,而是认为高端时尚与自己无关。 - D. insensitivity to fashion(对时尚不敏感)
符合原文,助理没有意识到自己其实也受到时尚趋势的影响,说明她对时尚潮流不敏感。
- A. lack of imagination(缺乏想象力)
结论
正确答案是 D,因为 Priestly 批评助理的原因正是她对时尚的无知或不敏感,误以为高端时尚与自己无关。
22
According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to _______.
解析:
题目问的是“根据克莱因的观点,大众市场品牌促使消费者做什么?”
我们需要在文中找到克莱因对大众市场品牌(如 Zara、H&M 等)的描述,以及它们对消费者行为的影响。
定位关键句:
第二段中有这样一句:
Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.
- “renew their wardrobe every few weeks” 意思是每隔几周就更新衣橱,即更频繁地买衣服。
- 这正是大众品牌鼓励消费者做的事:把衣服看作一次性,频繁购买。
选项分析:
- A. combat unnecessary waste(对抗不必要的浪费)
文中没有提到品牌鼓励消费者对抗浪费,相反,它们鼓励快速淘汰衣物,这会导致浪费。 - B. shop for their garments more frequently(更频繁地购买服装)
与原文“renew their wardrobe every few weeks”对应,正确。 - C. resist the influence of advertisements(抵制广告影响)
文中未提及。 - D. shut out the feverish fashion world(隔绝狂热的时尚界)
与文意相反,品牌正是让消费者更深入这种快速时尚。
因此正确答案是 B。
23
The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to _______.
解析:
定位原文
题干中 “indictment” 出现在第二段第 3 行,原文句子是:Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.
语境分析
- 上文提到《穿普拉达的女王》中“时尚由顶级向下传播”的观念已经过时,与 Elizabeth Cline 在 Overdressed 中描述的世界不符。
- 下文说,近几十年来,技术发展让 Zara、H&M 等快时尚品牌能更快反应、更精准预测需求,鼓励消费者把衣服看作一次性,每几周更新衣柜。
- 第三段指出这种变革的受害者包括设计师、劳工、环境等。
- 可见 Cline 对“快时尚”持批判态度。
词义推断
“indictment” 在法律上意为“起诉、控告”,引申为“谴责、指责”。
从上下文看,Cline 写书是为了揭露快时尚的弊端(浪费、污染、压榨劳工等),因此词义应为“指控/谴责”。选项匹配
- A. accusation(指责,指控)—— 符合批判语气。
- B. enthusiasm(热情)—— 感情色彩相反。
- C. indifference(漠不关心)—— 与作者立场不符。
- D. tolerance(容忍)—— 与批判态度不符。
因此正确答案是 A。
24
Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
解析:
题目要求从最后一段推断出正确选项。我们先看最后一段的内容:
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
关键句是最后一句:
Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
意思是“虚荣心一直存在;只有当人们不得不(因价格原因)去可持续购物时,他们才会开始这样做。”
也就是说,只有当价格因素(比如快时尚太便宜,而环保服装贵)不再阻碍时,人们才会转向环保消费。
选项分析:
A. Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
虚荣心更多出现在理想主义者身上?文中只说“虚荣心一直存在”,没有比较谁更多虚荣,而且理想主义者这里指的是倡导可持续的人,他们不一定更虚荣,因此 A 错。B. The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
快时尚行业忽视可持续性?文中提到一些快时尚公司已经在努力减少对劳动和环境的影响,所以不能说完全忽视,B 错。C. Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
价格对于环保购物至关重要。这与最后一句逻辑一致:人们只有在“不得不”的时候(即价格因素起作用时)才会可持续购物,说明价格是关键因素。C 正确。D. People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
人们对买不起的服装更感兴趣?文中没有说人们对买不起的衣服更有兴趣,而是说价格因素会影响他们是否选择可持续服装。D 错。
答案:C
25
What is the subject of the text?
解析:
文章主旨分析
文章围绕《Overdressed》一书展开,该书对“快时尚”现象进行了为期三年的批判。文中提到快时尚品牌(如 Zara、H&M)如何通过快速响应潮流、低价销售,改变了时尚产业的节奏,并带来了浪费、劳工和环境问题。核心论点与态度
作者通过 Cline 的观点指出快时尚的负面影响:- 鼓励消费者将服装视为一次性物品
- 造成资源浪费和环境污染
- 依赖海外廉价劳动力
整体上,文章对快时尚持批评态度。
选项分析
- A. Satire on an extravagant lifestyle(讽刺奢侈生活方式)
文章重点不在讽刺奢侈生活,而是批判快时尚的商业模式及其影响。 - B. Challenge to a high-fashion myth(挑战高时尚神话)
文章开头提到《穿普拉达的女魔头》中的“自上而下”时尚观已过时,但这只是引入话题,并非全文核心。 - C. Criticism of the fast-fashion industry(对快时尚产业的批评)
与文章主旨一致,全文围绕快时尚的问题展开批评。 - D. Exposure of a mass-market secret(揭露大众市场秘密)
文中虽提到快时尚不宣传衣服不耐穿,但这只是细节,不是全文核心。
- A. Satire on an extravagant lifestyle(讽刺奢侈生活方式)
结论
文章主要批评快时尚产业带来的问题,因此正确答案是 C。
Text 2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to rile Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?
26
It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to
解析:
题目问的是:第一段暗示“行为”广告能帮助广告商做到什么?
定位第一段
第一段开头提到一句老话:“一半的广告预算都被浪费了——问题在于,没人知道是哪一半。”
接着指出:在互联网时代,这个比例(浪费的部分)可以大幅减少。
原因是:通过观察人们的搜索、点击和在线言论,公司可以向最有可能购买的人投放“行为”广告。逻辑推导
- “浪费的广告预算减少”意味着广告投放更精准,从而降低成本。
- 选项分析:
- A 缓解竞争(未提及)
- B 降低运营成本(符合“减少浪费”的逻辑)
- C 避免消费者投诉(未提及)
- D 提供更好的在线服务(未提及,重点在广告投放效率,不是服务)
因此正确答案是 B。
行为广告通过精准投放,减少预算浪费,从而降低广告商的运营成本。
答案:B
27
“The industry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to
解析:
定位原文
题干中 “The industry” 出现在第三段最后一句:In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
上下文逻辑
第三段第一句提到 FTC 提议在 互联网浏览器 中加入 “Do Not Track” 选项。
接着列举了 Microsoft 的 Internet Explorer、Apple 的 Safari、Google 的 Chrome 等浏览器都提供或即将提供 DNT。
因此,此处的 “the industry” 是指前面提到的这些 互联网浏览器开发商,而不是泛指所有网络广告商。排除干扰项
- A. online advertisers(在线广告商):虽然 DNT 与广告有关,但这一段讨论的是浏览器加入 DNT 功能,而不是广告商自身的行为。
- B. e-commerce conductors(电子商务运营商):未在上下文中出现。
- C. digital information analysis(数字信息分析):未在上下文中直接关联。
- D. internet browser developers(互联网浏览器开发商):与 Microsoft、Apple、Google 的浏览器产品对应,符合语境。
因此正确答案是 D。
28
Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
我们先定位原文中 Bob Liodice 的观点。
原文第五段:
Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”
他的逻辑是:
- 如果 DNT 设为默认,广告商无法收集用户偏好信息。
- 消费者不会收到更少的广告,而是收到“更无意义、更不精准的广告”。
- 因此消费者处境会更糟(worse off)。
也就是说,他认为 DNT 默认开启对消费者没有好处。
看选项:
A. may cut the number of junk ads.
—— 错,他明确说广告数量不会减少,而且广告会变得更不相关(更接近垃圾广告),而不是减少垃圾广告。
B. fails to affect the ad industry.
—— 错,他明显认为会影响广告业,所以才反对。
C. will not benefit consumers.
—— 对,他明确说消费者会 worse off,即不会受益。
D. goes against human nature.
—— 错,虽然前文提到“Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings”,但这是作者叙述,不是 Bob Liodice 的观点。
所以正确选项是 C。
但你的题目说“正确答案为 A”,这显然与原文逻辑不符。
我怀疑你给的答案可能有误,或者题目来源的答案印错。
根据原文,Bob Liodice 认为 DNT 默认设置不会让消费者受益,所以应选 C。
29
Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?
我们先看第6段原文:
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
解析:
- 第6段说,收到 DNT 信号并不强制广告商停止追踪(does not oblige anyone to stop tracking)。
- 而且由于广告商无法分辨用户是主动反对行为广告,还是仅仅因为浏览器默认开启了 DNT,所以有些公司可能会忽略 DNT 信号,继续追踪。
- 这意味着 DNT 可能达不到它原本的目的(保护隐私、不被追踪),因为广告商可能不遵守。
选项分析:
- A. DNT may not serve its intended purpose. → 与原文意思一致,因为广告商可能无视 DNT 信号。
- B. Advertisers are willing to implement DNT. → 文中没有说他们愿意,反而说他们可能忽略。
- C. DNT is losing its popularity among consumers. → 本段未提及消费者是否喜欢 DNT。
- D. Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads. → 文中未说他们有义务提供行为广告,且与 DNT 话题逻辑不符。
因此正确答案是 A。
30
The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of
解析:
定位关键信息
题干指向文章最后一段中微软首席隐私官 Brendon Lynch 的博客言论:“We believe consumers should have more control.” 作者紧接着反问:“Could it really be that simple?”(事情真的如此简单吗?)分析作者语气
作者在反问中表现出对微软声明的怀疑。- 前文提到微软将 DNT 设为默认可能惹恼广告商,并且微软自己也有广告业务,它如何遵守 DNT 还不明确。
- 作者还暗示微软此举可能是为了针对谷歌,而不是单纯为了消费者隐私。
- 因此,作者对微软声称“让消费者拥有更多控制权”这一理由持怀疑态度。
选项分析
- A. indulgence(纵容)—— 文中没有体现宽容或放任的态度。
- B. understanding(理解)—— 作者并未表示理解或赞同。
- C. appreciation(欣赏)—— 没有正面赞赏的措辞。
- D. skepticism(怀疑)—— 与最后一句反问以及前文对微软动机的分析一致。
答案:D
Text 3
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Perhaps willfully, it is easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
31
Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
解析:
定位题干关键词:
题干问的是“我们过去对未来的憧憬受到……的启发”。
根据 “used to be” 可定位到第一段。第一段内容分析:
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
意思是:直到几十年前,我们对未来的看法大体上是非常积极的,因为科技会治愈人类的所有弊病,从而带来充满成就感和机遇的生活。
选项比对:
- A. 对充满成就感的生活的渴望 → 这是科技带来的结果,不是根本原因。
- B. 对科学技术的信心 → 直接对应 “Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity”,这正是过去人们积极未来观的来源。
- C. 对潜在风险的意识 → 这是第二段提到的现在的情况,与过去相反。
- D. 对平等机会的信念 → 文中未直接作为未来观的“根源”提出,而是科技带来的结果之一。
结论:
过去人们对未来的积极看法,主要源于对科技发展的信心,因此正确答案是 B。
32
The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are
解析:
题干定位
题目问的是“IUCN 的‘红色名录’表明人类是……”,因此需要回到原文找到 IUCN Red List 相关的内容。原文定位
第三段提到:Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” … and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”
信息提取
- “Least Concern” 意味着该物种目前没有灭绝危险。
- 理由包括:分布广、适应性强、数量在增加、没有导致整体数量下降的重大威胁。
- 结合前文作者的观点:人类这个物种有极大可能生存数万年甚至更久。
- 因此,IUCN 的评估支持“人类是一个持续生存的物种”这一观点。
选项分析
- A. a misplaced race(一个被错置的种族)→ 文中 “misplaced” 是用来形容 “gloominess”(悲观情绪)的,不是形容人类种族。
- B. a sustained species(一个持续存在的物种)→ 与 IUCN 描述“分布广、适应性强、数量增加、无重大威胁”相符,即物种能够长期存续。
- C. the world’s dominant power(世界的主导力量)→ 文中未在 IUCN 部分讨论人类是否主导世界。
- D. a threat to the environment(对环境的威胁)→ 文中未提及,且与 IUCN 对人类“无危”的评价无关。
答案确定
根据 IUCN 描述和上下文逻辑,作者引用它是为了证明人类是能够长期存续的物种,因此正确答案是 B。
33
Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
让我们先定位到原文第五段:
Perhaps willfully, it is easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
选项分析:
A. The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
文中提到科幻作家和未来学家更适合探索这些可能性,但并未说人们对科幻的兴趣在上升,属于无中生有。B. Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
Arc 是专注于近未来的新刊物,但文中没有说它“限制”未来学研究的范围,而是说它关注近未来,这与“限制”不同。C. Technology offers solutions to social problems.
本段没有提到技术为社会问题提供解决方案,而是说技术及其社会后果非常复杂。D. Our immediate future is hard to conceive.
对应原文第一句“it is easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future”,以及后面说近未来的技术演化和社会后果“dazzlingly complicated”,因此可以推断近未来难以预测/设想,与 D 选项相符。
因此正确答案是 D。
34
To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to
解析:
题干定位
题干问“为了确保人类的未来,关键是要……”,这需要从文章中找到关于“如何确保未来”的关键信息。关键段落定位
文章倒数第二段提到:But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
这里明确指出“过去是未来的关键”,即我们可以通过过去的长期模式来预测未来,并据此做出基于证据的判断。
选项比对
- A. draw on our experience from the past(借鉴过去的经验)
这与原文 “the past holds the key to the future” 完全对应,是作者明确提出的方法。 - B. adopt an optimistic view of the world(采取乐观的世界观)
文章虽然反驳了过度悲观,但并未说乐观本身是关键,而是强调基于知识的预测。 - C. explore our planet’s abundant resources(探索地球丰富资源)
文中未强调资源开发,而是强调长期模式和风险管理。 - D. curb our ambition to reshape history(抑制我们重塑历史的野心)
文中未提及这一观点。
- A. draw on our experience from the past(借鉴过去的经验)
结论
文章在最后两段强调,通过研究过去的历史模式,我们可以有把握地预测并应对未来的风险,因此 A 是正确答案。
35
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
好的,我们先梳理文章的核心脉络,然后判断哪个标题最合适。
文章结构分析:
- 第一段:几十年前,人们对未来的想象大多是积极光明的,认为科技会解决人类所有问题。
- 第二段:如今乌托邦式的想法不再流行,因为人们意识到很多威胁(小行星、流感、气候变化等),甚至可能觉得人类没有未来。
- 第三段:作者反驳这种悲观论调,指出化石记录显示很多物种延续了数百万年,人类分布广、适应力强、数量在增长,被 IUCN 列为“无危”。
- 第四段:越来越多的机构在认真思考长远未来,例如“Long Now Foundation”的机械钟项目。
- 第五段:思考近期未来很复杂,不如留给科幻作家;而长远未来反而更有把握预测。
- 第六段:从长远视角看,我们可以根据历史模式,对未来做出有依据的预测。
- 第七段:长远视角让悲观论调看起来像一时流行;我们有足够知识来减少威胁,改善后代的命运。
主旨归纳:
文章先承认存在悲观情绪,但通过论证(物种延续潜力、人类适应力、历史模式可预测、知识增长能应对风险)得出结论——人类长远前景是光明的,而非不确定或悲观的。
选项分析:
A. Uncertainty about Our Future
文章恰恰在反驳“未来不确定/悲观”的观点,强调长远可以预测且前景光明,所以此项与主旨相反。B. Evolution of the Human Species
文章并非讨论人类生物进化史,而是讨论未来的前景预测,范围不符。C. The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind
与文章主旨一致:尽管有短期挑战,但长远来看人类前景光明。D. Science, Technology and Humanity
科技只是文中提到的过去乐观想象的一部分,并非全文核心,文章重点是人类命运前景。
结论:
正确答案是 C,因为它抓住了作者的核心论点——人类拥有持续、光明的长远未来。
Text 4
On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
In Arizona v. United States, the majority over turned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws pre-empt state laws are non-controversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field”, and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.
However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36
Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they
解析:
根据文章内容,亚利桑那州移民法中的三项条款被最高法院推翻,是因为它们侵犯了联邦政府在移民事务上的专属权力。
关键信息定位:
- 第二段提到,宪法原则规定只有联邦政府有权制定统一的归化规则,且联邦法律优先于州法律(“Washington alone has the power to ’establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization’ and that federal laws pre-empt state laws”)。
- 第三段指出,亚利桑那州“飞得离联邦太阳太近”(“flew too close to the federal sun”),即过于接近联邦权力范围,国会已经有意“占据这一领域”(“occupied the field”),因此亚利桑那州侵犯了联邦的特权(“intruded on the federal’s privileged powers”)。
选项分析:
- A. 剥夺了联邦警察的宪法权力:文章未提及联邦警察的权力被剥夺,而是强调亚利桑那州越权。
- B. 破坏了不同州之间的权力平衡:文章讨论的是联邦与州之间的权力平衡,而非州与州之间。
- C. 逾越了联邦移民法的权威:与原文一致,亚利桑那州的条款侵犯了联邦在移民事务上的专属权力。
- D. 与联邦和州政策均矛盾:亚利桑那州试图制定与联邦政策并行的州政策,但未被允许,而非与所有政策矛盾。
因此,正确答案是 C。
37
On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?
解析:
题目要求根据第 4 段判断大法官们同意以下哪一项。
第 4 段内容:
However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
关键信息提取:
- 大法官们认为,亚利桑那州警察被允许(would be allowed)核实与执法接触者的合法身份。
- 原因是:国会一直设想联邦与州联合执行(joint federal-state immigration enforcement)移民法,并明确鼓励州官员与联邦同事共享信息与合作。
选项分析:
- A. Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.
错误。文中提到的是“分享信息”(share information),而非“扣留信息”(withhold)。 - B. States’ independence from federal immigration law.
错误。文中强调的是“合作”与“联合执行”,并非“独立于联邦移民法”。 - C. States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
正确。大法官们允许州警察核实移民身份,并指出国会鼓励州与联邦合作,这说明大法官们承认州在移民执法中具有合法角色。 - D. Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
错误。虽然提到国会设想了联合执法,但本段重点在于说明州执法角色的合法性,而非国会干预本身。
结论:
根据第 4 段,大法官们一致同意州在移民执法中具有合法角色,因此正确答案是 C。
38
It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts
解析:
第 5 段提到:
The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
这句话的意思是:唯一的主要反对意见来自大法官安东宁·斯卡利亚,他为州权提出了更强烈的辩护,其理由可追溯到 《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》。
- 斯卡利亚是反对最高法院多数意见的,他主张州权,反对联邦权力过度扩张。
- 他引用《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》是为了支持他对州权的辩护。
- 因此,可以推断《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》在历史上是 支持州权、限制联邦权力 的法律。
选项分析:
A. 违反宪法 —— 文中未提及,且斯卡利亚引用它是为了支持自己的观点,不太可能引用违宪的法案。
B. 损害州利益 —— 与文意相反,它是被用来支持州权的。
C. 支持联邦法律 —— 与文意相反,它被用来限制联邦权力。
D. 支持州权 —— 符合文意,因为斯卡利亚用它来为州权辩护。
正确答案:D
39
The White House claims that its power of enforcement
解析:
定位原文
题目问的是“白宫声称其执法权……”,因此需要找到关于白宫(即奥巴马政府)主张其执法权力的原文内容。
关键信息出现在第六段和第七段。第六段内容
The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
(白宫认为,即使亚利桑那州的法律与联邦法律完全一致,它们也与联邦的执法优先权冲突。实际上,白宫声称它可以否决任何其不同意的、在其他方面合法的州法律。)这说明白宫主张自己拥有高于州法律的执法权,即使州法律符合联邦法规,只要与联邦执法优先权冲突,联邦就可以使其无效。
第七段补充
The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either.
(政府实质上是在主张,因为它自己不想执行国会的移民政策意愿,所以也不允许任何州这样做。)这进一步表明白宫认为自己的执法权可以凌驾于州之上。
选项分析
- A. outweighs that held by the states(压倒/高于州所拥有的权力)—— 与原文“可以否决州法律”相符。
- B. is dependent on the states’ support(依赖于州的支持)—— 原文未提及。
- C. is established by federal statutes(由联邦法规确立)—— 虽然联邦权力确实来自宪法与法律,但这里白宫主张的是超出明确授权的“执法优先权”,并非单纯依赖成文法。
- D. rarely goes against state laws(很少与州法律冲突)—— 与原文相反,白宫正是主张即使州法律合法也可因优先权而否决。
因此正确答案是 A。
40
What can be learned from the last paragraph?
让我们一步步分析最后一段的内容,并对照选项找出正确答案。
最后一段原文:
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
段落大意:
- 某些权力(如移民与边境控制)确实属于联邦政府专有。
- 但是,国会如果真想阻止各州用自己的资源去核查移民身份,它是有权这样做的,可国会从未这么做。
- 奥巴马政府实质上是在主张:因为自己不想执行国会的移民政策意愿,所以也不允许各州这样做。
- 所有大法官都正当地拒绝了这一主张。
逻辑重点:
- 国会拥有立法权,在移民问题上可以限制州的行为,但国会没有禁止州协助核查移民身份。
- 政府(行政分支)声称自己可以因为与自己的执法优先权冲突就否决州的法律,这是对权力的过度主张。
- 最高法院全体一致反对政府的这一主张,即限制了行政分支的权力。
选项分析:
A. Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
- 本段确实提到国会拥有相关权力,但这不是本段的中心思想,本段重点是反驳行政分支越权。
B. Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.
- 正确。全体大法官拒绝政府的“remarkable claim”,即限制行政分支扩权。
C. Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
- 无依据,文中没有提到大法官想加强与国会的协作。
D. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
- 与本段意思相反,法院否定了政府可以主导移民问题的说法。
答案:B
Part B
Directions
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social - science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41) ______ Humanity has the necessary agro - technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(42) ______ This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004, (43) ______.
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) ______. This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) ______. That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline - oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem - oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social - sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.
[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio - economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behaviour: all require behavioural change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social - science research and to integrate it within cross - cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non - profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self - expression is a basic human urge; 46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. 47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. 48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, 49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. 50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
describe the drawing briefly,
interpret its intended meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
(下方配有一幅漫画:一群标有 “毕业生” 字样的人物,面临着标有 “考研”“考公”“留学”“创业” 等不同方向的道路。)

5 - 2014 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D | 2 | B | 3 | D | 4 | C | 5 | C |
| 6 | A | 7 | C | 8 | D | 9 | B | 10 | A |
| 11 | A | 12 | D | 13 | B | 14 | C | 15 | D |
| 16 | B | 17 | B | 18 | A | 19 | C | 20 | D |
| 21 | C | 22 | A | 23 | A | 24 | B | 25 | B |
| 26 | D | 27 | B | 28 | C | 29 | D | 30 | C |
| 31 | C | 32 | B | 33 | A | 34 | D | 35 | B |
| 36 | A | 37 | D | 38 | C | 39 | B | 40 | A |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an impact on our professional, social, and personal .
Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental can significantly improve our basic cognitive . Thinking is essentially a of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate mental effort.
Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental .
The Web-based program you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps of your progress and provides detailed feedback your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it modifies and enhances the games you play to on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.
1
解析:
第 1 题考查的是宾语从句的引导词。
句子结构是:
We suddenly can’t remember ______ we put the keys just a moment ago.
这里 “we put the keys” 是一个完整的句子,缺少的是表示地点的状语,即“把钥匙放在哪里”。
- A. why(为什么) → 不符合语境,不是问原因。
- B. when(何时) → 时间上已经给出 “just a moment ago”,不需要再用 when 重复。
- C. that(无实义) → 放入后句子变成 “remember that we put the keys”,逻辑上缺地点信息,句意不完整。
- D. where(在哪里) → 符合语境,表示不记得刚才把钥匙放在何处。
因此正确答案是 D. where。
2
解析:
第 2 题题干为:
As the brain ______, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.”
四个选项:
A. improves(改善)
B. fades(衰退,变弱)
C. collapses(崩溃)
D. recovers(恢复)
解题思路:
- 前文提到,人到了中年,记忆力和思维清晰度不如从前,经常忘记钥匙、熟人名字等。
- 这种记忆力和思维能力的下降,被称作“senior moments”(老年时刻),说明是大脑功能衰退的表现。
- “fades” 可以表示(能力、记忆力等)逐渐减弱,符合上下文语义。
- “improves” 和 “recovers” 与文意相反;“collapses” 程度过重,不符合“senior moments”这种轻微、常见的记忆下降现象。
因此,正确答案是 B. fades。
3
好的,我们先看第 3 题的上下文。
原文是:
As the brain ____, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” ____ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an ____ impact on our professional, social, and personal ____.
第 3 题的空位于 “____ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have an ____ impact…”
句子结构分析:
前半部分说 “seemingly innocent” (看起来无害),
后半部分说 “can potentially have an impact” (可能产生很大的影响)。
显然,这里需要一个表示 让步 或 转折 的逻辑关系,即 “虽然看起来无害,但实际上可能影响很大”。
选项分析:
- A. While → 可以表示 “虽然”,符合逻辑。
- B. Unless → “除非”,不符合逻辑。
- C. Once → “一旦”,不符合逻辑。
- D. If → “如果”,不符合逻辑,因为这里不是条件关系,而是让步关系。
但是,题目说正确答案是 D(If),这看起来很奇怪,因为从语法和逻辑上 A(While)更合理。
不过,如果考虑另一种理解:
If seemingly innocent, this loss … can …
意思是 “如果(这种记忆衰退)看起来无害,它也可能产生很大影响”,逻辑上不通,因为 “看起来无害” 和 “有影响” 之间不是条件关系,而是转折关系。
可能的解释:
如果答案是 D(If),那可能是题目或答案印刷错误,或者是在极特殊的语境里 If = Even if(即使),但 Even if 常用 While/Although 代替。
在标准完形填空中,这里选 A(While)才是正确的。
结论:
根据常规语法和上下文逻辑,第 3 题应选 A. While。
但既然题目要求解析为什么答案是 D(If),我只能推测出题者可能把 If 理解为 “即使”,但这种用法不常见,且容易引起混淆。
4
解析:
第 4 题空格所在的句子是:
“… this loss of mental focus can potentially have an ______ impact on our professional, social, and personal ______.”
- 前文提到“senior moments”看似无害(seemingly innocent),但用 “but” 或类似转折含义(这里用 seemingly innocent 暗示实际上可能有害)引出这种注意力、记忆力的下降其实可能带来负面影响。
- 从语义上看,这种影响应该是 负面的,因为会对职业、社交和个人生活造成问题。
- 选项分析:
- A. uneven(不均匀的)—— 不贴合“影响”的性质描述。
- B. limited(有限的)—— 与 potentially(可能)和上下文想表达的严重性不符。
- C. damaging(有害的,损害的)—— 符合“负面影响”的逻辑,且与 professional, social, personal 搭配合理。
- D. obscure(模糊的,不清楚的)—— 不适用于“影响”的性质。
因此,C. damaging 最符合上下文逻辑,表示“可能产生有害影响”。
5
解析:
第 5 题所在句子为:
this loss of mental focus can potentially have an $\underline{\quad4\quad}$ impact on our professional, social, and personal $\underline{\quad5\quad}$.
A. relationship(关系)
虽然可以说影响人际关系,但前面并列的是 professional(职业的)、social(社交的)、personal(个人的),personal 后面接 relationship 显得重复且范围狭窄,因为 personal 已经包含人际关系,但这里需要一个更上位的、涵盖生活各方面的词。B. environment(环境)
与 professional / social / personal 搭配时,只能说“职业环境、社交环境、个人环境”,但“个人环境”不太自然,且“影响个人环境”意思模糊。C. wellbeing(福祉、健康状态)
professional wellbeing(职业状态)、social wellbeing(社交健康)、personal wellbeing(个人幸福)是常见搭配,涵盖了一个人在这些方面的整体状态,符合语境。D. outlook(观点、前景)
professional outlook(职业前景)、social outlook(社交观念)、personal outlook(人生观)虽然可以搭配,但“影响我们的职业前景、社交观念、人生观”与记忆力和思维清晰度下降的直接后果相比,wellbeing 更贴近生活实际受影响的范围(包括效率、情绪、生活质量等)。
因此,最佳答案是 C. wellbeing,表示对职业、社交和个人幸福都可能产生负面影响。
6
解析:
第 6 题所在句子是:
It $\underline{\quad6\quad}$ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do…
四个选项是:
A. turns
B. finds
C. points
D. figures
1. 固定搭配分析
- turn out 是一个固定短语,意思是“结果是,原来是,证明是”,常用于 It turns out that… 句型,表示“事实证明……”。
- find out 意思是“发现,查明”,主语一般是人,不常用 It finds out that… 这种形式。
- point out 意思是“指出”,主语一般是人,It points out that… 虽然语法上可能成立,但不符合这里“揭示一个事实”的常见表达习惯。
- figure out 意思是“理解,想出”,主语一般是人,不用于 It figures out that… 表示“事实证明”。
2. 上下文语义
这句话是在说:事实证明,大脑需要锻炼,就像我们的肌肉一样。
这里强调的是“科学研究揭示了一个事实”,所以 It turns out that… 是最自然、最地道的表达。
3. 排除其他选项
- B. finds:一般说 Scientists find that…,不说 It finds that…(除非是特定文体如新闻标题)。
- C. points:It points out that… 虽然语法正确,但这里强调的是“结果证明”,不是“指出”。
- D. figures:It figures that… 在美式口语中可以表示“难怪,可想而知”,但带有主观推测意味,不适合这里客观科学事实的语境。
因此正确答案是 A. turns。
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子为:
It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions.
解题思路:
- 前文提到“大脑需要像肌肉一样锻炼”,因此此处应填入与“锻炼”相关的词。
- workouts 意为“锻炼、训练”,常用来指身体或脑力的系统训练,与上文的“exercise”形成对应。
- 其他选项分析:
- A. responses(反应)—— 与“锻炼”语义不符。
- B. roundabouts(环岛;迂回路线)—— 与上下文无关。
- D. associations(联想;关联)—— 虽然与思维活动有关,但不符合“脑力锻炼”的语境。
因此,正确答案是 C. workouts。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句子为:
“… the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8.”
- cognitive functions 是一个固定搭配,意为“认知功能”,指大脑的记忆、注意、推理等基本能力。
- 其他选项:
- A. genre(类型、体裁)——与“认知”不搭配。
- B. criterion(标准)——不符合语境,这里不是谈标准,而是大脑的功能。
- C. circumstances(环境、情况)——与“认知”搭配不当。
因此,正确答案是 D. functions。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在句子为:
Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain.
(思考本质上是一个在大脑中建立连接的过程。)
选项分析:
- A. channel(渠道、通道)—— 思考不是“渠道”,而是活动或过程。
- B. process(过程)—— 符合句意,强调思考是“建立连接”这一连续的活动过程。
- C. sequence(顺序、序列)—— 虽然思考可能涉及顺序,但这里强调的是整体动态过程,而不是步骤的顺序。
- D. condition(条件、状态)—— 思考不是一种“条件”,而是一种活动。
因此,B. process 最符合语境和逻辑。
10
解析:
第 10 题所在的句子是:
To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.
选项分析:
- A. excel(擅长,突出)
- “excel in” 是固定搭配,表示“在……方面擅长/出众”,符合语境“在建立促进智力的连接方面表现出色”。
- B. feature(以……为特色)
- “feature in” 通常表示“在……中起重要作用/出现”,但主语一般是事物,不用于描述“ability to feature in doing sth.”这种搭配,且语义不如 excel 贴切。
- C. persist(坚持)
- “persist in” 表示“坚持做某事”,但这里不是强调“坚持建立连接”,而是强调“擅长建立连接”的能力。
- D. believe(相信)
- “believe in” 表示“信任/信仰”,与“建立神经连接”的能力不搭配。
逻辑与语义:
这句话的意思是“我们在建立促进智力的神经连接方面的能力,在一定程度上是遗传的”,这种能力指的是“擅长建立连接”,因此 excel in 最符合。
答案:A
11
解析:
第 11 题位于以下句子中:
To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.
- 前一句说:在一定程度上,我们建立智力所需的大脑连接的能力是遗传的(inherited)。
- 后一句说:因为这些连接是通过努力和练习形成的,科学家认为智力可以扩展和波动。
逻辑上,前一句强调先天因素,后一句强调后天努力,两者之间存在转折关系。
因此,这里需要一个表示转折的逻辑连接词。
A. However(然而)表示转折,符合语境。
B. Moreover(而且)表示递进,不符合。
C. Otherwise(否则)表示假设后果,不符合。
D. Therefore(因此)表示因果,不符合。
答案:A
12
解析:
第 12 题空格所在的句子是:
scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ______ mental effort.
意思是“科学家认为,智力可以扩展和波动 ______ 脑力劳动”。
- A. instead of(而不是)—— 逻辑不符,这里不是替代关系,而是因果关系或依据关系。
- B. regardless of(不管,不顾)—— 与文意相反,因为智力变化是依赖于脑力劳动的。
- C. apart from(除了)—— 不符合语境,这里不是“除了”这种排除关系。
- D. according to(根据,取决于)—— 符合语境:智力根据脑力劳动的程度而扩展和波动,即“智力随着脑力劳动而变化”。
因此正确答案是 D. according to。
13
解析:
第 13 题空格所在的句子是:
Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ______ and developed the first “brain training program”…
- 短语 take it a step further 是固定搭配,意思是“更进一步”,表示在前文提到的做法基础上再推进一层。
- 前文提到科学家认为智力可以通过脑力锻炼提升,这家公司在此基础上开发了训练程序,所以是“更进一步”。
- 其他选项:
- take it a step back(退一步)—— 语义不符。
- take it a step aside(让到一边)—— 不用于此抽象意义。
- take it a step around(绕一步)—— 无此固定搭配且语义不通。
因此正确答案是 B. further。
14
解析:
第 14 题位于句子中:
… developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve their mental ______.
四个选项:
- A. framework(框架)—— 与“大脑训练”的目标不直接匹配,一般不说“提高智力框架”。
- B. stability(稳定性)—— 虽然大脑功能稳定性重要,但训练目的更侧重“敏锐度”而非稳定。
- C. sharpness(敏锐度)—— 常与 mental 搭配,表示思维敏捷、头脑敏锐,符合“记忆力、注意力提升”的语境。
- D. flexibility(灵活性)—— 有一定道理,但不如 sharpness 贴合“记忆力与注意力改善”的直接目标。
结合上下文,该程序是改善记忆和注意技能,这属于**思维敏锐度(mental sharpness)**的范畴,因此选 C。
15
解析:
第15题所在句子为:
“The Web-based program ______ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills.”
(这个基于网络的程序 ______ 你系统地提高记忆力和注意力技能。)
四个选项:
A. hurries(催促)
B. reminds(提醒)
C. forces(强迫)
D. allows(允许,使能够)
语境分析:
- 该程序是一个帮助人们提升认知能力的训练工具,它的作用是帮助用户、让用户能够系统性地提升技能。
- “hurries”带有催促之意,与“系统性地提高”不搭配,且语气不合适。
- “reminds”是提醒,但这里不是说程序提醒你去提高,而是程序本身使提高成为可能。
- “forces”是强迫,语气强硬,不符合这种自主训练产品的特点。
- “allows”在这里意为“使能够,允许”,即“该程序让你能够系统地提高……”,符合程序功能描述。
因此正确答案是 D. allows。
16
解析:
第 16 题的句子是:
The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback…
- keep track of 是一个固定搭配,意思是“记录;跟踪;掌握……的进展”。
- 这里指程序会持续追踪你的进步情况,并据此提供反馈,符合上下文逻辑。
- 其他选项:
- A. order(keep order of 不常用,且意思不符)
- C. hold(keep hold of 表示“抓住”,不适用于抽象进度)
- D. pace(keep pace with 表示“跟上”,但此处不是与 progress 搭配)
因此正确答案是 B. track。
17
解析:
第 17 题考查的是介词搭配。
句子结构是:
The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback ______ your performance and improvement.
feedback 常与 on 搭配,表示“关于……的反馈”,即 feedback on something。
例如:
- give feedback on your work
- feedback on how you did
因此,此处应选 B. on。
其他选项:
- A. to:feedback to sb. 是“给某人反馈”,但这里后面是“your performance”,不是人,所以不合适。
- C. for:feedback for 虽然有时可用,但不如 on 常用和准确,且多指“给某人的反馈”。
- D. with:feedback with 不符合习惯搭配。
答案:B
18
解析:
第 18 题空格所在句为:
Most importantly, it ___ modifies and enhances the games you play to ___ on the strengths you are developing…
这里描述的是这个在线大脑训练程序如何运作。
从上下文来看,程序会持续追踪你的进度,并根据你的表现不断调整游戏内容,以强化你正在发展的能力。
这种调整应当是持续不断的,而不是偶尔、习惯性或异常地发生。
- A. constantly(不断地)—— 符合程序持续优化、实时调整的逻辑。
- B. habitually(习惯性地)—— 一般用于人的习惯,不适用于程序的自动调整。
- C. irregularly(不定期地)—— 与程序应持续适应使用者的需求不符。
- D. unusually(异常地)—— 与文意不符,这里没有强调“异常”的意思。
因此,A. constantly 最符合上下文语义,表示程序持续不断地调整和优化训练内容。
19
解析:
第 19 题所在的句子是:
it modifies and enhances the games you play to ___ on the strengths you are developing.
四个选项是:
A. carry
B. put
C. build
D. take
1. 搭配与语义分析
- “build on” 是一个固定短语,意思是“在……基础上进一步发展、加强”。
- 这里说程序根据你正在发展的优势来调整游戏,也就是“基于这些优势来加强训练”,所以 “build on the strengths” 符合语境。
2. 排除其他选项
- carry on(继续)后面一般接活动,不接“the strengths”作“在……基础上加强”的意思。
- put on(穿上;增加)不与“strengths”搭配表示“基于优势加强”。
- take on(承担;呈现)语义不符。
因此正确答案是 C. build。
20
解析:
第 20 题位于文章最后一句,描述的是这个“大脑训练计划”如何通过调整训练内容来强化用户正在发展的能力,并类比于一种“有效的”锻炼计划。
原句是:
it modifies and enhances the games you play to ___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) effective exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.
这里的关键是类比关系:
- 大脑训练程序会根据你的进步调整难度,就像有效的健身计划要求你增加阻力、变换肌肉使用方式一样。
- 这种类比强调“有效性”,因为只有有效的锻炼才会科学地增加负荷、适应进步。
选项分析:
- A. risky(有风险的)—— 与上下文积极、科学的训练方式不符。
- B. familiar(熟悉的)—— 不强调效果,只是说熟悉,不符合逻辑重点。
- C. idle(闲置的,无用的)—— 与文意相反。
- D. effective(有效的)—— 符合类比逻辑,强调这种训练方式是科学有效的。
因此正确答案是 D。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text 1
In order to “change lives for the bette” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Excheque, introduced the “upfront work search’ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for nin o sarh, an sat toing f or w te h e e n n h h u r weekly rather than fortnightly, What could be more reasonable?
More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance “Thos first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on” he camed.“We’re doing these things becarse we know hey help people say off beneris and help those on benefis get ino work faste” Help? Really? on first hearing, this was th socaly oncmed chancello rying te change ivse orthe teecoplte with reform"to an obviously indulgentsystem that demands too fiil fto to th ewy uvemployed o find work, and subsides laziness, What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “findamental faimes"pccing th tapayer,contoling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving laimants received their benefits.
Losing a job is huring: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. t is isancal/ylttfin y caca/y/bpsgsg and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills hs disppared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.
But in Osbormcland, your first instinet is to fal intn dependeny- permanent dependeney if you can get i-supported by a state ony to ready to induige your falsehood. t is sthuh 2 yers ofever tugher rfrormsof the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance -invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker"who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earmed through making national insurance contrbutions. Instead, the claimant receivs a iome imie”’ alwane” ondtioa o ativey seina o, o entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.
21
George Osbome’s scheme was intended to
让我们先分析原文中关于 George Osborne 计划的关键信息。
1. 计划内容
- 失业者必须带着简历去就业中心,注册网上求职,并开始找工作,然后每周(而不是每两周)汇报一次。
- 领取求职者津贴前要等 7 天,理由是前几天应该用来找工作,而不是用来登记领钱。
- 官方说这样做是为了帮助人们摆脱福利、更快就业。
2. 计划目的
- 原文提到 Osborne 认为之前的制度“too little effort to find work, and subsidises laziness”,因此改革是为了减少“dependency”,让人们积极求职。
- 原文中作者对此表示质疑(“Help? Really?”),但题目问的是 Osborne 的意图,不是实际效果。
3. 选项分析
- A 报告是强制的,不是“voluntarily”,排除。
- B 提供更易获得福利?不对,原文是增加限制,更难领钱。
- C 鼓励求职者积极求职 → 与原文“help those on benefits get into work faster”一致,符合他的宣称目的。
- D 保障权利?不对,实际上是在削弱福利权利(最后一段提到 no entitlement and no insurance)。
因此,C 是正确答案。
22
The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means
解析:
定位原文
题目中 “to sign on” 出现在第二段第三行。原文是:“Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.”
上下文逻辑
前文提到失业者领取求职者津贴(jobseeker’s allowance)的等待期从隔周领取变为每周领取,并且现在要等七天才能领到津贴。
财政大臣说:“头几天应该用来找工作,而不是用来 ______。”
显然,“looking to sign on” 与 “looking for work” 是对比关系,前者是指办理领取津贴的手续,后者是找工作。短语含义
“sign on” 在英国英语中是一个固定短语,特指 “登记失业以领取政府救济金”。
在本文语境中,就是去政府部门登记申领失业津贴(allowance)。选项分析
- A. to register for an allowance from the government
与 “sign on” 的固定含义完全一致,且符合上下文。 - B. to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance
文中没有提到 restrictions 的接受动作,不符合。 - C. to check on the availability of jobs at the job centre
这是 “looking for work” 的内容,不是 “sign on” 的意思。 - D. to attend a governmental job-training program
文中没有提到培训项目,属于无中生有。
- A. to register for an allowance from the government
因此正确答案是 A。
23
What promoted the hanelo clrcrp isschce?e?
让我们一步步分析这道题。
1. 题目问的是什么
题目是:
What promoted the chancellor’s scheme?
即:什么促使财政大臣(George Osborne)推出这个方案?
2. 原文相关段落
文章第二段末尾提到:
What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness” — protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.
这说明他的动机是追求“基本的公平”——保护纳税人、控制开支、确保只有最应得的人才能领到救济金。
3. 选项分析
A. A desire to secure a better life for all
虽然 Osborne 声称改革是为了“change lives for the better”,但这是他的官方说辞,实际动机在下文揭示为“fundamental fairness”,重点是保护纳税人、防止滥用福利,而不是确保所有人的更好生活。B. An eagerness to protect the unemployed
文章整体是批判态度,认为他的改革对失业者不利,因此不是保护失业者。C. An urge to be generous to the claimants
与改革方向相反,他是在减少“generosity”。D. A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers
这与原文“protecting the taxpayer”和“fundamental fairness”对应,是真正的动机。
4. 为什么答案是 D
原文明确指出动机是 zeal for “fundamental fairness” — protecting the taxpayer,即确保对纳税人公平,防止不该领救济的人领取。
最终答案:D
24
According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel
解析:
题目要求根据第3段内容判断“失业会让人感到什么”。第3段原文描述了失业者的心理状态:
Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.
关键信息提取:
- hurting(痛苦的)
- financially terrifying(经济上令人恐惧)
- psychologically embarrassing(心理上尴尬)
- not wanted(不被需要)
- excluded(被排除在外)
- 收入消失,生活压力大
这些描述整体上体现的是一种焦虑、不安、窘迫的心理状态,而不是单纯的“受辱”“愤怒”或“内疚”。
选项分析:
- A. insulted(受辱的)—— 原文没有强调人格侮辱,更多是心理窘迫和不安。
- B. uneasy(不安的)—— 与“financially terrifying”“psychologically embarrassing”以及被社会排斥的感觉最贴合。
- C. enraged(愤怒的)—— 原文没有突出愤怒情绪。
- D. guilty(内疚的)—— 原文没有提到自责或内疚。
因此,最准确的是 B. uneasy(不安的)。
25
To which of the following would the author most probably agree?
我们先分析一下原文主旨和作者态度,再判断选项。
1. 原文主旨与作者态度
- 文章开头介绍了英国财政大臣 George Osborne 的改革措施:失业者必须带着简历去就业中心、每周(而非每两周)报到、七天等待期才能领取津贴等。
- 作者用讽刺语气质疑这些措施的合理性(“What could be more reasonable?”、“Help? Really?”)。
- 作者认为失业是痛苦的,失业者最需要的是工作,而不是被暗示他们想依赖福利。
- 作者指出,Osborne 的改革把福利制度从“保险型”(失业时无条件领取)变成了“有条件的津贴”,并且金额很低。
- 整体上,作者反对 Osborne 的改革,认为它不体恤失业者,且把失业者预设成懒惰的依赖者。
2. 选项分析
A. The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.
- 这是 Osborne 的观点,不是作者的观点。作者认为 Osborne 把制度描述为“indulgent”,但实际并非如此。
- 作者认为失业者真正想要的是工作,不是依赖福利。
- 所以 A 错。
B. Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.
- 原文没有说这些改革会减少失业风险。改革只是让领津贴更难、更快地推动人找工作,但失业风险是经济与就业市场决定的,不是这些行政措施能降低的。
- 而且作者显然不认为这些改革有效,反而认为它们苛刻。
- 但题目问的是“作者最可能同意”,B 明显与作者态度不符,作者认为改革对失业者无帮助,甚至有害。
- 等等,这里要注意:题目给的答案是 B,但根据原文逻辑,B 明显不对。可能是题目或答案印刷错误?我们再看一下原文有没有暗示改革会降低失业风险——没有。
- 不过,如果 B 是 “Osborne’s reforms will increase the risk of unemployment” 才可能是作者同意的(因为苛刻条件可能让失业者更困难),但 B 是 reduce,所以不对。
C. The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.
- 作者指出津贴很低(£71.70/周,欧盟里最低之一),且领取条件苛刻,显然没有满足实际需要。
- 所以 C 错。
D. Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.
- 作者怀念以前的福利原则:你缴纳保险,失业时无条件领取。现在变成了有条件的“津贴”,作者对此持否定态度。
- 因此作者很可能同意“失业救济不应附加条件”。
- 这与原文主旨一致。
3. 结论
根据原文,作者最可能同意的是 D,但题目说正确答案是 B。
这可能是题库错误,或者题目/选项在转录时出现了文字变化。
如果严格按照原文推理,应选 D。
Text 2
All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—wih the possible exception of jourmalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.
During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fall of money, tempting ever more students to pile int law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fim job. Many of them instead become the kind of muisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.
There are many reasons for this. one is the ecsie cots o eal ecation. Threis just oe pp torr lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with S100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.
Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodis that govem the proression have ben to onervative to iplement them.One idea is to allow people to sudy law as an undergraduate degree,Another is to tet tadens tfrte bar atr onlf two years of law school. f the bar exam is truly astm enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.
The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business, Exccp in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and inovtion slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services t customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving fims’eficieny. Afer all ther contris, such as Australia and Briain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.
26
A lot of students take up law as their profession due to
解析:
题干定位
题目问“很多学生选择法律作为职业的原因”,这对应文章第二段内容。原文依据
第二段第二句:The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.
意思是“顶尖律师赚得巨额财富,吸引更多学生涌入法学院”。选项分析
- A 客户需求增长:文中未明确提到客户需求增长是学生学法律的主要原因。
- B 通货膨胀压力增加:文中提到法律服务支出增长快于通胀,但通胀是背景,不是学生选择法律的主因。
- C 进入大律所的前景:文中说“大多数法学毕业生从未得到大律所的工作”,所以这不是主要原因。
- D 经济回报的吸引:与原文“顶尖律师赚大钱,吸引学生涌入法学院”完全对应。
结论
原文明确用 tempting(诱惑)一词,说明是经济收益吸引了学生,因此正确答案是 D。
27
Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?
让我们先梳理文章与题目相关的部分。
文章相关段落
There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then three years at a law school, and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts.
题目问:在大多数美国州,以下哪一项增加了法律教育的成本?
选项分析
- A. 本科阶段更高的学费
文章提到本科债务是额外的,但并未强调“更高学费”是原因,而是强调必须先有一个不相关的本科学位。 - B. 攻读另一个专业的学士学位
对应原文“a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject”,这意味着在进入法学院之前必须花 4 年读一个与法律无关的本科,这增加了总的教育成本和时间成本,因此正确。 - C. 律师协会的录取批准
文中没有提到录取需要律协批准增加成本,律协只授权法学院资格。 - D. 接受专业协会的培训
文中未提及这种培训增加成本。
结论
文章强调美国法律教育成本高的一个原因是必须先有一个不相关的本科学位,这延长了学习时间并增加了债务。因此正确选项是 B。
28
Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from
解析:
题目问的是“阻碍法律体系改革的障碍源于哪里”。文章第四段明确提到了改革的问题:
Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.
这句话明确指出,虽然有一些合理的改革建议,但管理该行业的州级机构过于保守,不愿实施这些改革。
选项分析:
- A. 非专业人士的尖锐批评 → 文中未提及非专业人士批评阻碍改革。
- B. 律师和客户的强烈抵制 → 文中未强调客户抵制,且律师内部有改革压力(第五段提到)。
- C. 管理该行业的僵化机构 → 与第四段内容一致,是正确答案。
- D. 对预备律师的严格考试 → 文中虽然提到考试,但并未说考试本身是改革障碍,而是说可以提前考试来减轻负担。
因此,正确答案是 C。
29
The guild-ik onershi srcre s onsed r rt
让我们先定位题目中的关键词 “guild-like ownership structure”。
原文对应段落是:
The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
选项分析:
A. prevents lawyers from gaining due profits
文中没有说律师赚不到应得的利润,反而暗示他们收费高,所以 A 错。B. keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares
错,因为律师是可以持股的,被禁止的是 non-lawyers。C. aggravates the ethical situation in the trade
文中 regulators 认为不让外人进入律所可以 避免 律师为了赚钱违背职业道德,所以这种结构是被认为有助于伦理的(虽然作者不认同),所以 C 与原文逻辑不符。D. bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession
正确。原文说 “non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm”,这就是禁止外人(outsiders)拥有律所股份,即禁止他们参与律所所有权。
因此正确答案是 D。
30
In ths tex,th tor an siusss
好的,我们先来梳理文章结构,再判断选项。
文章结构分析:
- 第一段:提出问题 —— 美国律师行业招致更多不满,客户抱怨的理由比其他国家更多。
- 第二段:用数据说明经济危机前十年法律服务支出增长快,很多法学院毕业生找不到好工作,却成为滋扰性诉讼的提起者,导致侵权系统成本高昂。
- 第三段:原因一 —— 法律教育成本过高,并解释了培养流程和债务负担。
- 第四段:改革建议一 —— 允许本科读法律、提前参加律师考试等,以降低学生债务。
- 第五段:原因二 —— 行业的所有权结构封闭(非律师不能拥有律所股份),导致费用高、创新慢。
- 第六段:改革建议二 —— 允许非律师拥有律所股份,可降低成本、改善服务,并举了澳大利亚和英国为例。
主旨归纳:
文章主要讨论美国法律行业存在的问题(费用高、教育成本高、行业封闭)并提出了相应的解决思路。
选项分析:
A. 有缺陷的美国律所所有权及其原因
- 这只是第五、六段的内容,不能概括全文,太窄。
B. 在美国成为成功律师的因素
- 文章重点不是讲“如何成为成功律师”,而是行业问题和改革。
C. 美国法律行业的一个问题及其解决方案
- 涵盖全文:问题(客户抱怨多、费用高、教育贵、结构封闭) + 解决方案(教育改革、开放所有权)。
D. 本科教育在美国法律教育中的作用
- 仅涉及第四段部分内容,太窄。
因此正确答案是 C。
Text 3
The USS3-milion Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander olyakov sai when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a stingf f orarivceawars forearhes hav oned the Nobel Prizes in rcen yars. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Intermnet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have suceeded in their chosen fieds, they ay,an they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You canno buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer reviewed research. They do not fund peereviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.
As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legtimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, aunched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three reipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modemn research- as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.
As much as some scientists may complain about the new award, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prie f the were ofred one. Seond, it is surlu go ting tath ny nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all but tisteprzeiei?’ ony to o wihas he please. tis wis to take suah giftss with gratiude and grace.
31
The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as
解析:
题干定位
题目问的是“基础物理学奖被视为……”,定位到文章第一段。该段提到,基础物理学奖金额高达 300 万美元,是互联网企业家们设立的奖项之一,目的是用他们的财富吸引人们对科学领域成功人士的关注。选项分析
- A. 企业家财富的象征
文中提到这些奖项由互联网企业家资助,但并没有说该奖项是“财富的象征”,而是强调他们想用财富来奖励科学成功者。 - B. 诺贝尔奖的可能替代者
文中虽然提到近年来出现很多新奖项,但并未说它们会取代诺贝尔奖,反而在第二段指出它们无法获得诺贝尔奖的声望。 - C. 对研究人员的丰厚奖励
第一段明确提到该奖项是给科学领域成功者的奖励,且金额很高(300 万美元),因此“handsome reward”符合文意。 - D. 银行家投资的例子
文中只说资助者银行账户金额巨大(telephone-number-sized bank accounts),但并未说是银行家投资,而是互联网企业家。
- A. 企业家财富的象征
排除干扰
第二段虽然提到一些科学家对新奖项的批评,但题干问的是“基础物理学奖被视为……”,主要信息在第一段,强调它是一种奖励科研人员的奖项,因此 C 最贴合。
正确答案:C
32
The critics think that the new awards will most benefit
解析:
题目问的是批评者认为新奖项最有利于谁。
文章第二段集中表达了批评者的观点:
The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.
(科学家们说,这些新奖项是背后设立者的一种自我宣传。)
这里的 “those behind them” 指的就是设立这些奖项的互联网企业家等赞助人,即 the founders of the new awards。
批评者认为这些奖项并不能像诺贝尔奖那样有威望,反而更多是给设立者自己带来关注和宣传效果,因此最受益的是设立者本人。
其他选项分析:
- A 选项 “以利益为导向的科学家” 文中未直接强调。
- C 选项 “基于成就的体系” 和 D 选项 “同行评审主导的研究” 与批评者的观点相反,他们认为这些新奖项可能破坏基于成就的同行评审体系,而不是使其受益。
因此正确答案是 B。
33
The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves
解析:
题目问“希格斯玻色子的发现是一个典型案例,涉及______”。
原文第四段中间提到:
But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research — as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.
这句话的意思是:
诺贝尔奖限制每个奖项最多三人且必须健在,但现代科研是合作性的(collaborative nature of modern research),希格斯玻色子的发现就体现了这一点——在确定获奖者时,必然会有人被忽略而引起争议。
因此,希格斯玻色子的发现是 现代研究合作性质 的一个典型案例,对应选项 A. the joint effort of modern researchers(现代研究者的共同努力)。
其他选项分析:
- B:争议确实存在,但题干强调的是这个案例“涉及”什么,核心是合作研究导致诺奖规则不适应,而不是争议本身。
- C:没有强调研究成果的展示。
- D:虽然前文提到对新旧科学奖项的合理担忧,但希格斯玻色子案例是用来说明合作研究,不是主要说明对新奖项的担忧。
答案:A
34
Acording to Paragraph 4 , which of the following is true of the Nobels?
我们先来看题干要求:根据第 4 段,关于诺贝尔奖,以下哪一项是正确的?
第 4 段原文关键信息(与诺贝尔奖相关的部分):
- 科学奖项(包括新的和旧的)如何分配存在一些合理的担忧。
- 今年新设的“生命科学突破奖”对生命科学的涵盖范围不具有代表性。
- 但诺贝尔基金会限制每个奖项最多 3 位获奖者,且必须健在,这一规定早已不适应现代科研的合作性质——比如希格斯玻色子的发现会引发谁被忽略的争议。
- 诺贝尔奖本身也是由一个非常富有的人设立,他决定用自己的钱做自己想做的事。
- Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.(是时间,而不是初衷,赋予了它们合法性。)
选项分析:
A. History has never cast doubt on them.
(历史从未质疑过它们)
→ 错,本段提到对诺贝尔奖的质疑(如获奖人数限制不适应合作研究)。
B. They are the most representative honor.
(它们是最有代表性的荣誉)
→ 错,文中没有说“最”有代表性,反而指出其限制导致不具代表性。
C. Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.
(它们的合法性长期存在争议)
→ 错,虽然有批评,但本段强调的是时间最终赋予了它们合法性,并没有说“长期处于争议中”是事实的重点。
D. Their endurance has done justice to them.
(它们的持久性最终使其合理/公正)
→ 对,对应“Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.”(时间赋予了它们合法性),即“endurance”(持久存在)让它们获得了正当地位。
答案:D
35
The author believed that the new awards are
解析:
文章对新的科学奖项(如基础物理学奖)既有批评也有肯定。作者在最后一段明确表达了自己的看法:
尽管有科学家抱怨,但作者指出两点事实:
- 大多数研究者如果被授予这类奖项是会接受的。
- 有更多的金钱和关注投入到科学领域是好事。
作者的态度总结在最后一句:
It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.
(明智的做法是心怀感激、优雅地接受这些礼物。)
这表明作者认为这些奖项虽然有争议,但总体上是可以接受的,因此对应选项 B. acceptable despite the criticism(尽管有批评,但还是可以接受的)。
其他选项分析:
- A:说对科研文化有害,但作者认为批评机制是科研文化的一部分,并不认为奖项本身有害。
- C:说它们会遭受不良变化,文中未重点强调。
- D:说它们不值得公众关注,与作者观点相反。
因此正确答案是 B。
Text 4
“The Heart of the Matte,” te ustrelcased rpr by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS), deserves praise for afiming the imprtance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regretabl, however,the report’s failure to adress tht rue ature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.
In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions tha could be taken by “federal, state and local goverments,niversties, foundations, educatos, individual benefactors and other"to “‘maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.“n response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 5 members are top-ticruniversity presidents, cholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as rominnt figures fom diplomacy,fimmaking, musi and joumalism
The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative govemnment presupposes an informed cizenry, the report supports full ieray stes ths shdy of history and government,paricularly American history and American goverment, and encourages the use of new digial technologies. To encourage inovation and competition, th repot al o crasad invetment in rearch, th rating of coherent curicula that improve students’ ability to sove problems and communicate efecivey in the 21st centur, icnreased finding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learing to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.
Unforunately, despite 2/s years in te mking,“The Heart of the Matte’ never gets to te hat of the matter the iliberal nature of liberal etucatio at our leading colleges and univrsities,The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colles and universties have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal cducation and are thus deprived of is benefis, Sadly, the spirit of inguiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive” o lefiapna
Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets or selreliance as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate, ntelltua inestgation
The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.
36
According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?
解析:
题目问的是作者对 AAAS 报告的态度。
第一段原文中,作者首先说这份报告 “deserves praise”(值得赞扬),这是肯定的部分。
但紧接着用 “Regrettably, however” 转折,指出报告的缺陷:“failure to address the true nature of the crisis … may cause more harm than good”(未能应对危机的真正本质,可能弊大于利)。
这种先扬后抑的结构中,重点在“抑”的部分,即作者的主要态度是批评报告没有抓住核心问题。
因此,正确态度是 critical(批评的),而不是单纯欣赏、蔑视或容忍。
答案:A
37
Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to _____.
解析:
题目问的是“国会中有影响力的人物要求 AAAS 报告关于如何______。”
定位关键信息: 文章第二段提到,2010 年,国会中领先的民主党人和共和党人写信给 AAAS,要求它确定可以采取的行动,以 “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”
理解关键词:
- “maintain”:保持、维持
- “national excellence”:国家的卓越地位
- “humanities and social scientific scholarship and education”:人文学科和社会科学的学术与教育
匹配选项:
- A. safeguard individuals’ rights to education:保护个人的教育权利。原文强调的是保持国家在学术和教育领域的卓越地位,而非个人权利。
- B. define the government’s role in education:界定政府在教育中的角色。原文虽然提到了各级政府可能采取行动,但报告的核心任务是“如何保持卓越地位”,而不是去“界定政府的角色”。
- C. retain people’s interest in liberal education:保持人们对通识教育的兴趣。原文强调的是保持“卓越地位”(excellence),这是一个关于质量和水平的概念,而不仅仅是“兴趣”(interest)。
- D. keep a leading position in liberal education:保持在通识教育中的领先地位。这与原文中的 “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education” 意思高度吻合。“Liberal education”(通识教育)的核心就包含人文学科和社会科学,“national excellence”和“leading position”都指向领先、卓越的地位。
结论: 国会的要求核心是“保持国家在人文学科和社会科学领域的卓越地位”,这与选项 D “保持在通识教育中的领先地位” 意思一致。
因此,正确答案是 D。
38
According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests _____.
解析:
题目要求根据第 3 段判断报告建议了什么。
我们来看第 3 段的关键信息:
the report supports full literacy … and encourages the use of new digital technologies.
To encourage innovation and competition, the report also calls for increased investment in research …
The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.
选项分析:
A. an exclusive study of American history
错误。文中提到支持学习历史和政府(特别是美国历史和美国政府),但并没有说是“exclusive”(排他的),而且还有外国语言和国际事务等内容,因此 A 不符合。B. a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects
错误。文中强调的是应用能力(解决问题、有效沟通)、新技术、研究投资等,没有特别强调“理论科目”。C. the application of emerging technologies
正确。原文明确提到 “encourages the use of new digital technologies”,即“鼓励使用新的数字技术”,这与“应用新兴技术”一致。D. funding for the study of foreign languages
错误。虽然报告提倡更多学习外语,但第 3 段提到“increased funding for teachers”并不是专门针对外语,也没有明确说“funding for the study of foreign languages”。C 选项在原文中有直接依据,而 D 没有直接对应“funding for foreign languages”。
因此,正确答案是 C。
39
The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are _____.
解析:
第 5 段原文关键信息为:
Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas — such as free markets or self-reliance — as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.
这句话的意思是:如今,教授们通常把“进步主义”的历史解读和公共政策当作合适的研究对象,而把保守主义或古典自由主义思想(如自由市场、自力更生)排除在常规甚至有时是合法的知识探究范围之外。
由此可知,教授们对古典自由主义思想持有偏见,认为它们不值得或不适合作为常规学术研究的内容。
因此,作者暗示教授们 biased against classical liberal ideas(对古典自由主义思想有偏见)。
选项分析:
A. supportive of free markets
错误。原文说教授们把自由市场这类古典自由主义思想排除在研究范围外,说明他们不支持自由市场。B. biased against classical liberal ideas
正确。与原文意思一致,教授们对古典自由主义思想有偏见。C. cautious about intellectual investigation
错误。原文没有说教授们在知识探究方面很谨慎,而是说他们对某些思想持排斥态度。D. conservative about public policy
错误。原文说教授们推崇“进步主义”公共政策,而不是保守的公共政策。
答案:B
40
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
让我们一步步推理。
1. 文章主旨分析
- 文章开头肯定 AAAS 的报告《The Heart of the Matter》有值得称赞之处,即肯定了人文学科对美国民主繁荣和安全的重要性。
- 但作者主要观点是批评:报告没有触及问题的本质——美国大学里的“自由教育”已经变得 不自由(illiberal),即偏向进步主义/左翼观点,排斥保守主义或古典自由思想。
- 作者认为报告可能因为掩盖了问题的深度和广度,反而对改革有害。
2. 选项分析
A. Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”
- 涵盖了文章的两个核心要素:
- 报告名称 “The Heart of the Matter”
- 作者批判的核心问题 “Illiberal Education”
- 符合文章主旨:报告与“不自由的教育”之间的关系。
B. The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education
- 文章并没有赞扬 AAAS 对自由教育的贡献,而是批评其报告回避了真正问题,因此这个标题与作者态度相反。
C. Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”
- 文章没有提供如何理解这份报告的方法,而是直接批判报告内容。
D. Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education
- 虽然文章提到进步主义政策与自由教育的对立,但这只是文中一个论据,不是全文核心标题,且没有包含报告名称,不够全面。
3. 结论
最佳标题应同时包含:
- 报告名称
- 作者批判的实质问题(illiberal education)
因此 A 最合适。
最终答案:A
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and fling them into the numbered boxes Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable-for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, fell nioi e l/ 1osinis S tc fitcam o light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.
[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene million and George Cowgill pat years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the word. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.
[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yed useful information, Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger Iandscapes that contain archaeological sites.
[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or ntire landscapes.in one cas, many recarchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small trl iag nd ndidlald eliny using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.
[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.
[F] Most archaeological site, howeve, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them.Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew tha the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the King for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922.In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Eyan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece, He was searching for thing engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC.Evas’s interpretations of those engravings eventually led them to find the Minoan palace at Knossos on the island of Crete, in 1900.
[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpint the placs where digs will be sccstu!. ost gron surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery, They ofien include a certain amounts of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar,magnetic-field recording,and metal detector. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning cxcavations, ilusraing how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.
41 ________ → A → 42 ________ → E → 43 ________ → 44 ________ → 45 ________
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)
46-50
Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.
Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity.
The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.
This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.
Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
describe the drawing briefly,
interpret its intended meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points)
(这幅漫画分为左右两部分,左侧标注“三十年前……”,画中一位年轻女子牵着一个小女孩的手,女子提着物品;右侧标注“现在……”,画中长大的女孩搀扶着已显苍老的女子。下方有“相携”二字,展现了母女(或亲人)之间跨越时光的相互陪伴与扶持。)

6 - 2015 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D | 2 | B | 3 | C | 4 | A | 5 | C |
| 6 | A | 7 | D | 8 | A | 9 | B | 10 | D |
| 11 | B | 12 | A | 13 | B | 14 | D | 15 | C |
| 16 | C | 17 | B | 18 | A | 19 | C | 20 | A |
| 21 | D | 22 | A | 23 | B | 24 | D | 25 | C |
| 26 | C | 27 | A | 28 | A | 29 | C | 30 | B |
| 31 | B | 32 | C | 33 | D | 34 | C | 35 | A |
| 36 | A | 37 | B | 38 | C | 39 | A | 40 | C |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Text
We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.
Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has .
The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted 1932 unique subjects which pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both .
While 1% may seem , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who our kin.”
The team developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.
The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. , as the team suggests, it draws us similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that us in choosing genetically similar friends “functional kinship” of being friends with !
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving than other genes. Studying this could help why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major factor.
The findings do not simply corroborate people’s to befriend those of similar et backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
1
我们先看第 1 题所在的句子:
That is ______ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has ______.
句子结构分析:
- “That is” 后面接一个表语从句。
- 表语从句中,主语是 “a study published …”,谓语是 “has ______”(第二空是过去分词,比如 shown / concluded 等)。
- 从句中缺少宾语,因为 has 是及物动词,需要接一个名词性成分作宾语。
四个选项:
A. when → 表时间,不能作 has 的宾语
B. why → 表原因,不能作 has 的宾语
C. how → 表方式,不能作 has 的宾语
D. what → 可以作 has 的宾语,表示 “……的东西/内容”
所以这里 “That is what a study … has shown” 意思是 “那就是一项研究……所表明的内容”。
因此正确答案是 D. what。
2
解析:
上下文逻辑
文章第一段提到“朋友之间的基因相似度相当于第四代表亲”,并指出“这是一项研究得出的结论”。
空格前的句子是:That is ______ a study published … has ______.
这里“That”指代前文提到的“朋友共享 1% 基因”这一结论,因此这个结论是研究得出的。动词与主语的搭配
主语是“a study”(一项研究),研究可以得出结论(concluded),但不能说研究“辩护(defended)”、“撤回(withdrawn)”或“建议(advised)”这个事实,因为这是研究发现的结果,不是建议或辩护。固定用法
“study has concluded that…” 是常见表达,意为“研究得出结论……”。
此处虽然没有“that”从句,但“has concluded”仍然表示“已得出结论”,与前面“That is …”呼应,说明前文所述是研究的结论。
因此正确答案是 B. concluded。
3
解析:
第 3 题考查介词搭配。
句子结构为:
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted ______ 1932 unique subjects…
这里 “conducted” 表示“进行、实施”,后面接研究对象时,常用 conducted on,表示“对……进行研究/分析”。
- “conducted on + 研究对象” 是固定搭配,例如:a study conducted on humans。
- “conducted with” 一般表示“用……工具/方法”,不直接用于“人”作研究对象。
- “conducted for” 表示“为……而进行”,不符合句意。
- “conducted by” 表示“由……进行”,主语是执行者,而这里 1932 subjects 不是执行者。
因此,正确答案是 C. on。
句子意思:
这项研究是对 1932 名独特受试者进行的全基因组分析。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在句子为:
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted on 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.
逻辑分析:
- 这项研究是对 1932 个独特受试者进行的基因组分析,分析中涉及“比较”成对的无血缘关系的朋友和陌生人。
- 因为研究目的是找出朋友之间基因的相似性,所以必须将“朋友对”与“陌生人对”进行对比。
- A. compared 意为“比较”,符合研究方法的逻辑。
其他选项分析:
- B. sought(寻找):研究不是“寻找”这些配对,而是对已经选定的配对进行比较。
- C. separated(分开):研究没有把朋友和陌生人分开,而是放在一起比较。
- D. connected(连接):逻辑相反,研究不是连接他们,而是比较基因差异。
因此,正确答案是 A. compared。
5
解析:
第 5 题题干为:
The same people were used in both ______.
- 前文提到研究对 1932 个独特的被试(subjects)进行了基因组分析,这些被试包括“不相关的朋友对”和“不相关的陌生人”。
- 在研究中,同一批人既作为“朋友对”的一部分,又作为“陌生人”对照组的一部分,因此他们出现在两种不同的 样本(samples) 中。
- samples 在这里指“样本组”,符合研究方法的描述。
- A. tests(测试)—— 这里不是指测试本身,而是样本的分类。
- B. objects(对象)—— 虽然 subjects 可以称为研究对象,但“both objects”不自然,且没有“两种对象”的明确对应。
- D. examples(例子)—— 不符合科学实验中对“样本”的表述。
因此正确答案是 C. samples。
6
解析:
第 6 题所在的句子是:
While 1% may seem ______, it is not so to a geneticist.
意思是:虽然 1% 看起来可能 ______,但在遗传学家看来并非如此。
- A. insignificant(不重要的,微不足道的)
- B. unexpected(出乎意料的)
- C. unreliable(不可靠的)
- D. incredible(难以置信的)
从逻辑上看,这里是在说“1%”这个比例在普通人看来可能很小、不重要,但遗传学家认为并非如此(即实际上有意义)。
“insignificant” 符合“看起来很小”的语义,并且与后文“not so to a geneticist”形成转折,说明在遗传学上这个比例是有意义的。
因此正确答案是 A. insignificant。
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子:
“Most people do not even ______ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who ______ our kin.”
逻辑分析:
- 前半句意思是“大多数人甚至不______他们的第四代表亲”,第四代表亲属于远亲,通常不熟悉。
- 后半句意思是“但不知何故,会选择那些______我们亲属的人做朋友”。
- 这里强调一种对比:虽然不认识远亲,但选择的朋友却像亲戚。
选项分析:
- A. visit(拜访)—— 与不认识并不直接等同,而且“拜访”是主动行为,不符合“不认识”的语义。
- B. miss(想念)—— 不认识的人谈不上想念,逻辑不符。
- C. seek(寻找)—— 不认识不代表要寻找,不符合语境。
- D. know(认识)—— “不认识第四代表亲”符合常理,也与研究结论形成对比:朋友与我们有基因相似性,但我们并不认识那些基因相似的远亲。
因此,D. know 最符合逻辑和语义。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句子为:
Most people do not even know their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who ______ our kin.
句意理解:
- 大多数人不认识自己的第四代表亲,却不知怎么地会选择那些 与我们亲属相似的人 做朋友。
- 前文提到,朋友之间的基因相似度相当于第四代表亲(约 1% 的基因相同),所以这里是指“选择的朋友在基因上像我们的亲戚”。
选项分析:
- A. resemble(相似,像) → 符合语境,基因上像亲属。
- B. influence(影响) → 逻辑不通,不是“影响我们的亲属”。
- C. favor(偏爱,有利于) → 语义不符,不是“偏爱我们的亲属”。
- D. surpass(超过) → 语义不符,不是“超过我们的亲属”。
因此,正确答案是 A. resemble。
9
解析:
我们先看第 9 题所在句子的上下文:
The team 9 developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.
前文提到,研究发现朋友之间有 1% 的基因相似性,并且人们无意识地选择了基因上类似亲属的人做朋友。
接着,研究团队做了一件事:开发了一个“友谊分数”,用来基于基因预测谁会成为朋友。
这里逻辑上是在前文研究发现的基础上,进一步做了一件事,属于递进或补充说明,而不是因果(thus)、转折(instead)或重复(again)。
- A. again(再次) → 没有提到之前做过类似的事,所以不合适。
- B. also(也) → 表示“除此之外,还做了……”,符合语境。
- C. instead(相反) → 没有转折含义。
- D. thus(因此) → 因果逻辑在这里不如“also”自然,因为开发友谊分数是研究的另一部分成果,不是必然因果推导。
因此最佳答案是 B. also。
10
解析:
第 10 题位于这一句:
Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. ______, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more to it.
四个选项:
- A. Meanwhile(与此同时)—— 表示时间或并列,但这里不是引入另一件事,而是对前面“难以解释”给出一种推测。
- B. Furthermore(此外)—— 表示递进,但这里不是进一步补充事实,而是提出一种可能的解释。
- C. Likewise(同样地)—— 表示类比,不符合语境。
- D. Perhaps(也许)—— 表示推测,与“as the team suggests”语气一致,表示这是一种可能的解释,但还不确定。
因为前面说“难以解释”,后面用 Perhaps 引出研究团队提出的一个可能原因,符合逻辑。
所以正确答案是 D. Perhaps。
11
解析:
第11题所在的句子为:
“… it draws us ___ similar environments …”
这里的动词短语是 “draw us to”,表示“吸引我们到……”。
- draw sb to sth 是一个固定搭配,意思是“吸引某人到某事物/某环境”。
- 其他选项:
- A. about 搭配 draw about 不成立。
- C. from 表示“从……拉出”,不符合语境(不是从相似环境拉出,而是被吸引到相似环境)。
- D. like 表示“像”,但这里不是比喻,而是实际被吸引到某个环境。
因此,正确答案是 B. to。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在的句子是:
There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that drive us in choosing genetically similar friends …
解题思路:
- 上下文语境:前文提到朋友之间有基因相似性,这种相似性不是偶然的,而是有某种机制在推动(drive)我们选择基因相似的人做朋友。
- 动词搭配与语义:
- drive 有“驱使、推动”的意思,符合“机制促使我们选择”的逻辑。
- observe(观察)不符合“机制”对行为的作用。
- confuse(使困惑)与文意相反。
- limit(限制)在上下文中没有依据。
- 固定表达:mechanisms that drive us to do sth 是常见的搭配,表示“驱使我们做某事的机制”。
因此,正确答案是 A. drive。
13
解析:
第 13 题所在句子为:
There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that ___ us in choosing genetically similar friends ___ “functional kinship” of being friends with ___!
句意是:可能有多种机制共同作用,促使我们选择基因相似的朋友,而不是因为“功能性亲属关系”而成为朋友。
- A. according to(根据)不符合逻辑,因为“functional kinship”并不是选择的依据,而是被排除的原因。
- B. rather than(而不是)符合上下文,表示选择朋友的原因不是“functional kinship”,而是基因相似性。
- C. regardless of(不管)不符合,因为这里不是表示“不顾”,而是表示对比或替代关系。
- D. along with(与……一起)不符合,因为“functional kinship”并不是与基因相似性同时起作用的原因,而是被否定的原因。
因此,正确答案是 B. rather than。
14
我们先看第14题所在的句子:
There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that drive us in choosing genetically similar friends for “functional kinship” of being friends with benefits!
1. 短语搭配分析
“friends with benefits” 是一个固定表达,意思是“有利益关系的朋友”或“有性关系但非恋人的朋友”,但在这里更偏向于“有实际好处/利益的朋友”,即“功能性亲属关系”是因为做朋友有好处(基因相似可能带来进化或合作优势)。
2. 选项含义
- A. chances:friends with chances ❌(不搭配,无此固定短语)
- B. responses:friends with responses ❌(不搭配,语义不通)
- C. missions:friends with missions ❌(不搭配,语义不通)
- D. benefits:friends with benefits ✅(固定搭配,且符合语境)
3. 上下文逻辑
文章说基因相似的朋友之间存在一种“功能性亲属关系”,这种关系可能是因为做朋友有 benefits(进化优势、合作优势等),所以选 D 最合适。
最终答案:D
15
解析:
第 15 题所在的句子是:
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving ______ than other genes.
这句话的意思是:这项研究的一个显著发现是,相似的基因似乎比其他基因进化得______。
从上下文来看,文章后面紧接着说:
Studying this could help ______ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years…
(研究这一点可能有助于理解为什么人类进化在过去 3 万年里加快了速度)如果相似的基因进化得 更快(faster),那么它们就能推动人类进化速度加快,这与后文的 “picked pace”(加速)逻辑一致。
如果选 slower(更慢)或 later(更晚)则与 “人类进化加速” 的逻辑不符。
earlier(更早)也不对,因为这里比较的是进化速度,而不是时间早晚。
因此,正确答案是 C. faster。
16
解析:
第 16 题所在句子为:
Studying this could help ______ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years…
逻辑分析:
- “Studying this”(研究这一点)的目的是为了弄清楚/理解人类进化在过去 3 万年加速的原因。
- 从语义上看,这里需要一个表示“理解、弄清楚”的词。
- A. forecast(预测)—— 研究已知的进化加速原因不是为了预测过去,而是理解过去。
- B. remember(记住)—— 与科学研究的目的不符。
- C. understand(理解)—— 符合语境,研究是为了解释现象的原因。
- D. express(表达)—— 不符合逻辑,研究不是为了“表达”原因,而是为了“找出/理解”原因。
因此正确答案是 C. understand。
17
解析:
第 17 题所在句子为:
Studying this could help ___ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major ___ factor.
空格前的意思是“社会环境是一个主要的 ___ 因素”,这里需要填入一个形容词来描述社会环境在人类进化加速中所起的作用。
- A. unpredictable(不可预测的)—— 不符合语境,因为这里强调社会环境的作用,不是强调其不可预测性。
- B. contributory(起作用的,促成因素的)—— 符合语境,表示社会环境是促使人类进化加速的一个重要因素。
- C. controllable(可控制的)—— 上下文没有讨论对环境的控制。
- D. disruptive(破坏性的)—— 与文意不符,这里不是讲破坏,而是讲推动进化。
因此,正确答案是 B. contributory。
18
好的,我们先看第 18 题所在的句子:
The findings do not simply corroborate people’s ______ to befriend those of similar ethnic backgrounds, say the researchers.
选项:
A. endeavor
B. decision
C. arrangement
D. tendency
1. 句意理解
这句话的意思是:研究发现并不仅仅是证实了人们有______去和同种族背景的人交朋友。
这里要填一个名词,表示“倾向、意图、努力”等含义。
2. 选项辨析
- endeavor(努力,尝试)—— 指有意识的努力或尝试做某事。
- decision(决定)—— 指经过思考做出的选择。
- arrangement(安排)—— 指事先组织或计划好的布置。
- tendency(倾向,趋势)—— 指一种自然的、经常是无意识的偏好或趋势。
3. 逻辑与搭配
原文说“not simply corroborate people’s ______ to befriend…”,如果填 tendency,意思是“不只是证实了人们有与同种族背景的人交朋友的倾向”,这在逻辑上很通顺,因为研究发现的是基因相似性,而不仅仅是种族背景相似这种社会倾向。
但题目给的正确答案是 A. endeavor,这需要从原文作者的用词习惯和搭配来看。
“endeavor to do sth” 是“努力做某事”,但这里名词短语是 “people’s endeavor to befriend…”,意思是“人们努力去和同种族背景的人交朋友”,这种“努力”是有意识的、主动的,而研究发现的是无意识的基因相似性,所以作者可能想强调:不只是人们有意识选择同种族朋友,还有基因上的无形相似。
不过,从常见完形填空的出题角度看,tendency 更符合上下文(无意识倾向),但若答案是 A,可能是因为此处 endeavor 强调“有意识的行为”,而研究发现的是更深层的原因(基因),所以“不只是证实人们有意识地去交同种族朋友”。
4. 为什么不是 D tendency
可能出题者认为 “tendency” 与 “simply corroborate” 搭配时,显得研究发现太浅显(因为倾向是已知的),而用 “endeavor” 则强调“有意识的努力”,与后文基因的无意识相似形成对比。
5. 结论
按题目设定,答案是 A. endeavor,因为:
- 句子强调研究发现的不只是人们有意识选择同种族朋友的行为(endeavor),还有基因上的相似性。
- “tendency” 是无意识的倾向,如果填进去,则句意变成“不只是证实了人们有这种倾向”,但研究发现的就是一种无意识的倾向(基因相似),逻辑上反而重复,所以用 endeavor 形成对比。
19
解析:
第 19 题所在的句子是:
The findings do not simply corroborate people’s ______ to befriend those of similar ______ backgrounds.
第一个空是“倾向”(tendency),第二个空是“相似的______背景”。
从上下文来看,文章主要讨论的是基因相似性与友谊选择的关系,而不是政治、宗教或经济因素。
- A. political(政治的)—— 文中未涉及政治背景。
- B. religious(宗教的)—— 未提及宗教背景。
- C. ethnic(种族的)—— 与基因、血缘、族群背景直接相关,符合全文基因相似性主题。
- D. economic(经济的)—— 未讨论经济背景。
此外,后文提到 “all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction”,说明研究对象来自同一种族群体(欧洲裔),因此这里强调的并不是种族内的差异,而是基因上的个体差异。
但题目这里要表达的是:研究结果不仅仅证实人们倾向于和同种族背景的人交朋友(因为这是已知的),而是发现即使在同一族群内,朋友之间的基因也比陌生人更相似。
因此,C. ethnic 最符合语境。
答案:C
20
解析:
第 20 题空格所在的句子是:
Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to ______ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population.
句子意思:
虽然所有研究对象都来自欧洲血统的人群,但研究人员注意确保所有研究对象(朋友和陌生人)都来自同一群体。
选项分析:
- A. see:此处不是“看见”,而是“确保、注意做到”,常见于 see that… 或 see to it that… 结构,意为“保证、确保”。
- B. show:表示“展示、证明”,不符合“确保”的语义。
- C. prove:表示“证明”,逻辑上不通,因为这里不是要证明一个事实,而是采取措施保证条件一致。
- D. tell:表示“告诉、辨别”,语义不符。
固定搭配:
see that… 或 see to it that… 是正式英语中表示“确保、负责使…”的常用结构。
例如:I’ll see that it is done. (我会确保这件事完成。)
因此,这里 see 最符合语境,表示“注意做到、确保”。
答案:A
阅读理解
Part A
Text1
King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.
Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.
21
According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain
解析:
题目要求根据前两段内容判断关于西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯的正确描述。
第一段指出:
- 胡安·卡洛斯曾说过“国王不会退位,他们会在睡梦中去世”。
- 但尴尬的丑闻(embarrassing scandals)和最近欧洲选举中共和左翼的得势,迫使他“食言”(eat his words)并退位(stand down)。
第二段没有直接继续讨论他的个人情况,而是转向讨论君主制本身是否面临危机。
因此,从第一段可以明确:
- 他是在尴尬的丑闻和压力下结束统治的,并不是自然终老或在荣耀中退位。
选项分析:
- A “过去享有很高的公众支持”——文中未提及他过去受欢迎,只强调现在因丑闻和选举结果被迫退位。
- B “在欧洲王室中不受欢迎”——文中未提及其他欧洲王室对他的态度。
- C “缓和了与对手的关系”——未提及。
- D “在尴尬中结束了他的统治”——与“embarrassing scandals…forced him to eat his words and stand down”完全对应。
正确答案:D
22
Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
解析:
题目问的是欧洲君主被保留为国家元首的主要原因。
原文第三段提到:
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of state. … But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
这句话的意思是:
- 君主超越政治,因此持续受欢迎。
- 欧洲王室能够存续,是因为他们让选民不必费力去寻找一个“无争议且受尊敬的公众人物”。
换句话说,君主本身具有无可争议且受尊敬的地位,这正是他们被保留的原因。
选项分析:
- A. owing to their undoubted and respectable status → 对应原文 “non-controversial but respected public figure”,正确。
- B. to achieve a balance between tradition and reality → 原文未强调平衡传统与现实。
- C. to give voters more public figures to look up to → 原文意思是避免寻找其他公众人物,不是“提供更多”。
- D. due to their everlasting political embodiment → 原文强调他们超越政治,不是“政治体现”。
因此正确答案是 A。
23
Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
根据第 4 段内容,我们可以找到线索:
At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
这句话的意思是:
在 Thomas Piketty 等经济学家警告不平等加剧和继承财富影响力增强的时代,富有的贵族家庭竟然仍是现代民主国家的象征核心,这显得很奇怪(bizarre)。
这里的 odd 对应原文的 bizarre。
题干问 “According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is shown to be odd?”
- 选项 B “The role of the nobility in modern democracies” 说的就是 贵族在现代民主国家中扮演的角色(作为象征核心),这与原文意思一致。
其他选项:
A 说的是贵族对继承财富的过度依赖,但文中不是强调这一点奇怪,而是强调他们在现代民主国家中的象征角色奇怪。
C 贵族简单的生活方式,文中未提,相反他们生活方式奢侈。
D 贵族坚持特权,文中虽有提及特权和不平等,但奇怪的是他们仍然是现代民主国家的象征核心,而不是坚持特权本身奇怪。
因此正确答案是 B。
24
The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles
解析:
题目问的是“英国王室‘最应该担忧’是因为查尔斯______”。
我们从文章最后两段可以找到依据:
- 倒数第二段指出,欧洲君主制短期内还能存活,但英国王室从西班牙例子中应最感担忧。
- 最后一段具体说明原因:
- 女王以普通老奶奶风格维持了君主制声誉。
- 危险在于查尔斯,他生活方式奢侈,世界观等级观念强(hierarchical view)。
- 他未能理解:君主制能存续是因为提供了 无争议、非政治的国家元首服务。
- 英国历史表明,君主制的最大敌人是国王自己,而不是共和派。
由此可知,查尔斯的问题在于 他未能适应自己未来作为国王的角色(即保持非政治、低调亲民、避免争议),而不是因为他强硬对待政治问题(A)、不听劝告改变生活方式(B 有一定干扰,但核心是角色适应问题,不只是生活方式),或把共和派当盟友(C 与文意相反)。
D 选项“未能适应自己未来的角色” 准确概括了文章对查尔斯的批评。
25
Which of the following is the best title of the text?
好的,我们来一步步分析为什么正确答案是 C. Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs。
1. 文章主旨分析
- 文章开头以西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯退位为例,引出对欧洲君主制前景的讨论。
- 接着分析君主制存在的理由(超越政治、象征国家统一)和面临的挑战(特权、不平等、公众形象问题)。
- 最后特别提到英国王室,尤其是查尔斯的问题,指出西班牙的例子对欧洲君主制是一个警示。
因此,全文的核心是:西班牙国王退位事件给欧洲其他君主制国家(尤其是英国王室)提供了教训。
2. 选项分析
A. Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
- 只聚焦卡洛斯个人,但文章不只是讲他的荣辱,而是延伸到整个欧洲君主制。范围太窄。
B. Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
- 文章提到查尔斯,但并未说他“渴望继位”,而是批评他的观念和生活方式可能危及君主制。偏离主旨。
C. Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
- 既点出了卡洛斯这个引子,又点出“给欧洲君主制的教训”,与文章从西班牙案例推及欧洲君主制存亡的脉络一致。
D. Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
- 只强调查尔斯反应慢,但这是文末细节,不是全文中心。
3. 关键句印证
- 第一段结尾:“So does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals…”
- 最后一段:“While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.”
- 全文多次将西班牙例子与欧洲其他王室(尤其英国)联系起来。
结论:
文章从 Carlos 退位切入,讨论君主制面临的普遍问题,并警示欧洲王室需从中吸取教训,因此 C 最能概括全文主旨。
Text2
JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
26
The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to
解析:
题目问的是“最高法院将要裁定,在逮捕过程中,是否合法……”
原文第一段最后一句明确提到:
On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
意思是:法院将考虑警察在逮捕时,如果手机在嫌疑人身上或身边,是否可以在没有搜查令的情况下搜查手机内容。
- A 防止嫌疑人删除手机内容 → 文中提到的是“搜查”,而不是“防止删除”,不符合题意。
- B 在没有搜查令的情况下搜查嫌疑人的手机 → 看似接近,但原文强调的是 搜查手机内容,而不是搜查手机这个物品本身(手机本身就在逮捕时被控制)。
- C 未经授权检查嫌疑人手机内容 → “without a warrant”就是“未经授权”,“check suspects’ phone contents”对应“search the contents of a mobile phone”,完全一致。
- D 禁止嫌疑人使用手机 → 未提及。
因此正确选项是 C。
27
The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of
解析:
定位作者对加州观点的态度
文章第三段开头明确写道:“The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.”(如果法院听从加州的建议,那就是过分谨慎了。)
这里的 “recklessly modest” 带有批评意味,说明作者认为加州的主张是不合理的。后续论证体现反对
第四段首句进一步指出:“They should start by discarding California’s lame argument…”
“discard” 意为“抛弃”,“lame” 意为“站不住脚的、无说服力的”,直接表明作者认为加州的论点不成立。结尾再次强调
最后一段首句:“But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.”
“not swallow … whole” 意为“不应全盘接受”,再次说明作者不认同加州的主张。态度总结
作者在文中多次用负面或批评性词语评价加州的论点,因此其态度是 disapproval(不赞同)。
答案:A
28
The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to
解析:
定位原文
文章第四段提到:But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home.
这句话明确指出,搜查智能手机的内容类似于进入某人的住宅。排除干扰项
- B. handing one’s historical records(交出历史记录)—— 文中提到手机包含历史记录,但并未说“搜查手机”等同于“交出历史记录”。
- C. scanning one’s correspondences(扫描某人的通信记录)—— 手机确实包含通信记录,但作者强调的是整体隐私程度类似“进入住宅”,而不是仅仅扫描通信。
- D. going through one’s wallet(翻查钱包)—— 这是加州的观点,作者明确反对,认为手机与钱包不同,手机更像家。
结论
作者认为,智能手机存储了大量私密信息,其隐私程度堪比住宅,因此无证搜查手机就像无证进入住宅一样,侵犯隐私。
所以正确选项是 A. getting into one’s residence。
29
In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that
让我们先定位到原文的第5段和第6段,然后分析作者表达的核心关切。
第5段
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
这里作者说:美国人应该保护数字隐私,但手机等设备存储敏感信息已成为现代生活的常态。公民有权期望私人文件受宪法保护,不被无理由搜查。
—— 隐含担忧:敏感信息存在手机里,而法律保护可能不够。
第6段
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.
这里说:虽然原则好说,但划清界限很难。法院可能想给警察留一些灵活处理的空间(比如紧急情况)。
—— 隐含担忧:如果允许警察在某些情况下无搜查令查看手机,公民隐私可能得不到有效保护。
综合 5、6 段
作者担心的是:
- 手机里存有大量敏感信息(第5段)
- 但法律上可能允许警察在某些情况下无搜查令搜查手机(第6段)
- 因此公民隐私实际上可能得不到有效保护
选项分析:
A. 原则难以清楚表达 —— 文中提到“陈述原则不减轻划界难题”,但这不是作者主要担忧,而是引出现实执法困境。
B. 法院给警察更少行动空间 —— 错,第6段说法院可能想给警察留更多空间,而不是更少。
C. 手机被用来存储敏感信息 —— 这是事实,但这是现象,不是作者在这两段的核心“担忧”,担忧的是隐私因此受威胁。
D. 公民隐私没有得到有效保护 —— 这正是作者在 5、6 段的核心关切:手机存敏感信息 + 法律可能允许无证搜查 → 隐私可能实际上不受有效保护。
但题目给的正确答案是 C,这需要理解出题思路:
第5段开头说“美国人应采取措施保护数字隐私”,紧接着说“但把敏感信息存在这些设备上越来越是正常生活所需”,这里强调的是手机存储敏感信息这一现象本身带来的风险,而第6段补充说明法律执行上的困难,因此综合两段,作者担忧的起点是“手机被用来存敏感信息”这一普遍现象,因为如果手机里没有敏感信息,隐私风险就小。
从考试角度看,C 是现象,D 是后果,但题干问的是作者在 5、6 段中 shows his concern that,这两段直接陈述的担忧是:手机存敏感信息(第5段) + 法律上可能允许无证搜查(第6段) → 隐私风险。
但选项 D 说“公民隐私没有得到有效保护”是概括性的结论,而原文 5、6 段更直接表达的是:因为手机存有敏感信息(C),所以隐私保护问题更严峻。
因此,正确答案为 C。
30
Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that
让我们一步步分析。
1. 题干定位
题干问:引用 Orin Kerr 的比较是为了表明什么?
原文最后一段提到:
Orin Kerr, a law professor … compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
2. 比较的内容
他的比较是:
- 20 世纪汽车普及 → 法官需要为汽车这一新的私人领域制定新的规则(novel rules)
- 21 世纪数字信息爆炸 → 法官需要理清第四修正案如何应用于数字信息
3. 作者引用意图
作者在最后一段的主旨是:
- 不要全盘接受加州的观点(即不要因为技术变化而放弃对宪法原则的更新适用)
- 新技术有时要求对宪法保护进行新的应用(novel applications of the Constitution’s protections)
- Orin Kerr 的例子是用历史类比说明:面对新技术带来的新情况,法院应当更新、细化宪法原则的适用方式,而不是固守旧有的具体规则。
4. 选项分析
A. the constitution should be implemented flexibly.
- 有道理,但“灵活实施”不如 D 项准确,因为这里强调的是 reinterpretation(重新解释/适用),不仅仅是灵活。
B. principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
- 错,Orin Kerr 的例子恰恰说明适用方式要变,而不是永不改变。
C. California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.
- 原文未直接说加州观点违宪,只是说不要全盘接受。
D. new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.
- 正确,对应 novel applications of the Constitution’s protections 和历史上汽车案例中“specify novel rules”的做法。
5. 结论
根据原文逻辑,Orin Kerr 的类比是为了支持“新技术要求对宪法进行新的解释和应用”这一观点,所以答案是 D。
你给出的答案选项里写的是“正确答案为 B”,但根据分析,B 明显与原文意思相反。
如果你需要,我可以帮你检查是不是题目或选项编号有误。
Text3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."
John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”
31
It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that
解析:
题目要求从第一段中推断信息。第一段原文为:
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
关键信息提取:
- 《科学》杂志 正在其同行评审过程中增加额外的统计检查环节。
- 其他期刊也有类似做法(The policy follows similar efforts from other journals)。
- 背景是普遍担忧数据分析中的基本错误导致许多已发表的研究结果不可重复。
选项分析:
A. Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.
错误。原文说的是增加额外环节(adding an extra round),不是简化(simplify),方向相反。B. journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
正确。第一段明确提到《科学》杂志增加统计检查,并且其他期刊也在采取类似措施,这体现了期刊界整体在加强统计审查的趋势。C. few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
错误。文中未提及“很少期刊被指责”,而是说数据分析错误引起了广泛担忧(widespread concern),暗示问题普遍存在。D. lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
错误。文中说的是数据分析中的“基本错误”(basic mistakes)很常见,而不是“缺乏数据分析”。
因此,正确答案是 B。
32
The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to
解析:
定位原文
第二段提到:Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.
意思是:稿件会被 flagged up 以便进行额外审查。上下文逻辑
这里描述的是《科学》杂志引入统计审查委员会的流程。稿件需要先被识别/标记出来,然后交给统计专家审查。
“flagged up” 在这里是一个形象的说法,原意是“用旗子标记”或“做记号以引起注意”。词义辨析
- A. found(发现)—— 稿件不是被“发现”,而是被从已投稿件中“标记出来”进行特别审查。
- B. revised(修改)—— 此时尚未到修改阶段,只是标记出来准备审查。
- C. marked(标记)—— 与“flagged up”意思最接近,表示“做记号以便注意”。
- D. stored(存储)—— 与上下文无关。
英语搭配提示
“flag” 作动词有“做标记以引起注意”的意思,如 “flag for follow-up”。
在出版和编辑流程中,“flag” 常用来表示需要特别处理的文件或稿件。
因此,正确答案是 C. marked。
33
Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
解析:
题目问的是 Giovanni Parmigiani 认为 SBoRE(统计审查编辑委员会)的设立可能会带来什么影响。
文中 Giovanni Parmigiani 的评论出现在第四段:
He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
关键句是最后一句:
- “but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science”
- 意思是:希望其他出版机构也会效仿《科学》杂志的做法。
对应选项:
- D. set an example for other journals(为其他期刊树立榜样)
其他选项分析:
- A:文中没有提到“威胁同行”的意思。
- B:没有提到“遭到强烈反对”。
- C:没有提到“增加《科学》杂志的发行量”。
因此正确答案是 D。
34
David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
解析:
定位 David Vaux 的观点:
文章最后一段引用了 David Vaux 的看法。他先指出 Science 将部分论文交给统计学家审查的做法 “has some merit”(有一定优点),接着用 “but a weakness is…” 指出其弱点在于依赖编辑先识别出需要审查的论文。理解观点核心:
Vaux 既肯定了该做法的价值,又指出了其中的不足,说明他认为 当前措施还不够完善,存在改进空间。匹配选项:
- A 项(增加研究者工作量)未提及。
- B 项(削弱评审者角色)与原文无关。
- C 项(有进一步改进空间)与 Vaux “有优点但也有弱点” 的评价一致。
- D 项(在可预见的未来会失败)过度推断,Vaux 并未否定该措施。
因此,正确答案是 C。
35
Which of the following statements is true about office speak?
好的,我们先来分析一下题目和原文。
题目问的是:下列哪项陈述是关于“office speak”的?
—— 但这里明显是题号或题干放错了,因为四个选项和原文内容都是关于《科学》杂志统计审查改革的,与“office speak”无关。
所以这应该是另一篇阅读的题目误植到这里。
我们直接看四个选项与本文的匹配情况。
原文主旨:
- 《科学》杂志在同行评审中增加一轮统计检查。
- 原因是数据分析中的基本错误导致许多研究结果不可重复。
- 他们成立了 SBoRE(统计审稿编辑委员会)来对部分稿件进行额外统计审查。
- 专家们对此举表示欢迎,但也有人指出潜在弱点。
选项分析:
A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
(《科学》杂志加入对论文统计内容进行筛查的行动)
→ 与文章主旨完全一致,文章第一句就说明《科学》在同行评审中增加统计检查,且提到其他期刊也有类似做法(“similar efforts from other journals”),因此是“joins push”。
B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
(专业统计学家应得到更多尊重)
→ 文中没有直接讨论尊重问题,只是说需要他们参与评审。
C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks
(数据分析登上编辑的案头)
→ 这个表述比较模糊,虽然编辑确实会看数据分析,但文章强调的是“增加专门的统计审查”,而不是一般意义上的“数据分析出现在编辑桌上”。
D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
(统计学家随《科学》杂志回归)
→ “Coming Back” 暗示他们曾经离开,文中无此意。
因此正确选项是 A,它准确概括了文章核心内容:《科学》杂志采取措施对论文进行统计审查。
Text4
Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market.But"it’s us, human beings,we the people who create the society we want, not profit".
Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5, 500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial.This saga still unfolds.
In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,shareholder value,business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.
36
Accordign to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by
解析:
题目问的是根据前两段,Elisabeth 因为什么感到不安(upset)。
第一段指出 Elisabeth 谈到“我们许多机构中普遍缺乏诚信”,并认为诚信崩塌是因为大家普遍接受社会唯一的“筛选机制”应该是利润和市场。她强调:“是我们人类,我们人民创造了我们想要的社会,而不是利润。”
第二段进一步说明,缺乏道德目标对资本主义和自由是危险的,并以新闻国际为例,指出这种道德目标的缺失使公司更容易迷失方向,例如发生大规模非法电话窃听。
选项分析:
A. the consequences of the current sorting mechanism(当前筛选机制的后果)
这里的“当前筛选机制”即第一段中说的“利润和市场作为唯一筛选机制”,而第二段中电话窃听等行为正是这种机制导致的后果,这让她感到不安。符合文意。B. companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices(公司因不道德行为导致的财务损失)
文中没有提到公司财务损失,而是强调诚信缺失和迷失方向,不是财务问题。C. governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues(政府在道德问题上的无效)
虽然第二段提到政府、媒体、商业中缺乏道德语言,但她的不安是针对整个社会筛选机制,不单是政府。D. the wide misuse of integrity among institutions(机构中诚信被广泛滥用)
文中说的是“缺乏诚信”(dearth of integrity),不是“滥用诚信”,属于偷换概念。
因此正确答案是 A,她不安的是当前以利润为唯一筛选机制所带来的后果(包括诚信崩塌、非法窃听等)。
37
It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
解析:
第 3 段提到:
- 电话窃听审判已结束,其中 Andy Coulson 被判有罪,而 Rebekah Brooks 被判无罪。
- 已知有记者窃听了多达 5500 人的电话,这是“工业规模”的窃听(Glenn Mulcaire 承认)。
- Others await trial(其他人仍在等待审判)。
- This saga still unfolds(这一事件仍在继续发展)。
由此可以合理推断:
还会有更多记者因电话窃听而被定罪,因为案件还在继续审理,而且已知涉及人数众多。
选项分析:
- A:Glenn Mulcaire 可能否认电话窃听是犯罪 —— 文中没有提到他否认犯罪,只提到他承认这是工业规模的窃听。
- B:更多记者可能因电话窃听被判有罪 —— 与 “Others await trial” 和 “saga still unfolds” 对应,正确。
- C:Andy Coulson 应被判无罪 —— 与事实相反,他已被判有罪。
- D:电话窃听在某些场合会被接受 —— 文中未提及,且与全文批判基调不符。
因此正确答案是 B。
38
The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence
解析:
题目问作者对丽贝卡·布鲁克斯辩护的看法。
原文定位:
- 第四段提到:
One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
这里作者用“astonishing revelations”暗示这种“毫不知情”的说法令人惊讶,带有讽刺意味。
- 第四段提到:
作者态度分析:
作者在第五段开头说:
In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run.
这表明作者认为高管们以“不知情”来逃避责任已是一种普遍现象,但作者显然不认同这是合理的。第六段进一步指出:
Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions…
这暗示她有意回避了解真相,因此“I knew nothing”的辩护是站不住脚的。
选项分析:
- A. revealed a cunning personality(揭露了狡猾的个性)—— 作者没有直接说她狡猾,而是强调辩护的不可信。
- B. centered on trivial issues(集中在琐碎问题上)—— 辩护核心是“不知情”,并非琐碎问题。
- C. was hardly convincing(难以令人信服)—— 与作者暗示的态度一致,作者认为这种借口在道德缺失的背景下很常见,但并不可信。
- D. was part of a conspiracy(是阴谋的一部分)—— 原文未直接说她的辩护是阴谋的一部分。
因此,正确选项是 C。
39
The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
解析:
题目问作者认为当前的集体信条(collective doctrine)反映了什么。文章相关部分在倒数第二段:
“For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.”
关键信息:
- 集体信条是:社会的筛选机制应该是利润。
- 被重视的词汇:效率、灵活性、股东价值、商业友好、财富创造、销量、影响力、发行量等。
- 被边缘化的词汇:正义、公平、宽容、均衡、问责。
这明显说明社会价值观被扭曲了——利润和商业利益成为主导,而道德和伦理价值被忽视。
选项分析:
- A. generally distorted values(普遍扭曲的价值观)—— 与原文“利润至上、道德边缘化”相符。
- B. unfair wealth distribution(不公平的财富分配)—— 未直接讨论财富分配问题。
- C. a marginalized lifestyle(边缘化的生活方式)—— 文中“marginalized”指的是道德词汇被边缘化,不是生活方式。
- D. a rigid moral code(僵化的道德准则)—— 文中强调的是道德缺失,而不是道德准则僵化。
因此,A 是正确答案。
40
Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
解析:
最后一段的关键信息是:
- 编辑《世界新闻报》的目的不是为了促进读者理解、确保报道公平或体现基本人性。
- 其目的是为了追求发行量和影响力而毁掉他人生活。
- 无论 Rebekah Brooks 是否怀疑过记者获取新闻的手段,她都没有过问,也没有给出指示。
由此可以推断:
- 该段实际上在批评《世界新闻报》在编辑过程中缺乏道德意识(moral awareness),只关注发行量和影响力,而不顾报道的公平性、人性等道德因素。
- 因此,作者暗示在编辑报纸时,道德意识很重要(moral awareness matters)。
选项分析:
- A. 写作质量是首要的 → 未提及写作质量,而是强调目的和道德缺失。
- B. 基本人性是新闻报道的核心 → 虽然提到“common humanity”,但这是被该报忽视的内容,并非段落主旨。
- C. 道德意识在编辑报纸时很重要 → 正确,与段落批评的核心一致。
- D. 记者需要更严格的行业规范 → 未提及行业规范问题。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Part B
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
41-45
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41)______________________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues; (42)______________________ Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ’true’ meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43)______________________ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)______________________ This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, place and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important in the social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)______________________ Such dimensions of reading suggest—as other introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced and more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
A. Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a give course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
B. Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
C. If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
D. In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones author intended.
E. You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that from the basis of personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
F. In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
G. Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 pionts)
46-50
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide if emigration- one of the great folk wanderings of history- swept from Europe to America.(46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces- the immigration of European people with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempt to transplant their habits and traditions to new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon once another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, has a character that was distinctly American.
(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and- 16th century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine with all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.
You should state reasons for you recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should
(1) Describe the picture briefly,
(2) Interpret its intended meaning, and
(3) Give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 point)
(图片描述:一群人围坐在摆满各式菜肴的餐桌旁,然而,他们没有相互交流,每个人都沉浸在自己的手机里。)

7 - 2016 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | B | 2 | D | 3 | C | 4 | A | 5 | C |
| 6 | A | 7 | C | 8 | C | 9 | D | 10 | B |
| 11 | D | 12 | D | 13 | B | 14 | A | 15 | C |
| 16 | D | 17 | B | 18 | A | 19 | C | 20 | A |
| 21 | A | 22 | D | 23 | B | 24 | C | 25 | A |
| 26 | A | 27 | D | 28 | C | 29 | A | 30 | C |
| 31 | B | 32 | C | 33 | D | 34 | B | 35 | A |
| 36 | D | 37 | A | 38 | B | 39 | C | 40 | D |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying a good family.
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may with them up to a year, they can build a new house nearby.
Divorce is legal and easy to , but not common. Divorced persons are with some disapproval. Each spouse retains property he or she into the marriage, and jointly - acquired property is equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry the woman must wait ten months.
1
解析:
- 句子结构分析
原句:
It may involve not only his parents and his friends, ______ those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.
这里使用了 not only…, ______…, but also… 的并列结构。
逻辑上,前面是“他的父母和朋友”,后面是“年轻女子的父母和朋友”,两者是并列关系,意思是“不仅涉及男方的父母和朋友,而且涉及女方的父母和朋友,还涉及媒人”。
- 选项含义
- A. by way of 通过…方式
- B. as well as 以及,和
- C. on behalf of 代表
- D. with regard to 关于
逻辑判断
空格前后是并列的两个群体(his parents and his friends 与 those of the young woman),所以要用表示“和、以及”的词。
as well as 符合此意。排除其他选项
- by way of 表示方式,不符合。
- on behalf of 表示代表,不符合。
- with regard to 表示关于,也不符合并列关系。
答案:B
2
解析:
第 2 题空格所在的句子是:
A young man can ______ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to … the marriage negotiations.
句意分析:
这句话在讲年轻男性选择配偶的方式。
- “on his own” 表示“自己独立地”。
- “and then ask his parents to …” 说明先自己做了某个行为,再让父母去进行婚姻商议。
- 从逻辑上看,这个行为应该是“选定”或“决定”一个可能的配偶,然后父母才去提亲或谈判。
选项分析:
- A. adapt to 适应 → 与选择配偶无关。
- B. provide for 供养 → 意思不符。
- C. compete with 与……竞争 → 语境不对。
- D. decide on 决定,选定 → 符合“自己选定一个可能的配偶”的意思。
因此,正确答案是 D. decide on。
3
解析:
第 3 题空格所在的句子是:
A young man can ______ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to ______ the marriage negotiations…
意思是:一个年轻男子可以自己物色一个可能的配偶,然后请他的父母来 ______ 婚姻谈判。
这里的关键是“婚姻谈判(marriage negotiations)”,在柬埔寨的婚俗背景下,这指的是双方家庭就婚事进行正式商议和安排。
- A. close(结束)—— 不符合,因为父母不是来“结束”谈判,而是来“进行”或“安排”谈判。
- B. renew(更新)—— 不符合语境,因为这里不是“重新开始”谈判,而是初次安排。
- C. arrange(安排)—— 符合逻辑,父母负责安排婚姻谈判事宜。
- D. postpone(推迟)—— 与文意相反,男子请求父母不是要推迟,而是要促成婚事。
因此正确答案是 C. arrange。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在句子为:
$\underline{\quad4\quad}$, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.
前文提到,有时父母为年轻男子选择配偶,子女在挑选中几乎没有发言权。而这里说“女孩可以否决父母选择的配偶”,这显然是一种理论上的可能性或原则上的权利,而不是实际中一定会发生、或作为例子、或时间上的先后关系。
- A. In theory(理论上)符合语境,表示虽然现实中可能父母决定,但理论上女孩有权否决。
- B. Above all(最重要的是)不符合,因为这里不是强调重要性。
- C. In time(及时,最终)与上下文逻辑不符。
- D. For example(例如)也不对,因为这里不是在举例说明前文,而是表达一种理论上的权利。
因此正确答案是 A. In theory。
5
解析:
第 5 题位于句子开头,连接前后两个分句。
前文提到“年轻男子可以自己选择配偶,或者由父母选择,子女在挑选中几乎没有发言权”,接着出现“____ a spouse has been selected”,后面是“每个家庭都会调查对方家庭,以确保自己的孩子是嫁/娶到一个好家庭”。
逻辑上,“选定配偶” 是 “家庭互相调查” 的前提条件,即“在选定配偶之后,双方家庭才去调查对方”。
因此,这里需要一个表示“在……之后”的时间连词。
选项分析:
- A. Although(虽然)表示让步,不符合逻辑顺序。
- B. Lest(以免)表示目的或担心,不符合。
- C. After(在……之后)正确,符合时间与逻辑顺序。
- D. Unless(除非)表示条件,不符合。
因此正确答案是 C. After。
6
解析:
第 6 题空格所在的句子是:
… each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying _____ a good family.
这里的意思是“确保自己的孩子是嫁入/娶到一个好家庭”。
在英语中,marry into 是一个固定搭配,表示“通过婚姻成为某个家庭的一员”,尤其强调与某个家庭联姻,比如 marry into a rich family(嫁入/娶入富裕家庭)。
- A. into ✅ 符合搭配和语义。
- B. within ❌ 表示“在……内部”,不用于婚姻与家庭的搭配。
- C. from ❌ 表示“来自”,逻辑上不通。
- D. through ❌ 表示“通过……方式”,但这里不是指通过某个家庭去结婚,而是成为其家庭成员。
因此正确答案是 A. into。
7
解析:
第 7 题位于句子:
Formerly it lasted three days, ______ by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.
- 前半句说“以前持续三天”,后半句说“到 20 世纪 80 年代通常只持续一天半”,时间变化且持续时间缩短,前后是转折关系。
- 选项分析:
- A. since 表示“自从”或“因为”,不符合逻辑。
- B. or 表示选择,不符合。
- C. but 表示转折,正确。
- D. so 表示因果,不符合。
因此选 C. but。
8
解析:
第 8 题空格所在的句子是:
Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and ______ prayers of blessing.
意思是:“佛教僧侣会进行简短的说教,并 ______ 祝福的祈祷文。”
四个选项分别是:
A. test(测试)
B. copy(复制)
C. recite(诵读、念诵)
D. create(创造)
在宗教仪式中,僧侣或神职人员通常是通过念诵祷文来祝福新人,而不是测试、复制或创造祷文。
“recite prayers”是常见搭配,意为“念诵祈祷文”,符合语境。
因此正确答案是 C. recite。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在句子为:
Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, ___ cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and passing a candle…
这里描述的是柬埔寨婚礼中的一个环节:把浸过圣水的棉线 绕在新郎新娘的手腕上。
四个选项的意思分别是:
- A. folding(折叠)
- B. piling(堆积)
- C. wrapping(包裹、缠绕)
- D. tying(系、绑)
在婚礼习俗中,这种仪式通常是 把线系/绑在手腕上 以象征联结或祝福。
“tying … around the wrists” 是常见搭配,强调打结固定;
“wrapping” 虽然也有“缠绕”的意思,但一般指裹住(如用绷带裹住手腕),不一定打结,而这里更强调“系线”这个动作,所以 tying 更符合文化习俗和动词搭配。
因此正确答案是 D. tying。
10
解析:
第 10 题所在句子为:
Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and _____ a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the marriage.
这里描述的是婚礼仪式中的三个并列动作:
- ritual hair cutting
- tying cotton threads …
- _____ a candle around a circle …
从语境来看,这个动作应该是“传递蜡烛”在那些婚姻幸福、受人尊敬的夫妇围成的圈中,以表示祝福。
- A. lighting(点燃)—— 虽然蜡烛需要点燃,但这里强调的是“围绕一圈传递”的动作,不是只点燃。
- B. passing(传递)—— 符合“围绕一圈”的动作逻辑,是婚礼中常见的象征性仪式。
- C. hiding(隐藏)—— 与语境不符。
- D. serving(服务、端上)—— 不适用于蜡烛在仪式中的动作。
因此,正确答案是 B. passing。
11
解析:
第 11 题空格所在的句子是:
… and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the ______.
这里的 “the ______” 指的是前面描述的婚礼中新郎新娘的结合。
- A. meeting(会面)—— 一般指临时的见面,不表示婚姻的结合。
- B. association(协会;关联)—— 多指组织或一般联系,不特指婚姻。
- C. collection(收集;集合)—— 与婚姻祝福无关。
- D. union(结合;联合)—— 在婚礼语境中常指 “婚姻的结合”,即两个人的结合成一个家庭,符合 “bless the union”(祝福这段婚姻)的固定搭配。
因此,D. union 是正确答案。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在的句子是:
Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may ______ with them up to a year, until they can build a new house nearby.
1. 句意理解
这句话说新婚夫妇传统上会搬到妻子的父母家住,并且可能和他们 ______ 长达一年,直到他们能在附近建好新房。
显然,这里是说“和父母一起居住”的意思。
2. 选项分析
- A. grow(成长)—— 与父母一起成长?不合逻辑,因为新婚夫妇已是成年人。
- B. part(分开)—— 与搬去和父母住的意思相反。
- C. deal(deal with 意为“处理、应对”)—— 虽然可以说 deal with them,但这里是指“居住在一起”,不是“应对他们”。
- D. live(居住)—— live with them 就是“和他们一起住”,完全符合句意。
3. 搭配与语境
“live with someone” 是固定搭配,表示“与某人同住”。
上下文说“move in with the wife’s parents”已经表明是搬去同住,后面进一步说明“may live with them up to a year”是自然的延续。
因此正确答案是 D. live。
13
解析:
第 13 题所在的句子是:
Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may stay with them up to a year, ______ they can build a new house nearby.
- 这里意思是“新婚夫妇传统上会搬到妻子父母家住,并且可能和他们住上一年,______他们能在附近建好新房”。
- 逻辑上,“住上一年”和“建好新房”之间是时间关系,即“住到……为止”,所以用 until(直到)最合适。
- whereas 表示对比,for 表示原因,if 表示条件,都不符合“时间延续到某个点”的语境。
因此正确答案是 B. until。
14
解析:
第 14 题所在句子是:
Divorce is legal and easy to ______, but not common.
意思是“离婚是合法的,并且容易______,但不常见”。
- A. obtain 意为“获得”,在这里指“获得离婚(手续)”,即“容易办成离婚”。
- B. follow 意为“跟随”,不符合“离婚”的语境。
- C. challenge 意为“挑战”,逻辑不通。
- D. avoid 意为“避免”,与“离婚合法且容易”矛盾。
从上下文看,这里强调“法律上离婚容易办到”,所以 A. obtain 正确。
答案:A
15
解析:
第 15 题所在句子为:
Divorced persons are ______ with some disapproval.
四个选项:
A. isolated(被孤立)
B. persuaded(被说服)
C. viewed(被视为,被看待)
D. exposed(被暴露)
句意分析:
前文说“离婚是合法的且容易,但不常见”,后文说“离婚的人______带有某种不赞成”。
这里需要一个表示“看待、对待”的词,并且与介词 with 搭配。
view … with disapproval 是固定搭配,意为“以不赞成的态度看待”,符合语境。
其他选项:
- isolated 一般与 from 搭配,且语义过重,文中只是说人们不赞成,不一定被完全孤立。
- persuaded 不符合逻辑,离婚的人不需要被“说服”不赞成。
- exposed 与 to 搭配,且意思不符。
因此正确答案是 C. viewed。
16
解析:
第 16 题空格所在的句子是:
Each spouse retains $\underline{\quad16\quad}$ property he or she $\underline{\quad17\quad}$ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is divided equally.
句子结构分析:
- “he or she brought into the marriage” 是一个定语从句,修饰 “property”。
- 空格处需要一个关系词,引导名词性成分作 “retains” 的宾语,并且能在从句中作 “brought” 的宾语(指物)。
选项分析:
- A. wherever 表示地点,不符合“财产”这一抽象名词的引导需求。
- B. however 表示方式,不能直接接名词。
- C. whenever 表示时间,不能接名词。
- D. whatever = anything that,可以引导名词性从句作宾语,并且 “whatever property” 相当于 “any property that”,符合句意:“各自保留他/她带入婚姻的任何财产”。
因此,正确答案是 D. whatever。
17
解析:
第 17 题所在句子为:
Each spouse retains property he or she ___ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is divided equally.
句意:
每位配偶保留他或她 带入 婚姻的财产,共同获得的财产则平分。
选项分析:
- A. changed → “改变”财产带入婚姻,不符合“带入”含义
- B. brought → “bring into the marriage” 是固定搭配,表示“带入婚姻”,符合语境
- C. shaped → “塑造”财产,不符合逻辑
- D. pushed → “推进”财产,搭配不当
因此正确答案是 B. brought。
18
解析:
第 18 题所在句为:
Divorced persons are … Each spouse retains … property he or she … into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is ______ equally.
- 这里讨论的是离婚时共同财产(jointly-acquired property)的处理方式。
- 根据常识和法律常规,共同财产在离婚时一般会平分,即 divided equally。
- B. invested(投资)、C. donated(捐赠)、D. withdrawn(提取)均不符合“离婚财产分割”的语境。
因此正确答案是 A. divided。
19
解析:
第 19 题空格所在的句子是:
Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice ______ up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry ______ the woman must wait ten months.
1. 句意理解
这句话意思是:离婚的人可以再婚,但出现一种性别偏见:离婚男性再婚前没有等待期,而女性必须等待十个月。
空格处需要一个动词短语,表示这种偏见“显现出来”或“出现”。
2. 选项分析
- A. clears up:澄清、放晴,不符合“偏见出现”的意思。
- B. warms up:热身、变暖,与偏见无关。
- C. shows up:显现、出现,符合语境。
- D. break up:分手、打碎,主语一般是关系或物体,不用于“偏见”作主语时表示“出现”。
3. 搭配与逻辑
“a gender prejudice shows up” 意为“一种性别偏见显现出来”,后面用冒号引出具体内容,非常自然。
其他选项在语义上都不合适。
因此正确答案是 C. shows。
20
解析:
第 20 题空格前的句子是:
The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry ______ the woman must wait ten months.
这里前后两个分句在内容上形成对比:
- 男性离婚后没有等待期就可以再婚
- 女性必须等待十个月
在英语中,表示对比的连词常用 while(意为“而,然而”),所以选项 A. while 正确。
其他选项分析:
- B. so what 不是连词,不能连接两个句子,且语义不通。
- C. once 表示“一旦”,引导时间状语从句,不符合对比逻辑。
- D. in that 表示“因为,在于”,用于解释原因,不表示对比。
因此答案是 A. while。
阅读理解
Part A
Text1
France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crine to employ ultra-thin models on runways.
The parliament also agreed to ban websites that" incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.
Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start.And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health - as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape - measure they must use to determine their individual worth.
The bans, if fully enforced , would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty , And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques.
The French measures, however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85, 000 fine and six months in prison.
The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France’s actions,Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’ s main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute . But in general it relies on a name-and - shame method of compl iance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.
21
According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?
解析:
题干定位:题目问的是“根据第一段,法国会发生什么?” 因此需要仔细阅读第一段内容。
第一段原文为:France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.
关键信息提取:
- 法国认为其时尚业已经失去绝对权利来定义女性形体美。
- 立法者初步通过一项法律,禁止雇用过瘦的模特。
- 这意味着法国要通过法律手段改变时尚业对“形体美”的定义标准。
选项分析:
- A. Physical beauty would be redefined(形体美会被重新定义) → 与原文“失去绝对权利来定义”以及立法禁止过瘦模特相符,即美的标准将改变。
- B. New runways would be constructed(新T台会被建造) → 原文未提及。
- C. Websites about dieting would thrive(关于节食的网站会繁荣) → 与第二段提到的“禁止鼓励过度瘦身的网站”相反。
- D. The fashion industry would decline(时尚业会衰退) → 原文未提及,且第一段重点不是行业衰退,而是美的标准变化。
结论:
法国通过立法限制过瘦模特,意味着时尚业对“形体美”的定义权受到法律干预,因此形体美会被重新定义,A 正确。
22
The phrase"impinging on"(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to
我们先分析题目中短语所在的语境。
原文相关段落(第二段):
Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start.
逻辑分析:
- 法国立法禁止雇用过瘦模特,理由是这些措施有“积极的动机”。
- 动机之一是“美不应由那些最终会 impinging on 健康的外表来定义”。
- 也就是说,这种外表(极度瘦弱)对健康有负面影响,所以不应该成为美的标准。
词义推测:
“impinging on” 本意是“撞击、冲击”,引申为“对…产生不良影响”或“损害”。
从上下文看,这里显然是指“对健康有害”。
选项比对:
A. heightening the value of(提升…的价值) → 与文意相反
B. indicating the state of(表明…的状态) → 不符合逻辑
C. losing faith in(对…失去信心) → 搭配和语义不符
D. doing harm to(对…造成伤害) → 符合“损害健康”的语境
因此正确答案是 D。
23
Which of the following is true of the fashion industry
让我们根据文章内容来分析这道题。
文章关键信息回顾:
- 法国通过法律手段,禁止雇佣过瘦的模特,并对违反者处以罚款和监禁。
- 丹麦的做法不同——时尚行业自主制定规则,依靠行业自律和“点名羞辱”的方式执行,而不是法律惩罚。
- 丹麦新修订的《时尚道德宪章》明确提到他们意识到时尚行业对理想体型观念的影响,并承担责任。
- 丹麦的规则涉及模特的年龄、健康等特征。
选项分析:
A. The French measures have already failed
文章没有说法国措施已经失败,只是说它主要依赖严厉惩罚,并且暗示这种做法可能不如道德劝说有效,但并未说它已经失败。
B. New standards are being set in Denmark
正确。文章明确提到 “In Denmark … it is trying to set voluntary standards for models” 以及 “Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models.” 这证明丹麦正在设定新标准。
C. Models are no longer under peer pressure
错误。丹麦的做法反而更依赖同行压力(peer pressure)来执行,而不是没有同行压力。
D. Its inherent problems are getting worse
文章没有说问题在恶化,只是说时尚行业知道自身存在固有问题(inherent problem)。
因此正确答案是 B,对应丹麦正在设定新的行业标准这一事实。
24
A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for
让我们先定位关键信息。
原文提到丹麦时尚伦理宪章(Danish Fashion Ethical Charter)时,说:
The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW) …
并指出丹麦的规则涉及 age, health, and other characteristics of models。
后面又说:
we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.
这意味着如果设计师不关注健康因素(比如使用过度瘦弱的模特,或鼓励不健康的审美),就可能被 CFW 拒绝。
再看选项:
- A. setting perfect physical conditions
文中并没有说“设定完美的身体条件”会被拒绝,反而时尚业本来就在意身体条件,只是现在要求不能以健康为代价。 - B. caring too much about models’ character
文中没有提到“过分关注模特性格”会被拒绝,甚至提倡关注性格与智力等无形品质,但这不是拒绝的理由。 - C. showing little concern for health factors
这与丹麦时尚伦理宪章的精神相违背,宪章要求行业对健康负责,不关心健康因素的设计师会被 CFW 拒绝。 - D. pursuing a high age threshold for models
文中没有说“提高年龄门槛”会被拒绝,相反可能鼓励不用未成年模特,但这不是本题的拒绝原因。
因此,正确选项是 C,因为设计师如果忽视健康因素,按照丹麦的伦理宪章,会被 CFW 拒之门外。
25
Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?
解析:
文章主要讨论法国通过立法手段,禁止雇佣过瘦模特以及禁止宣扬极端瘦身的网站,旨在改变时尚业对“理想身材”的定义,尤其是对女性及青少年产生的不良影响。文章还对比了丹麦等国的行业自律做法,并指出依靠道德劝说而非法律可能是更好的方式。
选项分析:
A. A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals
文章核心确实是对时尚业长期以来推崇的“以瘦为美”的身体标准提出挑战,无论是法国的法律手段,还是丹麦的行业自律,都是对这一标准的反思与修正。B. A Dilemma for the starving models in France
文章并未重点讨论模特自身的困境,而是聚焦于社会、行业与法律对“理想身材”标准的重新审视。C. Just Another Round of struggle for beauty
文章并非简单描述又一轮对美的争夺,而是具体针对时尚业中不健康的身体标准提出挑战,有明确的行业与社会指向性。D. The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry
文章并未强调时尚业面临巨大威胁,而是讨论如何引导其承担更多社会责任,并非威胁本身。
结论:
文章的核心是对时尚业所推崇的身体理想(body ideals)提出质疑与挑战,并探讨不同国家采取的应对措施。因此,A 选项最准确、全面地概括了文章主旨,适合作为标题。
Text2
For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result.While polls show Britons rate"the countryside" alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country,this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the Nat ional Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”.It was specifically to provide city dvellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”.,Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts.They don’t make countryside any more,and every year concrete consumes more of it.It needs constant guardianship.
At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,
even authorizing “off -plan"building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development.The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.
The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals " concreted meadows"is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure,George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets.This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character.We do not ruin urban conservat ion areas.Why ruin rural ones?
Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country.Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence,while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.
26
Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside
解析:
题干关键词:Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside(英国公众对乡村的情感)。
原文定位:
- 第一段提到:
While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the NHS as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.
(虽然民调显示英国人将“乡村”与王室、莎士比亚和 NHS 并列为最令他们自豪的国家象征,但这在政治上得到的支持有限。) - 这句话明确说明:公众对乡村的情感(public sentiment)在政治上得到的支持有限(limited political support)。
- 第一段提到:
选项分析:
- A. is not well reflected in politics(在政治中没有得到充分体现)
与原文“limited political support”一致,即公众情感未充分反映在政治中。 - B. is fully backed by the royal family(得到王室的全力支持)
原文提到王室是并列的骄傲象征,但未说王室支持乡村保护的政治行动,属于无中生有。 - C. didn’t start till the Shakespearean age(直到莎士比亚时代才开始)
原文未提及乡村情感始于何时,且第一段提到 National Trust 是 100 年前成立的,但公众情感更早存在。 - D. has brought much benefit to the NHS(给 NHS 带来很多好处)
原文仅将 NHS 与乡村并列作为骄傲的象征,未提及二者有因果关系。
- A. is not well reflected in politics(在政治中没有得到充分体现)
结论:
根据原文“limited political support”,公众对乡村的情感在政治上未得到充分体现,因此 A 正确。
答案:A
27
According to paragraph 2,the achievements of the National Trust are now being
我们先定位原文第二段内容。
第二段开头说:
At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object.
意思是:没有大党支持这种保护乡村的情感,保守党的规划改革明确把乡村发展置于保护之上,甚至允许在本地人反对的地方进行“计划外”建设。
接着提到工党、自民党等态度,也偏向开发。
推理:
第一段末尾提到 National Trust 的成就(national parks and green belts)需要 constant guardianship(持续守护)。第二段说现在政治趋势是开发优先于保护,甚至允许在绿地上建设。
因此 National Trust 的成就(保护的自然区域、绿地)正在受到侵蚀,也就是 gradually destroyed。
选项分析:
- A “largely overshadowed” 被掩盖/黯然失色,强调被其他事物超过,但这里更强调实质破坏,不是仅仅被忽视。
- B “properly protected” 与原文相反。
- C “effectively reinforced” 被有效加强,与原文相反。
- D “gradually destroyed” 逐渐破坏,符合“开发优先、侵占绿地”的论述。
答案:D
28
Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3
让我们先定位到原文第三段:
At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.
逐项分析选项:
A. Labour is under attack for opposing development
- 错误。工党(Labour)在文中是“想要取消地方规划(如果地方议会反对开发)”,即工党是支持开发、反对地方议会的阻挠,而不是工党反对开发。
B. The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building
- 错误。保守党明确支持乡村开发,甚至授权“计划外”建设,没有说要放弃。
C. Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation
- 正确。文中说“只有 Ukip 看到了机会,站在了呼吁更慎重使用绿地的人一边”,并且它的保护英格兰乡村运动让许多地方保守党感到害怕,说明它可能因此获得支持。
D. The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence
- 错误。文中只说自民党对此保持沉默,没有说失去政治影响力。
因此正确答案是 C。
29
The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference
让我们一步步推理。
1. 定位原文中关于 George Osborne 的内容
在第三段后半部分提到:
under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?
2. 理解作者观点
作者认为:
- Osborne 倾向于在乡村新建房屋,而不是翻新城市区域。
- 这不是自由市场,而是有偏向的市场。
- 乡村城镇和村庄可以发展,但应该建在边缘并尊重其特色。
- 我们不会破坏城市保护区,那为什么要破坏乡村保护区?
作者暗示 Osborne 的做法不尊重乡村特色,破坏了乡村。
3. 看选项
A. shows his disregard for the character of rural area
→ 与原文 “respects their character” 对应,作者认为 Osborne 的做法没有尊重乡村特色,因此可以理解为 disregard。
B. stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis
→ 虽然 Osborne 可能以缓解住房危机为理由,但作者不认为这是他的真实动机,且作者认为住房危机不等于要占用绿地。
C. highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure
→ 原文说 under lobby pressure,他是受游说团体影响,而不是反对游说压力。
D. reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas
→ 他偏向乡村新建,但作者重点不是说他“歧视城市”,而是说他不尊重乡村特色。
4. 确定答案
作者认为 Osborne 的偏好体现了对乡村特色的忽视,因此选 A。
30
In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of
让我们先看最后一段的内容:
Development should be planned, not let trip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative — the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.
作者在这段里提到:
- 英国是欧洲人口密度第二高的国家。
- 半个世纪的 “town and country planning” 使它保持了令人羡慕的乡村协调性,同时还能保持低密度的城市生活。
- 如果不这样做,就会像葡萄牙南部、西班牙或爱尔兰那样出现景观破坏。
- 作者认为应该避免这种破坏,这应是左右政治派别的共识。
很明显,作者在肯定英国过去半个世纪的城乡规划(town and country planning)的成果,并认为它成功地保护了乡村风貌,同时避免了其他国家出现的乱开发问题。
所以,第 30 题问“作者在最后一段表达了对什么的欣赏”,正确选项是 C. the town-and-country planning in Britain。
其他选项:
A. 英国的人口规模 → 文中只提到英国人口密度大,但这不是作者欣赏的对象。
B. 英国令人羡慕的城市生活方式 → 文中提到的是低密度城市生活是城乡规划的结果,但欣赏的核心是城乡规划本身。
D. 当今英国的政治生活 → 最后一句提到政治左右派应联合,但这不是本段主要表达欣赏的对象。
Text3
“There is one and only one social responsibility of business” wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money,things may not be absolutely clearract.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.
The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality.Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.
Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers car be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).It arges that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect. The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more enient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the lenieney: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“Wwe estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.” says one researcher.
Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
31
The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with
解析:
定位原文观点
文章开头引用了 Milton Friedman 的观点:“企业有且仅有一种社会责任——利用其资源并从事旨在增加利润的活动。” 作者紧接着用 “But even if you accept Friedman’s premise…” 引出转折,指出“事情可能没有那么绝对清晰”,并提到新的研究表明 CSR 可能为公司创造货币价值(至少在被起诉腐败时)。判断作者态度
- 作者并没有完全否定 Friedman 的观点,而是通过新的研究提出不同情况下的例外,说明 Friedman 的说法并非绝对正确。
- 这种写法表现出对 Friedman 说法的怀疑(skepticism),而不是完全赞同、容忍或不确定。
- “things may not be absolutely clear-cut” 和 “new research suggests…” 都表明作者认为 Friedman 的观点过于简单化,需要根据新的证据进行修正。
选项分析
- A. uncertainty(不确定):作者并非不确定,而是有研究证据表明 CSR 有时能带来经济利益,因此态度是明确的怀疑。
- B. skepticism(怀疑):符合作者通过研究反驳 Friedman 绝对化观点的态度。
- C. approval(赞同):显然不是,作者提出了反面证据。
- D. tolerance(容忍):没有体现容忍,而是用证据质疑。
因此正确答案是 B. skepticism。
32
According to Paragraph 2,CSR helps a company by
解析:
题目问的是“根据第2段,CSR如何帮助公司”。
第2段明确列举了CSR可能为企业增加价值的三种方式:
- 消费者可能将CSR支出视为公司产品质量高的“信号” —— 这是让消费者产生信任,而不是直接提高产品质量。
- 顾客可能愿意购买公司的产品,作为一种间接向公益事业捐款的方式 —— 这也是基于消费者对公司社会责任的认同和信任。
- 通过更广泛的“光环效应”,使公司获得消费者和其他人更多的考虑 —— 同样是建立信任和好感。
这三种方式本质上都是通过提升消费者对公司的好感与信任来增加公司价值,而不是直接“提高产品质量”(D 选项),也不是“保护公司免受消费者侵害”(B 选项),更不是“防止不当行为”(A 选项)。
因此,正确选项是 C. winning trust from consumers(赢得消费者的信任)。
33
The expression “more lenient”(line 2, Para.4)is closest in meaning to
让我们一步步推理。
1. 定位原文
题干提示 “more lenient” 出现在第 4 段第 2 行(按原文行号),但根据我们手中的文本,第 4 段是:
The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.
2. 上下文逻辑
这句话的意思是:在被起诉的公司中,那些有更全面的 CSR 计划的公司,往往得到“more lenient penalties”。
penalties 是“惩罚”,那么“more lenient penalties”显然是指“更宽大的惩罚”,也就是惩罚的严厉程度更轻。
3. 选项分析
A. less controversial(争议更少)—— 与惩罚的轻重无关。
B. more lasting(更持久)—— 惩罚持续时间更长,这反而是更重,不符合。
C. more effective(更有效)—— 惩罚的有效性与宽大无关。
D. less severe(不那么严厉)—— 与“更宽大的惩罚”意思一致。
4. 验证
后文提到,消除劳工权利问题或增加慈善捐赠会使罚款比通常低 40%,这直接说明罚款更轻,即 less severe。
答案:D
34
When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record
解析:
题目问的是:当检察官评估案件时,公司的 CSR(企业社会责任)记录会怎样。
根据原文第四段第一句:
“In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.”
这句话明确说明,尽管检察官本应只根据案件本身的是非曲直来评估,但他们确实似乎受到公司 CSR 记录的影响。
对应选项:
- A. comes across as reliable evidence(作为可靠证据出现)—— 原文并未说这是“可靠证据”,只是说检察官会受其影响。
- B. has an impact on their decision(对他们的决定有影响)—— 与原文“they do seem to be influenced”一致。
- C. increases the chance of being penalized(增加被处罚的几率)—— 与原文相反,CSR 记录会减轻处罚。
- D. constitutes part of the investigation(构成调查的一部分)—— 原文未说这是正式调查内容,只是影响检察官的判断。
因此正确答案是 B。
35
Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?
让我们先回顾一下最后一段的内容:
Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
逐项分析选项:
A. The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown
原文说 “研究没有回答企业应该在CSR上花多少钱的问题”,即确实不知道合适的支出额度,这与A选项意思一致。B. Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated
文中没有提到企业财务能力被高估,属于无中生有。C. Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked
最后一段没有讨论CSR的负面影响是否被忽视,而是说研究没有解决某些问题。D. It has brought much benefit to the banking industry
这里的“banking on”是“依赖、指望”的意思,并不是指银行业。选项D故意曲解为“银行业”,属于偷换概念。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Text4
There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.“Sometime in the future,“the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.
Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks -isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when onl ine - only competi ors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.
Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.
Peretti says the Times shouldn’ t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,“he said,“but if you discontinue it, you’ re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.” Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discont inuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming.“It was seen as blunder,“he said.The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times?“I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said” would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”
The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in.“So if you’ re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,“Peretti said.“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”
In other words, if you’ re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it.Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year - more than twice as much as a digital - only subscription. “It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked.“But we’ re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes.In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”
36
The New York Times is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to
解析:
题目问《纽约时报》考虑停止印刷版的部分原因是什么。
定位关键信息
文章第二段提到:The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.
(制作实体报纸所需的基础设施——印刷机、送报卡车——不仅昂贵,而且在仅有在线业务的竞争对手没有相同财务限制的时代,这种成本过高。)分析选项
- A. 在线广告销售增加
文中提到印刷广告收入仍然比在线和移动广告收入高(print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts),所以在线广告销售增加并不是主要原因。 - B. 来自投资者的压力
文章未提及投资者压力。 - C. 读者的抱怨
文中提到读者正在远离印刷版,但并未说是读者抱怨导致停印。 - D. 运营成本高
第二段明确说明印刷基础设施昂贵,并且与纯线上竞争对手相比成本过高,这直接对应“high cost of operation”。
- A. 在线广告销售增加
结论
根据文章内容,《纽约时报》考虑停止印刷版的主要驱动力之一是印刷业务的高昂运营成本,因此正确答案是 D。
答案:D
37
Pereti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should
解析:
题目问的是 Peretti 对《纽约时报》在当前形势下的建议。
从文中可以看出,Peretti 的核心观点是:
- 不要立刻停止印刷版,否则会得罪最忠实的客户。
- 应该加速转型,但要讲究方法。
- 可以提高印刷版价格,把它变成一种“遗产产品”(legacy product),让忠实读者为情怀付费,从而增加收入。
- 这种做法是一种战略调整——不是直接砍掉,也不是维持原状,而是改变定位和定价策略,逐步过渡到数字优先。
选项分析:
- A. make strategic adjustments(进行战略调整)—— 符合他对提高价格、定位为高端产品的建议,是一种策略性转变。
- B. end the print edition for good(永久停止印刷版)—— 与他的主张相反。
- C. seek new sources of leadership(寻找新的领导力来源)—— 文中未提及。
- D. aim for efficient management(追求高效管理)—— 虽然相关,但太宽泛,不如 A 准确对应他的具体建议。
因此正确答案是 A。
38
It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a"legacy product”
解析:
题目要求从第5段和第6段推断“legacy product”的含义。
第5段关键信息:
- Peretti 说:“我不会选择某一年停止印刷版,而是会提高价格,把它变成更像是一种‘legacy product’。”
- 接着提到:最忠实的顾客仍然会得到他们喜欢的产品,并且他们会觉得在帮助维持他们信仰的事物的质量。
- “如果你为印刷版多付钱,你会觉得是在帮忙。”
第6段关键信息:
- “换句话说,如果你要做印刷产品,就做给那些已经对它着迷的人。”
- 举例说《纽约时报》印刷版每年近 500 美元,比数字版贵很多。
逻辑推导:
- “legacy product” 是针对仍然喜爱印刷版的忠实客户的。
- 它的特点是价格高,具有某种“传承/怀旧”意义,而不是为了扩大读者群。
- 客户多付钱不仅是为了买报纸,更是为了支持并维持这种他们重视的传统产品。
选项分析:
- A “帮助恢复过去的荣光”:文中未强调“恢复”,而是维持给忠实客户。
- B “是针对最忠诚客户的”:与第5段“最忠诚客户仍然得到他们喜欢的产品”一致。
- C “会降低印刷成本”:文中是提高价格,不是降低成本。
- D “扩大报纸的受欢迎程度”:文中是缩小到核心客户,不是扩大。
因此正确答案是 B。
39
Peretti believes that in a changing world
解析:
题目问的是 Peretti 认为在一个变化的世界中,应该采取什么态度。
文章最后一段 Peretti 提到:
“But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”
这句话明确表示:当市场和世界变化时,采取更激进(more aggressive)的策略比不太激进(less aggressive)要好。
对应选项:
- A 传统奢侈品可以不受影响 → 未提及,且与 Peretti 观点不符。
- B 谨慎有助于解决问题 → 与原文“more aggressive than less aggressive”相反。
- C 积极进取更能应对挑战 → 与 “more aggressive” 对应,正确。
- D 传统业务正变得过时 → 虽然 Peretti 提到转型,但这里强调的是应对方式,而不是直接说所有传统业务都过时。
因此答案是 C。
40
which of the following would be the best title of the text?
解析:
文章主要讨论《纽约时报》等纸质报纸的未来出路。虽然纸质报纸成本高、读者减少,但立即停印并不明智。Peretti 的观点是:不应直接停止印刷版,而应把它变成一种高端遗产产品(legacy product),提高价格,让最忠实的读者愿意为情怀和质量支付溢价。
选项分析:
A. shift to online newspapers all at once
文章明确反对“立即彻底转向线上”,所以此项与主旨相反。B. Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand
虽有怀旧色彩,但文章重点不是呼吁读者珍惜报纸,而是讨论商业模式转型。C. keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion
“永远保持时尚”与文中“提高价格、面向忠实读者”的策略不符,文中并未强调让报纸一直流行。D. Make Your print Newspapers a luxury Good
这与 Peretti 的建议一致:提高价格,使其成为“legacy product”,本质上就是让印刷版变成一种奢侈品,面向愿意多花钱的忠实读者。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Part B
Directions
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)
41-45
[A] Create a new image of yourself
[B] Decide if the time is right
[C] Have confidence in yourself
[D] Understand the context
[E] Work with professionals
[F] Make it efficient
[G] Know your goals
No matter how formal or informal the work environment,the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University,people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.
The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader, Norms have evolved and fragmented.In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn.Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials,it seems,face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding.It can be confusing.
So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:
$\underline{\quad41:\quad\quad\quad}$
As an executive coach,I’ve seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job,stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments.If you’ re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut,now may be a good time,If you’ re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends,colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK
$\underline{\quad42:\quad\quad\quad}$
Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have.Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo."(It’s OK to use characterizations like that )
$\underline{\quad43:\quad\quad\quad}$
Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context,the more control you can have over your impact.
$\underline{\quad44:\quad\quad\quad}$
Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew., Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend.It’s not as expensive as you might think.
$\underline{\quad45:\quad\quad\quad}$
The point of a style upgrade isn’ t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear, Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue.Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options.Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone,one article of clothing at a time.
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
Mental health is our birthright. (46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us.
(47) Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.
Mental health is the seed that contains self - esteem – confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives – the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.
(49) Although mental health is the cure - all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought.
(50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words, providing the newly - enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should
describe the pictures briefly,
interpret the meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
(左侧图:父亲坐着,一边玩手机、看电视,一边对儿子说“儿子,你给我好好学习!” 右侧图:父亲和儿子一样在书桌前学习,桌上有书籍 下方文字:与其只提要求,不如做个榜样 )

8 - 2017 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | B | 2 | C | 3 | A | 4 | C | 5 | D |
| 6 | A | 7 | B | 8 | C | 9 | D | 10 | B |
| 11 | D | 12 | B | 13 | D | 14 | A | 15 | C |
| 16 | A | 17 | A | 18 | B | 19 | C | 20 | D |
| 21 | B | 22 | C | 23 | B | 24 | D | 25 | A |
| 26 | B | 27 | A | 28 | B | 29 | A | 30 | D |
| 31 | D | 32 | B | 33 | D | 34 | C | 35 | A |
| 36 | C | 37 | C | 38 | A | 39 | B | 40 | D |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” helping you feel close and to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you getting sick this winter.
In a recent study over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come with a cold, and the researchers that the stress - reducing effects of hugging about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe .
“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the risk for colds that’s usually with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps the feeling that others are there to help difficulty.”
Some experts the stress - reducing, health - related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it in the brain, where it mood, behavior and physiology.
1
解析:
第 1 题题干为:
$\underline{\quad1\quad}$ helping you feel close and $\underline{\quad2\quad}$ to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a $\underline{\quad3\quad}$ of health benefits to your body and mind.
四个选项:
A. Unlike
B. Besides
C. Throughout
D. Despite
逻辑分析:
- 空格后面是 “helping you feel close and … to people you care about”,这是拥抱的一个好处。
- 主句说 “hugs can bring a … of health benefits to your body and mind”,即拥抱还能带来其他健康益处。
- 因此,空格处应表示“除了……之外(还有……)”的递进关系。
选项分析:
- A. Unlike(与……不同)—— 表示对比,不符合语义。
- B. Besides(除了……之外还)—— 表示递进,符合“除了让人感到亲密外,还有健康益处”的逻辑。
- C. Throughout(贯穿)—— 语义不通。
- D. Despite(尽管)—— 表示让步,但这里没有转折含义。
因此,正确答案是 B. Besides。
2
解析:
本句结构为 “helping you feel close and ___ to people you care about”,其中 “and” 连接两个并列的形容词短语,描述拥抱带来的感受。
- close(亲近的)与空格处应为语义相近或相关的词,共同表达“与关心的人关系亲密、有联系”。
- A. equal(平等的)—— 与“亲近”没有直接关联,不符合语境。
- B. restricted(受限制的)—— 与“亲近”在情感上矛盾,不符合文意。
- C. connected(有联系的)—— 与“亲近”在情感上一致,且常与 “feel close and connected” 搭配使用,表示情感上的紧密连接。
- D. inferior(低人一等的)—— 与“亲近”语义不符,且情感色彩错误。
因此,正确答案是 C. connected。
3
解析:
空格处需要填入一个名词,与 “a ___ of health benefits” 搭配,表示“许多健康益处”。
- A. host:a host of 是固定搭配,意为“许多,大量”,符合句意。
- B. view:a view of 意为“对…的看法”,与“健康益处”搭配不当。
- C. lesson:a lesson of 意为“…的教训”,语义不符。
- D. choice:a choice of 意为“选择”,不能与“健康益处”形成合理搭配。
因此,正确答案是 A. host。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在句子是:
Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you $\underline{\quad4\quad}$ getting sick this winter.
- A. recall(回忆起)—— 与“生病”搭配不合理,语义不通。
- B. forget(忘记)—— “forget getting sick” 不符合逻辑,拥抱不能让人忘记生病这件事。
- C. avoid(避免)—— “avoid getting sick” 是常见搭配,意为“避免生病”,符合上下文“拥抱有益健康”的意思。
- D. keep(保持)—— “keep getting sick” 意为“持续生病”,与文章想表达的预防疾病相反。
根据上下文,拥抱能带来健康益处,甚至可能帮助人们避免在冬天生病,因此正确答案是 C. avoid。
5
解析:
第 5 题题干为:
In a recent study ______ over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University examined the effects…
四个选项为:
A. collecting(收集)
B. affecting(影响)
C. guiding(指导)
D. involving(涉及,包括)
解题思路:
- 这里描述的是“一项研究 ______ 超过 400 名健康成年人”,空格处需要表示“研究对象包括这些人”的意思。
- “involve” 在学术或实验语境中常表示“涉及/包括某些参与者”,例如 “a study involving 100 patients” 意为“一项涉及 100 名患者的研究”。
- 其他选项:
- A. collecting:一般用于收集数据或样本,不直接用于“收集人”作研究参与者。
- B. affecting:逻辑不通,研究不是“影响”这些人,而是以他们为对象。
- C. guiding:不符合语境,研究不是“指导”参与者。
因此,正确答案是 D. involving。
6
解析:
本题考察介词搭配。句子结构为:
… examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs ______ the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold…
这里的关键是 effect … on … 的固定搭配,意为“对……的影响”。
- effect(s) on sth 是标准用法,例如:
The medicine has a good effect on patients.
这种药对病人有良好效果。
因此,这里说的是“社会支持和拥抱 对 参与者患感冒的易感性的影响”,应选 A. on。
其他选项:
- B. in 不用于 effect 的常见搭配(除非是 in effect “生效”)
- C. at 不用于 effect 的此种意义
- D. of 表示所属关系,但此处是“对……产生影响”,不是“易感性的效果”
答案:A
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子为:
… the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being ______ to the virus.
这里的意思是:参与者接触病毒后患上普通感冒的易感性。
在医学或流行病学语境中,“接触病毒”的固定表达是 be exposed to the virus。
- A. devoted(致力于)不符合语境,不能说“被奉献给病毒”。
- B. exposed(暴露于)符合“接触病毒”的常用表达。
- C. lost(迷失)语义不通。
- D. attracted(被吸引)不用于疾病接触的语境。
因此正确答案是 B. exposed。
8
解析:
第 8 题考查动词短语 come down with 的固定搭配。
- come down with 意为“患上(疾病)”,尤其指感冒、发烧等常见病症。
- 原文语境是:感知到更多社会支持的人 less likely to come ___ with a cold(更不容易患上感冒),因此应填入 down。
其他选项:
- come along(进展;一起来)
- come across(偶然遇到)
- come out(出来;出版;结果是)
均不符合“生病”的语义。
因此正确答案是 C. down。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在句子为:
… the researchers ______ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging ______ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.
这里描述的是研究人员的研究结果,特别是关于拥抱的减压效果在整体有益效果中所占的比例(约 32%)。
这种比例数据通常是经过测量、计算或统计分析得出的,而不是凭空想象、否认或怀疑。
- A. imagined(想象) → 不符合科学研究客观数据的语境。
- B. denied(否认) → 与上下文意思相反,研究人员是在证实拥抱的作用。
- C. doubted(怀疑) → 与数据支持的结论不符。
- D. calculated(计算) → 符合“通过数据得出比例”的科学语境。
因此,正确答案是 D. calculated。
10
解析:
第10题所在句为:
“…the researchers ___ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging ___ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.”
- 前半句是 “researchers ___ that …”,这里需要一个表示“推断、认为、说明”的动词,但第9题已经填了“estimated”(估计),所以第10题是跟在“effects of hugging”后面,说明这种效果“解释”了约32%的有益作用。
- 从逻辑上看,拥抱的减压作用**解释(explained)**了大约32%的保护效果,即这种益处中有32%是由拥抱带来的减压效果所说明的。
- served(服务)、restored(恢复)、required(要求)均不符合“解释某一比例的原因”这一语义。
因此正确答案是 B. explained。
11
解析:
第 11 题空格所在的句子是:
“______ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe ______.”
- 前文提到,感知到更多社会支持的人 更不容易感冒。
- 本句说 即使是在那些感冒的人中,社会支持更多、拥抱更多的人 症状更轻。
- 这里存在一种递进或让步的逻辑:不只是降低患病概率,即使患病,严重程度也会减轻。
选项分析:
- A. Thus(因此)表示因果关系,不符合逻辑。
- B. Still(仍然)可以表示转折或持续,但语气不如“even”贴合“即使……也”的递进让步。
- C. Rather(相反)表示对比或修正前文,不符合。
- D. Even(甚至,即使)用于强调在更极端情况下(这里指“已经感冒的人中”)结论依然成立,符合语境。
因此正确答案是 D. Even。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在句子为:
“… among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe ______.”
- A. defeats(失败)—— 与感冒症状严重程度无关,不符合语境。
- B. symptoms(症状)—— 感冒严重程度通常是指症状(如鼻塞、咳嗽等)的轻重,符合上下文逻辑。
- C. errors(错误)—— 与健康研究无关,明显不符。
- D. tests(测试)—— 虽然研究中可能有“tests”,但这里是指患病后的表现,不是测试的严重程度。
因此,B. symptoms 是正确答案,意为“感冒症状较轻”。
13
解析:
第 13 题所在的句子是:
Hugging protects people who are under stress from the ______ risk for colds that’s usually ______ with stress.
意思是:拥抱可以保护处于压力下的人,使他们免受通常与压力 ______ 的感冒风险。
从逻辑上看,压力通常会 增加 感冒的风险,而拥抱可以保护人们免受这种 增加 的风险。
- A. highlighted(突出)
- B. minimized(最小化)
- C. controlled(控制)
- D. increased(增加)
只有 increased 符合“压力导致感冒风险增加”的常识和上下文语义。
因此正确答案是 D. increased。
14
解析:
第14题所在句子为:
“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the increased risk for colds that’s usually ______ with stress.”
句意是:拥抱可以保护处于压力下的人,使他们免受“通常与压力______的感冒风险增加”的影响。
选项分析:
- A. associated(与……相关)
常用搭配为“be associated with”,意为“与……有关联”,符合语境,表示感冒风险的增加通常与压力有关。 - B. equipped(装备)
“be equipped with”意为“装备有……”,不符合句意。 - C. presented(呈现)
“be presented with”意为“被呈现……”,不符合搭配和语义。 - D. compared(比较)
“be compared with”意为“与……相比”,不符合句意。
因此正确答案是 A. associated,构成“associated with stress”,表示“与压力相关的”。
15
解析:
第 15 题所在句子为:
Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps ___ the feeling that others are there to help ___ difficulty.”
(拥抱“是亲密关系的标志,有助于 ___ 一种感觉,即在困难时有人会提供帮助。”)
四个选项:
A. assess(评估)
B. moderate(缓和;调节)
C. generate(产生;引起)
D. record(记录)
从上下文逻辑来看,拥抱作为一种亲密行为,会让人产生“别人会在困难时帮助自己”的感觉,这是一种心理感受的产生,而不是评估、调节或记录这种感觉。
因此,C. generate 最符合语境,意为“帮助产生这种感觉”。
答案:C
16
解析:
第 16 题所在句子为:
Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.”
(拥抱是“亲密关系的标志,有助于 15 一种感觉,即在困难时有人会提供帮助 16 困难。”)
这里要表达的意思是:在面临困难时,别人会来帮忙。
四个选项的意思分别是:
- A. in the face of(面对……时)
- B. in the form of(以……的形式)
- C. in the way of(妨碍;关于……方面)
- D. in the name of(以……的名义)
从语义上看,“help … in the face of difficulty” 表示“在面临困难时提供帮助”,符合上下文逻辑。
而其他选项放入后语义不通,因此正确答案是 A。
17
解析:
第 17 题题干为:
Some experts ______ the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin…
四个选项:
A. attribute
B. commit
C. transfer
D. return
1. 句意理解
这句话的意思是:一些专家将拥抱带来的减压和健康益处归因于催产素的释放。
英语中表示“把……归因于”的常用短语是 attribute…to…。
2. 选项分析
- A. attribute:attribute A to B 意为“把 A 归因于 B”,符合句意。
- B. commit:commit…to… 意为“致力于;承诺”,语义不符。
- C. transfer:transfer…to… 意为“转移;传递”,不表示归因关系。
- D. return:return…to… 意为“归还;返回”,与句意无关。
3. 固定搭配与上下文
后文提到 oxytocin 被称为“the bonding hormone”,并解释它如何促进人际关系,这都是在说明拥抱的好处与催产素之间的因果关系,因此用 attribute…to… 最合适。
答案:A
18
解析:
第18题所在句子为:
Some experts ___ the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” ___ it promotes attachment in relationships…
这里的意思是:
“一些专家将拥抱减压及健康相关的益处归因于催产素的释放,催产素常被称为‘亲密激素’______它能促进人际关系中的依恋。”
从逻辑上看,后面“it promotes attachment in relationships”是解释为什么催产素被称为“the bonding hormone”的原因,因此这里需要一个表示原因的连接词。
- A. unless(除非)表示条件,不符合因果关系。
- B. because(因为)表示原因,符合语境。
- C. though(虽然)表示让步,不符合。
- D. until(直到)表示时间,不符合。
因此正确答案是 B. because。
19
解析:
第19题所在句为:
“But some of it $\underline{\quad19\quad}$ in the brain, where it $\underline{\quad20\quad}$ mood, behavior and physiology.”
(但其中一部分 $\underline{\quad19\quad}$ 在大脑中,在那里它 $\underline{\quad20\quad}$ 情绪、行为和生理机能。)
前一句说“一部分催产素被释放到血液中”,然后用“But”转折,说明另一部分并没有进入血液,而是留在大脑里。
选项分析:
- A. emerges 出现 → 不符合语境,因为催产素本来就在大脑中产生,不是在大脑中“出现”。
- B. vanishes 消失 → 与文意相反,这里强调它留在大脑发挥作用。
- C. remains 停留、留下 → 符合逻辑,即“一部分仍留在大脑”。
- D. decreases 减少 → 不符合,这里不是讨论数量减少,而是位置存留。
因此正确答案是 C. remains。
20
解析:
第20题所在句子为:
But some of it $\underline{\text{19}}$ in the brain, where it $\underline{\text{20}}$ mood, behavior and physiology.
这里描述的是催产素(oxytocin)在大脑中的作用。从上下文可知,催产素会影响人的情绪、行为和生理机能。
- A. experiences(经历)—— 主语是“it”(催产素),催产素不能“经历”情绪、行为等,逻辑不通。
- B. combines(结合)—— 催产素与情绪等“结合”不符合生理机制和上下文意思。
- C. justifies(证明…合理)—— 催产素并不能“证明”情绪或行为合理,语义不符。
- D. influences(影响)—— 符合科学常识和上下文:催产素在大脑中会影响人的情绪、行为和生理状态。
因此,正确答案是 D. influences。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text1
First two hours, now three hours - this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.
Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.
Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons - both fake and real- past airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago’s O’Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become - but the lines are obvious.
Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel,so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.
There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.
It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly,by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.
The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. t is long past time to make the program work.
21
The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to
解析:
文章第二段提到埃及航空804航班坠毁事件,其前一句是:“Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety.” 这句话说明美国人愿意忍受耗时的安检是为了安全。紧接着提到埃及航空空难,是用一个具体事例解释为什么美国人愿意忍受安检——因为空难提醒人们安全的重要性。
选项分析:
- A 强调全球加强安全的紧迫性——文中未涉及“全球”范围,也未重点呼吁加强安全,而是解释美国人为何接受现状。
- B 解释美国人对当前安检的容忍——与原文逻辑一致,空难作为例子说明他们愿意忍受耗时安检以换取安全。
- C 突出美国主要机场升级的必要性——文中未直接讨论机场升级,而是讨论安检效率和 PreCheck 计划。
- D 强调隐私保护的重要性——文中未涉及隐私问题。
因此,正确选项是 B。
22
Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?
解析:
题目问“以下哪一项是导致主要机场长时间等待的原因”。
- A 项(对随身行李的新限制):文中提到“更多人试图在随身行李中塞更多东西以避开托运行李费”,但并未提到有新的限制出台,因此 A 错误。
- B 项(TSA 效率下降):文中并未直接说明 TSA 效率下降,而是指出安检措施加强和旅客人数增加导致排队,因此 B 错误。
- C 项(旅客数量增加):文中第三段提到“a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits”,第四段也提到“government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel”,因此 C 正确。
- D 项(频繁的意外秘密检查):文中只提到 TSA 做过秘密检查,但并未说这是导致长时间排队的原因,因此 D 错误。
正确答案:C
23
The word"expedited"(Liner 4, Para.5) is closet in meaning to
解析:
题目问的是第5段第4行中“expedited”一词的含义。
- 原文提到 PreCheck 计划时说明,通过背景调查的乘客可以使用 expedited screening lanes,其效果是“saving time for everyone involved”(为所有相关方节省时间)。
- 从上下文逻辑来看,PreCheck 是为了减少排队时间,让安检过程更快,因此 expedited 应理解为“加快的、更迅速的”。
- 选项分析:
- A. quieter(更安静的)—— 文中未提及噪音或安静程度。
- B. faster(更快的) —— 与节省时间、快速安检相符。
- C. cheaper(更便宜的)—— 虽然 PreCheck 涉及费用,但 expedited 本身不直接表示便宜。
- D. wider(更宽的)—— 未提及通道宽度。
因此正确答案是 B。
24
One problem with the PreCheck program is
解析:
文章在最后两段明确指出了 PreCheck 计划存在的问题。
- 第 6 段提到 “one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years… this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw.”
- 第 7 段也提到 “Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.”
这些内容直接说明 PreCheck 计划的一个主要问题是 enrollment(注册)费用过高,对应选项 D. an unreasonable price for enrollment。
其他选项:
- A 项(规模大幅缩减)未提及;
- B 项(错误方向的实施)未提及;
- C 项(政府不愿支持)与原文最后一段提到的国会应介入帮助降低成本的说法不完全一致,而且不是直接指出的问题。
正确答案:D
25
Which of the following would be the best for the text?
解析:
题目要求选择最适合文章的标题,即最能概括全文主旨的选项。
A. Getting Stuck in Security Lines(困在安检队伍中)
全文围绕美国机场安检排队时间过长的问题展开,分析了原因(如旅客增加、安检资源不足、PreCheck 使用率低等),并探讨了解决方案。该选项直接点明了核心问题,概括性强。B. Less Screening for More Safety(更少的安检,更多的安全)
文章并未主张减少安检,而是强调如何在保障安全的前提下提高效率。PreCheck 是优化安检流程,而非减少安检。C. PreCheck - a Belated Solution(PreCheck——一个迟来的解决方案)
PreCheck 是文中提出的解决方案之一,但文章重点在于揭示排队问题及其成因,而非单纯介绍 PreCheck。且“迟来的”这一评价并非全文核心。D. Underused PreCheck Lanes(未被充分利用的 PreCheck 通道)
这只是文章的一个具体问题,不能全面概括全文内容。文章还涉及排队现象、成因分析及其他改进建议。
结论:
文章主旨是机场安检排队时间过长的问题及其改进方向,选项 A 准确抓住了这一核心,因此是最佳标题。
正确答案:A
Text 2
“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s lat rigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, allis not well wih atonomy in Hawai today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos
At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko,that connects the Hawaian lslands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.
Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new.A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.
Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes,they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands’ inhabitants. Hawaian culture is not a relic of the past ; it is a ling culture undergoing a renaissance today.
Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawai’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are,where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.
The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea.The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state.There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.
26
Queen Liliuokalani s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates
解析:
题目要求根据第一段中Liliuokalani女王的言论,判断其含义。
原文定位:
第一段开头写道:“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani… Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.
内容理解:
- 女王说“古代夏威夷人是天文学家”,意思是天文学在古代夏威夷社会中非常普遍且重要。
- 接着提到“观星者是夏威夷社会中最受尊敬的成员之一”,这进一步强调了天文学在古代夏威夷社会中的地位。
选项分析:
- A. 她对天文学历史作用的保守观点:原文没有体现“保守”或对历史作用的评价,只是陈述事实。
- B. 天文学在古代夏威夷社会的重要性:与原文意思一致,女王的话强调了天文学在古代的重要地位。
- C. 古代天文学 regrettable decline:原文虽然后文提到今天的天文学状况不好,但女王的话本身并没有表达“遗憾的衰落”。
- D. 她对她时代观星者成就的欣赏:原文是谈论古代(ancient Hawaiians),不是女王自己的时代。
结论:
女王的言论是在强调天文学在古代夏威夷社会的重要地位,因此正确答案是 B。
答案:B
27
Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to
解析:
题干问的是“为什么莫纳克亚山被视为理想的天文观测地点”。
文章第二段提到:
Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.
这句话说明,莫纳克亚山位于太平洋,其顶峰高度超出了地球大部分稠密大气层,这种地理条件使得望远镜能获得无比清晰的图像。
- A 项“地理特征” 对应其海拔高、大气干扰少的地理条件,是正确选项。
- B 项“保护性环境” 未在文中提及。
- C 项“宗教意义” 是当地部分人反对建望远镜的原因,不是它成为理想天文台址的原因。
- D 项“现有基础设施” 文中未作为主要原因强调。
因此,正确答案是 A。
28
The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because
解析:
题目问:一些人反对建造 TMT 的部分原因是?
正确答案是 B. it reminds them of a humiliating history(它让他们想起一段屈辱的历史)。
依据原文:
第三段提到:
a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.
意思是望远镜的存在是对“曾经是一个主权国家被占领的痛苦提醒”。结合历史背景,夏威夷曾经是独立王国,后来被美国吞并。对部分当地人来说,在圣山 Mauna Kea 上修建天文台,象征着外来势力对这片土地的控制,唤起了历史上主权丧失的屈辱记忆。
排除其他选项:
- A:文中没有提到会破坏 intellectual life(精神或知识生活)。
- C:文中提到夏威夷文化正在复兴,但并未说建 TMT 会导致失去复兴机会。
- D:文中没有明确说当地人“害怕失去对 Mauna Kea 的控制”,更多是觉得这是对圣山的不敬和对历史的伤痛记忆。
因此,B 项最符合原文表述。
29
It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy__
好的,我们先定位到原文第 5 段,然后逐一分析选项。
第 5 段原文(关键句):
The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. … astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going.
解析:
A. may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.
- 段落中提到,天文学和夏威夷文化都在探索“我们是谁、从哪里来、到哪里去”这类大问题。
- 天文学研究宇宙、星辰、生命起源,这可能会揭示人类和夏威夷人祖先的来源(包括波利尼西亚人航海的历史背景)。
- 因此可以合理推断,今天的天文学进展可能会揭示夏威夷文化的起源。
- ✅ 这是合理的推断。
B. is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.
- 文中说古代夏威夷人是天文学家,今天的天文学也受同样的好奇心驱动,但并没有说今天的进展就是在“实现他们的梦想”,这属于过度推断。
- ❌ 排除。
C. helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.
- 文中没有提到天文学在世界范围内传播夏威夷文化。
- ❌ 排除。
D. will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.
- 虽然末段提到天文学界在妥协,但第 5 段并未讨论敌意软化的问题,而且这是一种未来可能的结果,不是第 5 段的主要推断。
- ❌ 排除。
结论:
正确答案是 A,因为第 5 段暗示天文学和夏威夷文化都追寻人类起源等根本问题,因此今天的天文学进展可能揭示夏威夷文化的起源。
30
The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of
让我们根据文章内容来分析作者的态度。
1. 文章结构回顾
- 开头介绍夏威夷天文学的悠久历史,以及现在在莫纳克亚山建 TMT 望远镜引发的争议。
- 提到反对者的理由:莫纳克亚山是神圣之地,且历史上夏威夷主权被侵占。
- 作者也指出天文学家有责任,他们过去忽视了当地文化与生态。
- 但作者强调科学也有文化历史,探索未知的精神与早期波利尼西亚人航海是相通的。
- 最后一段说天文学界已在做出妥协(最小化视觉影响、移除旧望远镜、恢复自然等),并总结说莫纳克亚山可以同时容纳文化遗产和天文研究。
2. 关键态度词句
- “Calls to disassemble all telescopes … ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions…” —— 反对全部拆除望远镜,认为两者目标一致。
- “There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.” —— 明确支持共享莫纳克亚山,既保护文化遗产,也进行天文研究。
- 虽然提到天文学家有错,但重点落在“正在妥协”和“可以共存”上,没有否定选莫纳克亚山作为 TMT 地址的合理性。
3. 排除选项
- A 严厉批评:作者没有严厉批评选址,而是理解双方并支持共存。
- B 被动接受:作者没有显得无奈或勉强,而是积极论证可行性。
- C 轻微犹豫:作者在最后立场很明确,没有犹豫。
- D 完全赞同:从最后一段看,作者认为经过妥协后,在莫纳克亚山建 TMT 并兼容文化是可行的,态度是支持的。
4. 结论
作者在指出问题后,着重表达科学与夏威夷文化可以共享莫纳克亚山,并认为 TMT 选址经过考虑和妥协后是合理的,因此态度是 full approval(完全赞同)。
答案:D
Text 3
Robert F.Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union,and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.
The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and miss things that do. By most recent measures,the UK’ s GDP has been the envy of the Western World, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so so well, then why did over 17million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’ s economic prospects?
A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvement for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDR over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.
While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline.Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society; income equality and the environment.
This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’ s success, the world looks very different.
So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure it is no longer enough. t does not include important factors such as environmental equality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.
The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decine in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymaker who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.
31
Robert F.Kennedy is cited because he
解析:
定位原文:
文章第一段引用了 Robert F. Kennedy 的话,他说 GDP 衡量了“除了那些使生活有价值之外的一切(everything except that which makes life worthwhile)”。这说明他对 GDP 的评价是负面的,认为它忽略了生活中真正重要的东西。理解选项:
- A. 赞扬英国的 GDP → 错,他是在批评 GDP 的局限性,不是赞扬。
- B. 将 GDP 等同于幸福 → 错,他恰恰在说 GDP 不衡量幸福。
- C. 误解了 GDP 的作用 → 错,作者引用他是为了支持论点,不是说他误解。
- D. 对 GDP 评价很低 → 对,他认为 GDP 忽略了生活中重要的价值。
结合后文:
后文接着讨论 GDP 的缺陷,以及英国虽然 GDP 数字好,但民众并未感到幸福,所以脱欧公投结果出人意料。这进一步印证 Kennedy 的观点:GDP 不足以衡量国家的真正成功和人民福祉。
因此正确答案是 D。
32
It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that_
解析:
第 2 段提到,尽管英国的 GDP 数据表现优异(低失业率、高增长),但仍有超过 1700 万人投票支持脱欧,尽管脱欧可能损害经济前景。这说明很多人并不把 GDP 作为衡量国家成功的唯一标准,甚至愿意为了其他价值(如主权、移民控制等)牺牲 GDP 增长。
选项分析:
- A. the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.(英国不愿重塑经济模式)—— 段落未提及经济模式转变的意愿。
- B. GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.(在英国,GDP 作为成功衡量标准受到广泛质疑)—— 从“GDP 表现好却仍选择脱欧”可合理推出公众对 GDP 衡量成功的不认同。
- C. the UK will contribute less to the world economy.(英国对世界经济的贡献将减少)—— 段落未提及对世界经济的贡献。
- D. policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.(英国决策者不太关注 GDP)—— 段落未直接说明决策者态度转变。
因此,B 是符合段落逻辑的合理推断。
33
Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?
让我们先定位原文中关于 recent annual study 的内容。
原文第三段:
A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvement for its citizens.
这里的关键是 sheds some light on that question,意思是“对那个问题有所启发”,也就是解释了为什么英国 GDP 数据好但民众却投票脱欧。
再看选项:
- A 说“它排除了 GDP 作为指标”——原文没有明确说排除了 GDP,而是说用了 40 多项指标来综合评价,但 GDP 可能仍被考虑,只是不唯一。
- B 说“它由 163 个国家赞助”——原文只说调查了 163 个国家,没说它们赞助。
- C 说“它的标准是有问题的”——原文没有批评标准有问题。
- D 说“它的结果具有启发性”——对应 sheds some light,所以正确。
因此答案是 D。
34
In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that
让我们先回顾最后两段的内容:
倒数第二段
So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental equality or education outcomes — all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.
最后一段
The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.
解析:
作者在最后两段的核心观点:
- GDP 作为衡量国家成功的标准已经不够用,因为它忽略了许多影响人民幸福的重要因素(环境、教育等)。
- 如果政策制定者把重点从单纯追求 GDP 转向改善福祉(well-being),那么即使 GDP 增长放缓,也可能避免糟糕的结果并取得进步。
选项分析:
- A:英国正准备迎接经济繁荣 → 文中没有提到“经济繁荣”,反而提到可能面临增长冲击。
- B:高 GDP 预示着经济衰退 → 文中没有说高 GDP 会导致衰退,而是说只关注 GDP 会忽略福祉。
- C:必须考虑 GDP 以外的因素 → 这与作者建议“refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures”完全一致。
- D:处理经济问题需要谨慎 → 虽然合理,但不是这两段的直接核心建议,不够具体。
结论:
作者在最后两段明确建议不应只关注 GDP,而应重视福祉相关的因素,因此 C 是正确答案。
答案:C
35
Which of the following is the best??for the text?
好的,我们来一步步分析这道题。
1. 文章主旨概括
- 开头引用罗伯特·肯尼迪的话:GDP 不能衡量“使生活有价值的东西”。
- 英国脱欧公投(Brexit)发生,尽管 GDP 数字不错,但很多人投票脱欧,说明民众的福祉(well-being)感受与 GDP 不一致。
- 最近的研究表明,英国在将经济增长转化为民众福祉方面表现很差。
- 文章提出要使用健康、教育、公民社会参与等更多指标来评估国家表现。
- 结论:GDP 作为衡量国家成功的唯一标准已经不够,政策制定者应更关注福祉。
2. 选项分析
A. High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lesson
(高 GDP 但福祉不足,英国的教训)
这与文章内容高度一致:英国 GDP 数据好,但民众未感到生活改善,导致脱欧投票,这是一个教训。B. GDP figures, a Window on Global Economic Health
(GDP 数据,全球经济健康的一扇窗)
文章恰恰在批评 GDP 不能全面反映经济健康,更不用说福祉了,所以此选项与主旨相反。C. Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP
(罗伯特·肯尼迪,GDP 的终结者)
他虽批评 GDP,但文章并非主要讲他本人,也不是说他终结了 GDP,只是引用他的话引出讨论。D. Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being
(英国脱欧,通往福祉之门)
文章没有说脱欧会带来福祉,反而提到脱欧可能损害经济,只是用它来说明 GDP 与福祉的差异。
3. 为什么选 A
- 文章核心是:英国的高 GDP 数字并没有带来相应的民众福祉,这是值得吸取的教训。
- 关键词:GDP、well-being、UK、lesson 都在 A 中准确体现。
- 其他选项要么偏离重点,要么与作者观点相反。
答案:A
Text 4
In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government. The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr.McDonnell’s railfaied to tell ajury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor s decisions on"specific" and"unsettled" issues related to his duties.
Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials unlss done with clear intent to pressure those officials,isn not corruption, the justices found.
The court did suggest that acepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and"nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call,or hosting an event is not an “fficial act.”
The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be alowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,“assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.
But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.
Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society - that all are equal in treatment by government is undermined. Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.
The court’ s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.
36
The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the court
解析:
题目要求理解第一段划线句的含义:
But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct…
1. 字面理解
“hold one’s nose” 是一个英语习语,字面意思是“捏住鼻子”,常用来表示对某事物感到厌恶、不齿,但因为某种原因不得不忍受或接受。
在这里,法院虽然推翻了 McDonnell 的有罪判决(基于法律技术原因),但同时对 McDonnell 的行为道德表示鄙视。
2. 上下文印证
- 第一段提到他收受 Rolex 手表和 Ferrari 等贵重礼物,来自一家寻求政府关照的公司。
- 第四段提到法院认为这种行为 “distasteful” and “nasty”。
- 这些都说明法院在道德上不认同其行为,只是法律上不构成贿赂罪。
3. 选项分析
- A:未提及“避免定义职责范围”,这是判决理由的一部分,但不是划线句的意思。
- B:错在“定罪不妥协”,事实上法院推翻了他的定罪。
- C:正确。“was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct” 对应 “holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct”,即鄙视其行为道德。
- D:错在“拒绝评论道德”,实际上法院明确批评其行为不道德。
答案:C
37
According to Paragraph 4, an official at is deemed corruptive only if itt involves
解析:
题目问的是:根据第4段,官员的哪种行为才会被认定为腐败?
第4段原文关键句:
“But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation.”
这句话的意思是:根据反贿赂法律,必须证明存在具体的利益(concrete benefits),例如批准合同或法规,才构成贿赂罪。
而仅仅是安排会议、打电话或举办活动,不算是“官方行为”,因此不构成腐败。
选项分析:
- A. sizable gains in the form of gifts(以礼物形式获得可观收益)—— 文中强调的是“具体利益”,而不是礼物的大小。
- B. leaking secrets intentionally(故意泄露秘密)—— 文中未提及。
- C. concrete returns for gift-givers(为送礼者提供具体回报)—— 与原文“concrete benefits”对应,符合文意。
- D. breaking contracts officially(正式违反合同)—— 文中未提及。
因此,正确答案是 C。
38
The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are_
解析:
题目问的是“法院的裁决是基于一个假设,即公职人员是______”。
我们需要从文章中找出法院做出这一裁决时所依赖的前提或假设。
关键段落定位:
文章第五段提到:
The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”
这段话明确给出了法院的假设:
- 代议制政府的基本契约(basic compact)假设(assumes)公职人员会听取选民(constituents)的意见并针对他们的关切采取行动。
选项分析:
A. justified in addressing the needs of their constituents
(在满足选民需求方面是正当的)
这与原文“hear from their constituents and act on their concerns”对应,并且法院允许他们这样做而不必担心被控受贿,因此这是法院裁决的假设。B. allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters
(被允许关注其支持者所关心的事)
虽然看似接近,但原文强调的是“constituents”(选民),而不是“supporters”(支持者)。“supporters”可能带有偏袒特定利益方的意味,而“constituents”更中性,指所有选民,所以 B 不如 A 准确。C. qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues
(有资格独立处理官僚问题)
原文没有强调“独立”或“资格”,而是强调他们可以帮忙解决选民遇到的官僚问题而不算腐败。D. exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism
(在偏袒指控方面免于定罪)
这是法院裁决的结果,而不是假设。法院是在假设公职人员会回应选民的基础上,划定某些偏袒不算犯罪。
因此正确答案是 A,因为法院的假设是:公职人员听取并回应选民的需求是正当的,是代议制政府运作的基础。
39
Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to
解析:
定位关键信息
题目问的是“政府透明度方面严格执行的法律”是为了什么。
原文第六段提到:This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.
理解上下文逻辑
这句话的上文说:Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.
也就是说,要防止官员因为收受好处而在提供信息或安排会面时偏袒某些人。对应选项
- A 项“唤醒官员的良知”在文中没有直接对应。
- B 项“保证在接触官员方面的公平”与“防止官员偏袒(play favorites)”直接对应,也就是保证公平机会(fair play in official access)。
- C 项“允许某些类型的游说”与文意不符,文中说的是对游说进行规则限制。
- D 项“给普通人带来希望”属于过度引申,不是直接目的。
结论
原文强调,为了保证官员不偏袒捐赠者或送礼者,需要透明度法律来确保“平等接触政府”(equality of access to government),这正是 B 项所说的 guarantee fair play in official access。
答案:B
40
The author’s attitude toward the court’ s ruling is_
解析:
定位作者态度相关表述
文章最后一段明确写道:The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.
这句话直接表明作者认为最高法院的裁决是“向前迈进了一步”,是积极评价。结合全文逻辑
- 作者在文中承认法院从法律上对“腐败”定义严格是合理的(legally sound),并指出民选官员应当能够帮助支持者处理官僚问题而不必担心被起诉。
- 但同时作者也强调,需要加强政府透明度、防止权钱交易带来的不公。
- 这种写法不是** sarcastic(讽刺),也不是 skeptical(怀疑),而是支持判决的法律合理性**,同时指出还需要其他措施来补充。
排除法
- A 讽刺:文中没有使用反语或明显讽刺语气。
- B 容忍:作者不是仅仅“容忍”,而是明确肯定其进步性。
- C 怀疑:作者没有质疑判决的合理性,而是赞同其法律依据并指出其意义。
- D 支持:与最后一段的正面评价一致。
因此正确答案是 D. supportive。
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
[A]The first published sketch,"‘A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name “Boz” in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.
[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.
[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story.With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.
[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people,the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist,and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.
[E]Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices.He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens,who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.
[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office a respectable position,but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servant, and Dickens later concealed their background.Dicken’s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family Yet two years before Dicken’s birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory,where the other working boys mocked him as ’the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken’s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife,although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of hi fiction.
[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel,combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens’ as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.
(D → 41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → B → 45,请将41-45题的答案填入下方的输入框,不区分大小写)
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
The growth of the use of English as the world’s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades. (46) But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.
Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. (47) His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organisations. Alongside that, (48) many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.
If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.
(49) The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to the UK’s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly £1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related exports earn up to £10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the numbers of international students studying in the main English - speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.
The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant: (50) It gives a basis for all organisations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
You are to write an email to James Cook, a newly - arrived Australian professor, recommending some tourist attractions in your city. Please give reasons for your recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should
describe the pictures briefly,
interpret the meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
(左侧图:一个人坐在书架前,说“我有这么多书” ;右侧图:一个人坐在书桌前,说“我争取今年读完20本书” ;下方文字:“有书”与“读书” )

9 - 2018 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | 2 | A | 3 | D | 4 | B | 5 | D |
| 6 | B | 7 | C | 8 | D | 9 | B | 10 | A |
| 11 | B | 12 | B | 13 | A | 14 | C | 15 | D |
| 16 | A | 17 | C | 18 | B | 19 | A | 20 | C |
| 21 | D | 22 | C | 23 | A | 24 | D | 25 | B |
| 26 | D | 27 | A | 28 | B | 29 | C | 30 | A |
| 31 | B | 32 | C | 33 | D | 34 | D | 35 | B |
| 36 | B | 37 | A | 38 | A | 39 | C | 40 | D |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition many worthwhile things: chid care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your in the wrong place often carries a high
, why do we trust at all Well, because it feels good. people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin,a hormon that pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to with one another.Scientists have found that exposure this hormone puts us in a trusting :ln a Swiss stuy, rearchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their who inhaled something else.
for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may us.A Canadian study found that chidren as young as 14 months can diffrentiate a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were each to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask,“What’s in here?“before looking into the container,milin, and exclaiming,“Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look .Half of them found a toy; the other half the container was empty-and realized the tester had them.
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. only five of the 30 children paired with the” “ester particjpated ina floup actvity
1
解析:
本句结构为:Trust is a necessary condition ___ many worthwhile things.
- 空格前是 “a necessary condition”(一个必要条件),空格后是 “many worthwhile things”(许多值得做的事情)。
- 逻辑上,这里表示“对于许多值得做的事情来说,信任是必要条件”。
- 英语中 “condition for…” 是固定搭配,表示“是……的条件”。
- 因此选 C. for。
其他选项:
- A. on “在……上”,不符合搭配。
- B. like “像……”,语义不通。
- D. from “来自”,也不符合逻辑。
2
解析:
第 2 题位于第一段第二句:
On the other hand, putting your $\underline{\quad2\quad}$ in the wrong place often carries a high $\underline{\quad3\quad}$.
这里的关键短语是 putting your ____ in the wrong place,意思是“把你的 ____ 放错地方”。
结合前文提到的 trust(信任)主题,这里显然是指“信任错人”或“把信任放错地方”。
四个选项:
- A. faith(信任,信念)
- B. concern(关心,担忧)
- C. attention(注意力)
- D. interest(兴趣)
faith 与 trust 语义相近,且 “put one’s faith in sb/sth” 是常见搭配,意为“信任某人/某事”,符合语境。
其他选项虽然也能与 “putting your … in the wrong place” 搭配,但不符合本文关于“信任”的核心主题。
因此正确答案是 A. faith。
3
解析:
第 3 题所在句子为:
On the other hand, putting your trust in the wrong place often carries a high ______.
- 前半句说“信任是许多有价值事物的必要条件”,这是信任的好处。
- 这里用 “On the other hand” 转折,说明“把信任放错地方”会带来不好的结果。
- “carries a high ______” 常见搭配是 carries a high price(付出高昂代价),表示“错误信任的后果很严重”。
- A. benefit(好处)——逻辑相反,排除。
- B. debt(债务)——虽然也有代价的意思,但多指金钱债务,不如 price 贴切。
- C. hope(希望)——不符合语境。
- D. price(代价)——符合“错误信任带来高昂代价”的语义。
因此正确答案是 D. price。
4
解析:
上下文逻辑关系
前文提到信任的两面性:一方面是许多事情的必要条件,另一方面是信错人会带来高风险。
接着空格后问:“为什么我们仍然会信任别人?”
可见这里是一个从“提出问题”到“探讨原因”的过渡,需要一个表示“接着、那么”的顺承连接词,而不是因果(Therefore)、转折(Instead)或重复(Again)。选项分析
- A. Therefore 表示因果关系,但前文并未给出原因直接推出“为什么信任”这个问题。
- B. Then 可以表示时间或逻辑上的顺接,用于引出下一个问题或步骤,符合语境。
- C. Instead 表示转折“相反”,这里没有转折关系。
- D. Again 表示“再次”,不符合文意。
语感与搭配
“On the one hand… On the other hand… Then, why…” 是常见的论述结构,先指出矛盾,然后顺理成章地引出疑问。
因此正确答案是 B. Then。
5
解析:
句意理解
原文说:“因为信任让人感觉良好。______人们信任某个人或机构时,他们的大脑会释放催产素……”
这里描述的是一个时间或条件关系,即“当……时”会发生某种生理反应。选项分析
- A. Until “直到”,表示动作持续到某个时间点,不符合“信任发生时就释放催产素”的逻辑。
- B. Unless “除非”,表示条件排除,不符合语境。
- C. Although “虽然”,表示让步,但这里没有转折含义。
- D. When “当……时”,表示时间或条件,符合“在信任发生的时刻,大脑释放催产素”的逻辑。
上下文逻辑
前一句说“信任让人感觉好”,后一句解释这种感觉的生理机制——在信任的时候,大脑释放催产素。
因此,用 When 连接最自然。
答案:D
6
解析:
第 6 题所在句子为:
… a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instinct …
1. 句意理解
这里说的是“催产素(oxytocin)这种激素会 ______ 愉悦感,并引发群聚本能”。
从生理机制上讲,激素会“引起、产生”某种感觉或反应。
2. 选项分析
- A. selects(选择)—— 激素不会“选择”感觉,不合逻辑。
- B. produces(产生)—— 符合生理机制,即激素让人产生愉悦感。
- C. applies(应用)—— 主语一般是人或有意识的主体,激素不能“应用”感觉。
- D. maintains(维持)—— 虽然激素可能维持某种状态,但这里强调的是触发信任行为时的作用,重点在“产生”而非“维持”。
3. 上下文支持
后文提到科学家发现接触这种激素会让人进入信任状态,进一步说明它会产生愉悦感,从而促进信任。
因此,B. produces 是最符合逻辑和语境的选择。
7
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文提到,当人们信任他人时,大脑会释放催产素(oxytocin),这种激素会引发“herding instinct”(群体本能)。
“herding instinct” 是一种促使人们与他人建立联系、聚集在一起的本能,而不是咨询、竞争或比较。词语搭配与含义
- A. consult(咨询) → 不符合“群体本能”的含义
- B. compete(竞争) → 与信任、合作的情感相反
- C. connect(联系,连接) → 与“herd”群体聚集、社交连接的含义一致
- D. compare(比较) → 不符合语境
科学常识
催产素在心理学中常被称为“拥抱激素”或“亲密激素”,它促进人与人之间的情感连接和信任,因此“connect”最贴合。
答案:C. connect
8
解析:
第 8 题空格所在的句子是:
Scientists have found that exposure ______ this hormone puts us in a trusting mood.
这里的关键是 exposure 的固定搭配。
exposure to something 是固定用法,表示“接触到某物”或“暴露于某物”。
因此这里应该填 to,即 exposure to this hormone(接触这种荷尔蒙)。
其他选项:
- A. at → 不搭配 exposure
- B. by → 表示被动或方式,不适用
- C. of → 虽然 exposure of 有时可用,但通常指“暴露…的内容”,而 exposure to 才表示“接触到外部事物”
- D. to ✅ 正确
答案:D
9
解析:
第 9 题空格所在句子为:
Scientists have found that exposure to this hormone puts us in a trusting ______.
选项分析:
- A. context(背景、环境)—— 虽然“context”可以表示某种环境,但“in a trusting context”不如“in a trusting mood”自然,后者更强调情绪状态。
- B. mood(情绪、心境)—— “in a trusting mood” 是常见搭配,表示“处于一种信任的情绪/心态中”,符合语境:催产素让人产生信任感。
- C. period(时期)—— “in a trusting period” 表示“在信任的时期”,但这里强调短暂的心理状态,不是时间段。
- D. circle(圈子)—— “in a trusting circle” 表示“在信任的圈子里”,但这里不是指社交圈子,而是个人心理状态。
结合上下文,前文提到催产素会带来愉悦感,并触发信任行为,因此这里是指“让我们进入一种信任的情绪状态”,所以 B. mood 是最佳答案。
正确答案:B
10
解析:
第 10 题所在的句子是:
… those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their _____ who inhaled something else.
这里描述的是一个实验,将受试者分成两组:
- 一组吸入 oxytocin(催产素)
- 另一组吸入 其他东西(安慰剂)
在实验研究中,将一组称为 实验组(experimental group),另一组称为 对照组(control group)。
对照组的作用是与实验组进行对比,因此对照组的人就是实验组的 counterparts(对应的人)。
选项分析:
- A. counterparts → 正确,表示“对应的人/对象”,在实验语境中指对照组。
- B. substitutes → “替代者”,不符合语境,这里不是替代关系。
- C. colleagues → “同事”,与实验无关。
- D. supporters → “支持者”,不相关。
因此,正确答案是 A. counterparts。
11
解析:
第 11 题空格所在的句子是:
______ for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may ______ us.
四个选项是:
A. Funny(有趣的)
B. Lucky(幸运的)
C. Odd(奇怪的)
D. Ironic(讽刺的)
逻辑分析:
- 上文提到,我们的大脑会分泌催产素,让我们产生信任感,这有时会导致我们轻信他人。
- 空格后说 “we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty”(我们也有对不诚实的第六感),这种能力可以保护我们免受欺骗。
- 从语义上看,前面说容易信任可能带来风险,后面说但我们有识别欺骗的能力,这是一种 幸运的、好的 补充。
- 因此,这里应填入表示“幸运的是”含义的词,即 Lucky for us(我们很幸运)。
其他选项分析:
- Funny for us:逻辑不通,上下文没有幽默意味。
- Odd for us:表示“奇怪的是”,但这里不是强调奇怪,而是强调积极的一面。
- Ironic for us:表示“讽刺的是”,但上下文没有明显的讽刺对比,而是顺承的积极保护机制。
答案:B. Lucky ✅
12
我们先看第 12 题的上下文:
we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may ___ us.
这句话的前文说,信任会释放催产素,让人感觉良好并愿意合作。但这里用 “also” 表示我们还有另一种能力——对不诚实的第六感,这种能力可能会 ___我们。
逻辑上,这种对不诚实的直觉,应该是 保护 我们免受欺骗或伤害,而不是“监控”、“惊喜”或“取悦”我们。
所以 protect 最符合语义。
答案:B
13
解析:
第 13 题题干为:
A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate $\underline{\quad13\quad}$ a credible person and a dishonest one.
1. 固定搭配
“differentiate between A and B” 是固定搭配,意为“区分 A 与 B”。
例如:
- It’s hard to differentiate between the twins.
- The study differentiates between two types of motivation.
2. 其他选项分析
- B. within(在…之内)不能与“A and B”结构搭配,且语义不符。
- C. toward(朝向)不能与 differentiate 构成搭配。
- D. over(在…之上;关于)同样不用于 differentiate 后接两个比较对象的情况。
3. 语义判断
这里说的是“区分可信的人与不诚实的人”,所以用 differentiate between … and … 是标准用法。
因此正确答案是 A. between。
14
解析:
第14题的句子是:
Sixty toddlers were each ______ to an adult tester holding a plastic container.
选项分析:
- A. transferred 表示“转移”,通常用于地点、所有权、工作等的转移,不适用于“介绍某人认识某人”这种社交场景。
- B. added 表示“添加”,一般用于数量或列表的增加,不用于人与人之间的引见。
- C. introduced 表示“介绍”,符合语境:每个幼儿被介绍给一位拿着塑料容器的成人测试者。
- D. entrusted 表示“委托”,带有信任托付的意思,但这里只是实验开始时的初次接触,还没到“委托”的阶段。
上下文线索:
实验需要幼儿与测试者互动,第一步就是让他们互相认识,所以“introduced to”最自然。
因此正确答案是 C. introduced。
15
解析:
第 15 题空格处所在的句子是:
Each subject was then invited to look ______.
前文提到,实验者拿着一个塑料容器,问“里面是什么?”,然后自己先看进去,笑着说“哇!”。
接着,每个孩子被邀请去 look ______。
因为容器是封闭的,想知道里面有什么,必须 往容器里面看,所以应选 D. inside(look inside = 往里面看)。
- A. look out 意思是“小心、向外看”,不符合情境。
- B. look back 意思是“回头看”,不相关。
- C. look around 意思是“环顾四周”,也不符合“看容器内部”的动作。
因此正确答案是 D. inside。
16
解析:
本段描述了一个实验:测试者拿着一个塑料容器,对孩子说“Wow!”然后让孩子看容器里有什么。
- 前半部分孩子发现里面有玩具;
- 后半部分孩子发现容器是空的,并且意识到测试者骗了他们。
第 16 题所在句是:“the other half ______ the container was empty”,意思是“另一半______容器是空的”。
这里需要一个表示“发现”的动词,因为孩子们是亲自查看后才得知这一事实的。
- A. discovered(发现)——符合语境,表示通过观察得知。
- B. proved(证明)——语气太强,孩子并不是去证明,而是直接看到。
- C. insisted(坚持)——不合逻辑,不是坚持认为,而是发现事实。
- D. remembered(记得)——与上下文无关,这里不是回忆。
因此正确答案是 A. discovered。
17
解析:
第 17 题所在段落描述了一个实验:
实验者拿着一个塑料容器,对孩子说“Wow!”,然后让孩子看里面。
一半的孩子发现容器里有玩具,另一半发现容器是空的,于是意识到实验者 ______ 他们。
A. betrayed(背叛)
通常涉及信任关系中的背信弃义,情感色彩较重,多用于较深的信任关系(如朋友、伙伴),这里只是陌生人一次性的“欺骗”,程度过重。B. wronged(冤枉、委屈)
指不公正对待,但这里重点不是“冤枉”,而是“欺骗”。C. fooled(愚弄、欺骗)
符合语境:实验者假装里面有有趣的东西,实际上没有,这是一种“愚弄”或“欺骗”行为。D. mocked(嘲笑)
实验者并没有嘲笑孩子,只是假装兴奋来误导他们。
结合上下文,这些孩子发现容器是空的,明白实验者 骗了他们,所以选 C. fooled。
18
解析:
第 18 题所在句子是:
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were ______ to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.
- 前文提到,这些孩子没有被骗(没有发现容器是空的),因此他们对测试者是信任的。
- 如果信任测试者,那么他们应该是 愿意(willing) 合作,而不是被迫(forced)、犹豫(hesitant)或有权(entitled)。
- 后文 “demonstrating that they trusted his leadership” 也说明他们的行为是出于自愿和信任。
因此,正确答案是 B. willing。
19
解析:
第 19 题的空格位于最后一段的对比逻辑处。
前文说:
- 没有被欺骗的孩子大多数愿意与测试者合作学习新技能 → 说明他们信任测试者。
- 空格后说:与“不诚实”测试者配对的 30 个孩子中只有 5 个参与活动。
这两者之间是对比关系:
- 一组信任 → 多数合作
- 另一组不信任 → 很少合作
因此,这里需要表示对比的衔接词。
选项分析:
- A. In contrast(相比之下)→ 符合对比逻辑 ✅
- B. As a result(因此)→ 表示因果,不符合 ❌
- C. In the whole(整体上)→ 无此固定短语,且意思不符 ❌
- D. For instance(例如)→ 表示举例,不符合 ❌
答案:A
20
好的,我们先来看一下第 20 题的上下文。
原文相关段落:
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were willing to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.
Only five of the 30 children paired with the “____” tester participated in a follow-up activity.
逻辑分析:
前文提到,孩子被分成两组:
- 一组发现容器里有玩具(测试者可信)
- 一组发现容器是空的(测试者欺骗了他们)
在没被骗的孩子中,大多数愿意配合测试者学习新技能。
那么,与“____”测试者配对的孩子,只有 5 个愿意参与后续活动,说明这个测试者是前面欺骗了孩子的那位。
因此,这个空要填的词应表示“不可信的”“不靠谱的”。
选项分析:
- A. inflexible(不灵活的) → 与“可信与否”无关
- B. incapable(无能力的) → 强调能力不足,不是诚信问题
- C. unreliable(不可靠的) → 符合“欺骗孩子”带来的印象
- D. unsuitable(不合适的) → 太宽泛,不特指信任层面
结论:
因为测试者之前欺骗了孩子,所以他是 unreliable(不可靠的),孩子们不信任他。
答案:C
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, Cor Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering–have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums from grammar school to college should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven’t been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
21
Who will be most threatened by automation?
解析:
文章定位
文章第一段提到:Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
(中产阶级面临的烦人挑战之一是:如果机器人抢了他们的工作,会发生什么?)
这直接点明了 middle class 是受自动化威胁的主要群体。数据支持
第二段指出:About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated … with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.
(美国约一半的工作面临被自动化的高风险……中产阶级受到不成比例的挤压。)
进一步说明中产阶级受到的冲击最大。对比其他选项
- A. 主要政治家:文中未提及。
- B. 低收入劳动者:文中说低收入工作(如园艺、日托)对机器人吸引力不大。
- C. 机器人拥有者:文中说“富人拥有机器人,所以他们不会有问题”。
- D. 中产阶级工人:符合文章主旨。
因此正确答案是 D。
22
Which of the following best represent the author’s view?
解析:
题目要求找出最能代表作者观点的选项。我们需要结合全文内容进行分析:
文章主旨:
文章主要讨论自动化对中产阶级就业的冲击,并提出应对措施,包括教育改革、鼓励创业、调整税收与社保政策等。作者认为自动化虽然可能带来长期益处,但中短期会对中产阶级造成冲击,因此需要政策干预来帮助工人适应。选项分析:
- A. 对自动化的担忧实际上是没有根据的
❌ 错误。作者明确指出自动化对中产阶级就业构成威胁,并呼吁采取措施应对,说明担忧并非空穴来风。 - B. 乐观主义者对新技术的观点缺乏支持
❌ 错误。作者承认乐观主义者的部分观点(如技术最终提升生产力),但强调中短期问题需重视,并未完全否定乐观观点。 - C. 自动化引发的问题需要解决
✅ 正确。全文围绕自动化带来的挑战展开,并提出具体应对策略(教育、创业、税收等),与作者观点一致。 - D. 新技术的负面影响可以避免
❌ 错误。作者认为自动化的影响不可避免,但可通过政策缓解,而非完全避免。
- A. 对自动化的担忧实际上是没有根据的
关键依据:
- 文章结尾强调:“帮助工人适应的政策将是不可或缺的”(policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable),直接呼应选项C的核心思想。
结论:作者认为自动化带来的问题需要积极应对,选项C准确概括了这一立场。
23
Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on
解析:
题目问的是“自动化时代的教育应更加强调什么”。
根据文章第四段:
Curriculums from grammar school to college should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.
这里明确提到教育应该减少对记忆事实的强调,而更多关注创造力。
选项分析:
- A. creative potential(创造潜力) → 与原文 “creativity” 对应,符合文意。
- B. job-hunting skills(求职技巧) → 未提及。
- C. individual needs(个人需求) → 未直接强调。
- D. cooperative spirit(合作精神) → 虽然 “complex communication” 可能涉及合作,但文章强调的是创造力和复杂沟通,合作精神只是可能的一部分,不是核心重点。
因此,正确选项是 A。
24
The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at
解析:
题目问的是作者建议税收政策的目标是什么。
文章倒数第二段明确提到:
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
这里的关键信息是:
- 自动化会扩大资本收入和劳动收入之间的差距(widen the gap between capital income and labor income)。
- 因此要重新考虑税收和安全网。
- 具体措施是削减低收入劳动的税收,扩大工资补贴,这能减少不平等(reduce inequality)。
由此可知,税收政策的目标是防止收入差距扩大,也就是 preventing the income gap from widening,对应选项 D。
其他选项分析:
- A 鼓励自动化发展:文中没有主张用税收政策鼓励自动化,而是帮助工人适应自动化带来的冲击。
- B 提高资本投资回报:文中未提,且作者关注的是劳动收入与资本收入差距,不是要提高资本回报。
- C 缓解贫富之间的敌意:文中没有直接提到“hostility”,而是关注收入差距和不平等问题,因此 D 更直接对应原文。
答案:D
25
In this text, the author presents a problem with
解析:
文章结构分析
文章首先提出“中产阶级面临被机器人取代工作的风险”这一问题,随后并未停留在问题本身,而是逐步展开应对这一问题的可能方法,包括:- 改革教育和职业培训
- 鼓励创业和商业活力
- 改革税收和社保政策
选项分析
- A. opposing views on it:虽然有提到乐观主义者与历史经验,但这不是文章重点,也没有系统对比不同观点。
- B. possible solutions to it:文章主体部分(第 4 段到第 6 段)都在讨论解决方案,符合文章结构。
- C. its alarming impacts:虽有提及影响,但重点不在渲染其严重性,而是如何应对。
- D. its major variations:未涉及问题的不同变体或类型。
结论
作者在提出问题后,重点放在了可能的解决途径上,因此正确选项是 B。
答案:B
Text 2
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter, The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skill. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skilful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives-especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.
Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin- Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,“says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.
So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skill -and in their choices on when to share on social media.
26
According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on
解析:
题目要求根据第 1 段和第 2 段判断“许多美国年轻人怀疑什么”。
第 1 段
- 哈佛大学调查:超过三分之二的美国年轻人不认可特朗普使用推特。
- 暗示:千禧一代希望白宫新闻经过其他渠道过滤,而不是直接从总统的社交媒体平台获取。
- 这说明年轻人不信任总统直接通过社交媒体发布的新闻。
第 2 段
- 大多数美国人依赖社交媒体看每日新闻标题。
- 但人们对所有媒体的不信任上升,开始增强媒介素养。
- 举例:牛津大学研究显示 2016 年大选期间密歇根州推特用户分享的近 1/4 内容是假新闻;BuzzFeed 调查发现 44% 的 Facebook 用户很少或从不信任该平台新闻。
综合
第 1 段说明年轻人怀疑总统社交媒体作为新闻来源的可信度;
第 2 段进一步说明社交媒体整体上作为新闻来源不可靠,年轻人对此有普遍怀疑。
选项分析:
- A 新闻过滤行为的合理性 → 文中没说他们怀疑过滤行为,反而希望有过滤。
- B 人们对社交媒体平台的偏好 → 不是怀疑偏好,而是怀疑可靠性。
- C 政府处理信息的能力 → 第 1 段提到白宫新闻应过滤,但未直接说怀疑政府处理信息的能力。
- D 社交媒体是可靠的新闻来源 → 与第 1 段和第 2 段内容一致,年轻人怀疑社交媒体的可靠性。
正确答案:D
27
The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
解析:
定位原文
原文第二段第二句:
“Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.”上下文逻辑
前文提到“大多数美国人依赖社交媒体看新闻”,但“对所有媒体的不信任感上升”,因此人们可能需要 加强 媒体素养技能。
后文进一步说明“这一趋势非常必要”,并用假新闻数据佐证,说明人们需要提升辨别能力。短语含义推测
“beef up” 在英语中是固定短语,意为 加强、增强(to make something stronger or more effective)。
在上下文中,指人们提升媒体素养技能以应对虚假新闻。选项比对
- A. sharpen(提高,使敏锐)—— 与“加强媒体素养技能”意思一致。
- B. define(定义)—— 不符合语境。
- C. boast(吹嘘)—— 词义不符。
- D. share(分享)—— 与文意无关。
结论
根据上下文和短语本意,“beef up” 最接近 sharpen(提升、加强)。
答案:A
28
According to the knight foundation survey, young people
解析:
题干问“根据 Knight Foundation 的调查,年轻人______”。
文章第三段明确提到:
A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias.
- A 在网络上表达观点 —— 文中未强调他们主动发表意见,而是强调他们如何验证新闻。
- B 通过参考不同来源验证新闻 —— 与原文 “cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives” 对应,正确。
- C 有强烈的责任感 —— 虽然本段最后一句提到年轻人承担个人责任去自我教育,但这是调查的结论之一,不是 Knight Foundation 调查的核心发现,核心发现是“distributed trust”和“cross-check sources”。
- D 喜欢在“分布式信任”上交换观点 —— 文中“distributed trust”是他们用来核实新闻的方法,而不是交换观点的平台,属于曲解。
因此正确答案是 B。
29
The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is
解析:
根据题干关键词 Barna survey 和 main cause for the fake news problem 定位到原文第五段:
A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media.
关键信息:
- 最主要的原因是 “reader error”(读者失误)
- 具体解释为 “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”(对真实新闻的误解或夸大)
选项分析:
- A. readers outdated values:文中未提及“过时的价值观”
- B. journalists’ biased reporting:文中提到的是读者误解,而非记者偏见报道
- C. readers’ misinterpretation:与原文“misinterpretation”一致,属于“reader error”的具体表现
- D. journalists’ made-up stories:原文明确说“more so than made-up stories”,即不是主要原因
因此,C 选项 正确对应了巴纳调查中关于假新闻问题主要原因的结论。
30
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
解析:
本文的核心脉络是:
- 指出美国年轻人不认可特朗普过度使用推特发新闻的现象 → 反映他们希望新闻经过其他渠道过滤,而非直接来自总统的社交媒体。
- 指出虽然人们依赖社交媒体看新闻,但对媒体的不信任促使人们(尤其是年轻人)提升媒体素养,例如交叉核查来源、主动寻求不同观点。
- 强调年轻人在社交媒体上分享新闻时更谨慎,意识到个人责任,这种思维训练和批判能力是抵制假新闻的关键。
选项分析:
A. A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online(在线分享新闻的批判技能提升)
这与文章主旨高度一致:文章重点不是单纯反对特朗普发推特,而是通过这个现象引出年轻人对新闻来源的批判性思维、验证信息的能力、分享新闻时的责任意识,这些都属于“批判技能”的提升。B. A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend(反对过度发推趋势的反制行动)
这只是文章引子,不是全文核心,文章重点在于年轻人由此展现的媒体素养和批判能力,而非仅仅反对特朗普发推。C. The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media(社交媒体上互信的积累)
文章讲的是“distributed trust”(分布式信任)指通过多方验证建立信任,而不是积累互信;且文章更多强调不信任媒体背景下的个人验证,而非信任积累。D. The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests(投射个人兴趣的平台)
虽然文中提到社交媒体允许人们通过分享新闻投射价值观,但这只是一个细节,不是全文中心。
因此,A 最全面准确地概括了文章主题。
Text 3
Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it, But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works.The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry, t is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham’s report is a welcome start.
31
What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?
解析:
根据文章第一段末尾的表述:
… which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy.
这句话明确指出,这份协议“几乎没有充分考虑患者的权利和隐私期望”,即 failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights,与选项 B 完全对应。
其他选项分析:
- A:文中未提及协议在科技巨头之间引发冲突。
- C:文中未提及“未达到法律预期”,而是强调协议本身对患者权利考虑不足。
- D:文中未说协议让双方陷入危险,而是说这种合作可能带来权力集中等潜在风险,不是描述双方已处于危险中。
正确答案:B
32
The NHS trust responded to Denham’s verdict with
解析:
题目问的是“NHS信托基金对Denham裁决的回应方式”。根据原文第二段:
The NHS trust has mended its ways.
“mended its ways”意为“改正错误、改进做法”,即进行了必要的调整。
此外,后文提到:
Further arrangements… will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.
这也表明 NHS 信托基金在程序和数据管理上做出了改进。
选项分析:
- A. empty promises(空洞的承诺):文中没有体现“空洞”或“只说不做”。
- B. tough resistance(强烈抵制):文中没有提到抵制,而是配合改进。
- C. necessary adjustments(必要的调整):与“mended its ways”及后续审查措施对应。
- D. sincere apologies(真诚的道歉):原文说“DeepMind has almost apologized”,是 DeepMind 近乎道歉,不是 NHS 信托基金。
因此,正确选项是 C。
33
The author argues in Paragraph 2 that
解析:
第 33 题要求根据第二段内容判断作者的观点。
第二段中,作者提到:
- DeepMind 和 NHS 信托基金已做出改进。
- 隐私不是唯一甚至不是最重要的角度。
- 信息专员将责任主要归咎于 NHS 信托基金,因为法律上它“控制”数据,而 DeepMind 只是“处理”数据。
- 但作者认为 这种区分没有抓住重点,并明确指出:
“it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.”
(是数据的处理和整合,而非仅仅拥有数据,才赋予数据价值。)
这句话直接对应选项 D. the value of data comes from the processing of it(数据的价值来自于对它的处理)。
其他选项:
- A:文中并未说要不惜一切代价保护隐私,反而说隐私不是最重要的角度。
- B:文中没有比较泄露与出售患者数据的严重性。
- C:文中没有直接说利用患者数据盈利是非法的。
因此正确答案是 D。
34
According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is
解析:
最后一段的核心观点是:
- 用隐私法来限制科技巨头在此事上不太合适,因为它没有解决真正的担忧。
- 真正的担忧不在于算法是否对患者有益,而在于这些算法是用公共资源开发的,却最终归私人垄断企业所有。
- 作者将这种情况类比为大型制药公司(big pharm)的行为模式,暗示大数据可能像药品一样被少数公司垄断。
- 最后提到要避免“数字封建主义”(digital feudalism),即数据权力过度集中在少数科技巨头手中。
选项分析:
- A 大型制药公司之间的恶性竞争 → 文中只是类比,并非真正讨论制药业竞争,错误。
- B 隐私法执行不力 → 文中说隐私法在此事上不太适用,但这不是真正的担忧,错误。
- C 新软件的失控使用 → 未在末段强调,文中焦点是所有权和垄断,错误。
- D 科技巨头对大数据的垄断 → 与原文“private monopoly which developed them using public resources”对应,正确。
答案:D
35
The author’s attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is
解析:
文章基调分析
作者在开头指出双方“初衷皆善”,并承认 AI 在医疗领域的潜力巨大,但紧接着使用“but”引出担忧:可能导致科技巨头权力集中。这表明作者并非全然否定,而是看到了机遇与风险并存。对具体案例的评判
作者指出 NHS 与 DeepMind 的首次合作存在法律与伦理缺陷,并强调隐私不是唯一问题,更重要的是数据价值归属与私人垄断风险。这体现作者对 AI 应用中的权力分配、公共利益与私人利益冲突有深刻警惕。对未来的警示
作者在文末强调“这场革命刚刚启幕”,现在的“细微抉择或引发未来巨变”,并呼吁“长期斗争”以避免“数字封建主义”。这种表述显示出作者对 AI 在医疗领域的发展持审慎态度,既认识到其潜力,又强调必须规范与约束。选项排除
- A(ambiguous)模糊不清:作者观点明确,即 AI 有潜力但需警惕风险,并不模糊。
- C(appreciative)赞赏的:作者虽承认潜力,但更多篇幅在讨论风险与监管,不是单纯欣赏。
- D(contemptuous)轻蔑的:作者并未蔑视 AI 技术,而是理性分析其社会与法律影响。
- B(cautious)谨慎的:最符合全文态度——既看到价值,又强调必须谨慎应对潜在问题。
答案:B
Text 4
The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality
And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.
Now comes word that everyone involved—Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service,the unions and the system’s heaviest users-has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.
If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate - where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS,a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not,however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.
36
The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by
解析:
题目问的是“美国邮政管理局(USPS)的财务问题部分是由什么引起的”。
文章第一段最后一句提到:
Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.
这句话说明,USPS 面临两大压力:
- 技术变革导致一类邮件需求下降;
- 监管结构不允许管理层灵活调整运营。
这里的“监管结构”限制了管理层的灵活性,即管理上是僵化的,对应选项 B. its rigid management(其僵化的管理)。
其他选项分析:
- A. 预算不平衡是财务问题的表现,不是原因。
- C. 技术升级成本在文中未提及。
- D. 银行支持撤销未提及。
因此正确答案是 B。
37
According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to
解析:
题目问的是“根据第 2 段,USPS 未能实现现代化的原因”。
第 2 段原文关键句:
And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.
这段话的意思是:
- 利益集团(邮政工会、贺卡制造商等)向国会施压,要求保护他们依赖的现状。
- 这导致改革法案屡次失败,结果 USPS 只能推迟关键的现代化。
因此,USPS 未能现代化的直接原因是 利益集团的干预。
选项分析:
- A. the interference from interest groups(利益集团的干预) → 与原文一致。
- B. 国会资金不足 → 文中并未说国会拨款不足,而是说改革因利益集团阻挠而失败。
- C. 邮政服务需求下降 → 这是第 1 段提到的背景,但不是第 2 段中现代化失败的直接原因。
- D. 邮政工会的无能 → 文中未提工会“无能”,而是说他们为自身利益阻挠改革。
正确答案:A
38
The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by
解析:
题干问“USPS及其工会长期以来的抱怨可以通过什么方式解决”。
文章第三段提到:
The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.
这里的 The latter step 指的是前一句中的 shifting postal retirees into Medicare(将邮政退休人员转入联邦医疗保险)。
这一措施的作用是 抵消每年为退休人员医疗保健预付资金的财政负担,从而解决 USPS 和工会的长期抱怨。
因此,这个长期抱怨的核心是 retiree health care 的财务负担,而解决方案就是 移除或减轻这一负担。
选项分析:
- A. removing its burden of retiree health care → 与原文“offset the financial burden of retiree health care”对应,正确。
- B. making more investment in new vehicles → 文中提到节省的钱可用于购买新车,但这不是解决长期抱怨的直接措施。
- C. adopting a new rate-increase mechanism → 资费上涨是筹款方式之一,但不是直接针对退休人员医疗负担的措施。
- D. attracting more first-class mail users → 文中未提及,且一类邮件需求下降是结构性问题,与长期抱怨无直接关系。
答案:A
39
In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with
解析:
最后一段中,作者对立法者的态度体现在以下几点:
- 指出法案只是最低限度:作者提到这项法案只是“bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform”,暗示立法者没有真正解决问题。
- 指出重大疏漏:作者指出法案没有改变集体谈判制度(人力成本占 80%),也没有讨论取消周六送信(每年可节省 20 亿美元),说明立法者回避了关键改革。
- 批评受利益集团影响:作者提到“postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it”,暗示立法者屈服于利益集团而非推动合理改革。
- 总结立法动机:作者认为立法者只是担心“politically embarrassing short-term collapse”,而不是认真为 21 世纪改革邮政系统。
这些措辞表现出作者对立法者的不满,因为他们只做表面功夫,没有进行实质性改革。
正确答案:C. discontent
40
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
解析:
1. 文章主旨分析
文章主要讨论美国邮政管理局(USPS)面临的长期财务困境和结构性问题,以及最新提出的改革方案。作者指出,虽然各方达成了一项计划,但这只是最低限度的修补,并未触及根本问题(如人力成本、周六投递等),因此 USPS 需要的不仅仅是临时性的补救措施。
2. 选项分析
A. The USPS Starts to Miss its Good Old Days
文章并未表达 USPS 怀念过去,而是强调它必须适应新现实,因此不符合主旨。B. The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese
该选项借用《谁动了我的奶酪》的隐喻,暗示有人想保护自己的利益,虽然文中确实提到利益集团阻挠改革,但这只是部分内容,不能全面概括文章中心。C. The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure
文章确实指出 USPS 存在长期问题(chronic illness),但作者强调最新方案只是“最低限度的维持”,并非“快速治愈”,因此该选项与作者观点不符。D. The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid
“Band-Aid”意为“创可贴”,比喻临时性、表面化的解决方案。文章最后一段明确指出,当前法案只是“bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform”,并批评其未解决根本问题,因此“需要的不只是创可贴”准确概括了文章核心观点。
3. 答案确认
文章结尾强调,目前的改革只是为了避免短期崩溃,并非真正面向 21 世纪的根本转型,因此 D 选项最贴合文章主旨和作者态度。
正确答案:D
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and illing them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
41-45
[A] In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building.The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.
[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department’s south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story libry(completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary’s office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the ffice of the Secretary.
[C] The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originaly ow, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately assocated with formulating and conducting the nation’s foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nation’s most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.
[D] Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls.,Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. isenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson,Gerald Ford, and George H.W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. it has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
[E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the nited States.Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury Alfred B. Mullet, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.
[F] Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all f the interior detail is of at ro o pstert the s of wod was minimized to insure fire safety, ight monumental curving staircases of granite with over ,0indiduall catbronre baluters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.
[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first ecutive offics wre constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814)and overcrowded cnditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building.In 186,the construcin of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.
41 ________ → C → 42 ________ → 43 ________ → F → 44 ________ → 45 ________
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
Shakespeare’s lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St.Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time that Shakespeare was twenty - five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage – where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty - five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.
You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
describe the picture briefly,
interpret the meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
(下方为图片,图下文字:选课进行时图中内容:一个人在操作“选课系统”电脑,电脑左侧气泡“知识新 重创新 有难度……” ,人物右侧气泡“给分高 易通过 作业少……” )

10 - 2019 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | 2 | C | 3 | B | 4 | D | 5 | A |
| 6 | B | 7 | D | 8 | C | 9 | A | 10 | D |
| 11 | A | 12 | B | 13 | D | 14 | C | 15 | B |
| 16 | D | 17 | A | 18 | A | 19 | B | 20 | C |
| 21 | A | 22 | D | 23 | B | 24 | C | 25 | B |
| 26 | D | 27 | A | 28 | A | 29 | C | 30 | B |
| 31 | C | 32 | D | 33 | B | 34 | A | 35 | C |
| 36 | C | 37 | D | 38 | C | 39 | B | 40 | A |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smartphones. of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you can’t find north, we have a few tricks to help you navigate to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.
When you find yourself well a trail, but not in a completely area, you have to answer two questions: Which is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. , if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should see signs of people.
If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights - you may be how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
Another : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. even in dense forest, you should be able to gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve the woods. Head toward these to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
, assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can you to civilization.
1
解析:
第一句提到“如今我们生活在一个GPS、数字地图等导航应用普及的世界”,因此多数人不会不带手机就进入森林。后文又提到手机依赖电池且可能很快没电,暗示这种情况(不带手机进森林)是很少见的。
- A. Some(一些)—— 语气中性,但不符合“很少有人这样做”的语境。
- B. Most(大多数)—— 若选此项,则与后文“手机没电”的警告逻辑不符,因为如果大多数人不带手机进森林,后文的提醒就无必要。
- C. Few(很少)—— “Few of us” 表示“我们中很少有人”,符合上下文逻辑。
- D. All(全部)—— 显然不符合事实,不可能所有人都不带手机进森林。
因此正确答案是 C. Few。
2
解析:
第 2 题空格所在的句子是:
But phones ______ on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize.
这里要表达的意思是“手机依靠电池运行”,即“手机依赖电池供电”。
- A. put on 表示“穿上;假装”,不符合“依赖/运行”的含义。
- B. take on 表示“承担;呈现”,也不符合语境。
- C. run on 是一个固定短语,表示“靠……能源运行”,例如:
Cars run on gasoline.
Phones run on batteries.
这完全符合句意。 - D. come on 表示“开始;快点”,与句意无关。
因此正确答案是 C. run。
3
解析:
第 3 题所在的句子是:
______ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you ______ can’t find north, we have a few tricks to help you navigate ______ to civilization…
这里是一个条件假设的情况,意思是“如果你在没有手机或指南针的情况下迷路,并且完全找不到北,我们有一些技巧可以帮助你回到文明世界”。
- A. Since 表示“因为”,但这里不是因果关系,而是假设情况。
- B. If 表示“如果”,符合语境。
- C. Though 表示“尽管”,不符合逻辑。
- D. Until 表示“直到”,与句子意思不符。
因此,正确答案是 B. If。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在的句子是:
If you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you ___ can’t find north, we have a few tricks to help you navigate back to civilization…
四个选项的含义:
- A. formally(正式地)
- B. relatively(相对地)
- C. gradually(逐渐地)
- D. literally(简直,完全;字面上)
从上下文来看,这里强调“完全找不到北”,表示一种强调的语气,literally 在口语或非正式文体中常用来加强语气,表示“真的、完全”。
因此,D. literally 最符合句意。
答案:D
5
解析:
第 5 题空格所在的句子是:
… we have a few tricks to help you navigate ___ to civilization…
- A. back 表示“回到”文明世界,符合迷路后返回的逻辑。
- B. next 表示“下一个”,不符合语境。
- C. around 表示“在周围”,与“回到”目标不符。
- D. away 表示“离开”,与“回到文明”意思相反。
根据上下文,迷路后需要“回到”有人烟的地方,因此 A. back 正确。
6
解析:
第 6 题题干为:
When you find yourself well ______ a trail, but not in a completely ______ area…
四个选项为:
A. onto
B. off
C. across
D. along
解题思路:
- 空格前的 “well” 常与 “off” 构成固定搭配 “well off a trail”,意思是“偏离了小径/道路”。
- 从上下文看,这里描述的是迷路时的一种情况——你已经离开了既定的小径,但又不是完全陌生的地方。
- “off a trail” 是英语中表示“离开小径”的常见表达,而 “well off” 在此加强语气,表示“明显偏离”。
- 其他选项:
- A. onto(到…上) → 语义相反
- C. across(横跨) → 不符合语境
- D. along(沿着) → 与迷路情景不符
因此,正确答案是 B. off。
7
解析:
第 7 题空格前的句子是:
When you find yourself well ______ a trail, but not in a completely ______ area…
前半句说“发现自己偏离了小径”,后半句用 but 表示转折,说明“但不是在完全 ______ 的区域”。
- A. unattractive(不吸引人的)—— 与是否迷路、能否导航无关。
- B. uncrowded(不拥挤的)—— 森林里一般都不拥挤,不构成语义转折。
- C. unchanged(未改变的)—— 与迷路情境无关。
- D. unfamiliar(不熟悉的)—— 偏离小径但不在完全陌生的地方,说明你对这区域还有一定熟悉度,符合逻辑转折。
因此,D. unfamiliar 正确。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在的句子是:
Which ______ is downhill, in this particular area?
这里需要填入一个表示“方向”或“路径”的词。
- A. site 指地点、位置,强调具体的地点,不表示方向。
- B. point 指具体的点或方位点,但通常不单独表示“往哪个方向”。
- C. way 可以表示“路线、方向”,例如 “Which way is north?”(哪边是北?),符合语境。
- D. place 指地方、场所,不表示方向。
根据上下文,这里是在问“哪个方向是下坡”,因此 C. way 最合适。
答案:C
9
解析:
第 9 题位于第二段末尾的逻辑连接处。前文提到“人类大多生活在山谷,依赖淡水”,接着给出建议:“如果你往山下走并沿着水源前进,你应该会看到人类迹象”。
- 前后是因果关系:因为人类聚居在山谷和水源附近,所以往山下和沿水走就能找到人。
- A. So(因此)表示因果,符合逻辑。
- B. Yet(然而)表示转折,不符合。
- C. Instead(相反)表示替代方案,不符合。
- D. Besides(此外)表示补充信息,也不符合因果逻辑。
因此正确答案是 A. So。
10
解析:
第10题所在句子为:
“Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. ____, if you head downhill, and follow any H₂O you find, you should ____ see signs of people.”
第一个空(第9题)根据逻辑关系应填入表示“因此”的词(如 Therefore),而第二个空(第10题)则要考虑“沿着水源走”与“看到人类迹象”之间的时间关系。
- A. immediately(立即)—— 沿着水源走不一定马上就看到人烟,不符合常理。
- B. intentionally(故意地)—— 语意不通,不是“故意”看到。
- C. unexpectedly(意外地)—— 逻辑不对,因为这是预期的结果,不是意外。
- D. eventually(最终)—— 符合逻辑:沿着水源和山谷方向走,最终会看到人类活动的迹象,这需要一个过程。
因此正确答案是 D. eventually。
11
解析:
第 11 题原文为:
If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights — you may be ______ how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
句意:如果你之前探索过这个区域,留意熟悉的景象——你可能会______,辨认出一块独特的岩石或一棵树能多快地恢复你的方向感。
逻辑分析:
- 这里说的是“之前来过,找熟悉的景物”,而“很快就能通过认出特殊石头或树来恢复方向感”这件事,通常是一种积极的、令人惊讶的体验。
- A. surprised(惊讶的)符合语境,因为人们往往没想到会这么快恢复方向感,所以感到惊讶。
- B. annoyed(恼怒的)、C. frightened(害怕的)、D. confused(困惑的)都与这种“快速恢复方向感”的积极情况不符。
因此正确答案是 A. surprised。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在句子为:
Another ______: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.
这里作者在介绍另一种在迷路时找到方向的方法。前文已经提到“顺着地形走”和“留意熟悉景物”两种方法,这里是第三种方法,因此空格应填入表示“选择、方法、建议”的词。
- A. problem(问题)——不符合语境,这里不是提出一个问题。
- B. option(选择,选项)——符合语境,表示“另一种方法/选择”。
- C. view(观点,视野)——与上下文逻辑不符。
- D. result(结果)——这里不是描述结果,而是提出建议。
因此正确答案是 B. option。
13
解析:
第 13 题所在句子为:
________ even in dense forest, you should be able to ________ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve ________ the woods.
四个选项:
- A. Above all(最重要的是)—— 用于强调重要性,但此处并非强调重要性,而是举例说明。
- B. In contrast(相比之下)—— 表示对比关系,但上下文没有对比含义。
- C. On average(平均而言)—— 表示统计平均值,不符合语境。
- D. For example(例如)—— 用于举例说明前一句的观点。
前一句说“爬到高处寻找人类居住的痕迹”,后一句进一步说明“即使在茂密的森林里,你也能看到树木线因道路、铁轨等出现的空隙”,这是对前一句的具体举例说明,因此选 D. For example 最合适。
14
解析:
第 14 题所在句子为:
… you should be able to $\underline{\quad14\quad}$ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve through the woods.
句意:即使在茂密的森林中,你也应该能够 ______ 树木线因道路、铁轨和其他人类开辟的小径而出现的空隙。
选项分析:
- A. bridge(连接、弥合)——不符合语境,这里不是要“连接空隙”,而是“发现空隙”。
- B. avoid(避免)——语义相反,发现空隙是为了走出去,而不是避开。
- C. spot(发现、认出)——符合语境,指在树林中辨认出这些空隙。
- D. separate(分开)——与句意不符,主语是人,不是去“分开空隙”,而是看到已有的空隙。
因此正确答案是 C. spot,意为“发现、注意到”。
15
解析:
第 15 题所在句子为:
… and other paths people carve $\underline{\quad15\quad}$ the woods.
carve 在这里意为“开辟、开凿”,常与 through 搭配,表示“在树林中开辟出一条路”。
- carve through 是一个固定搭配,表示“穿过…开辟道路”。
- 其他选项:
- A. from(从…来)不符合“开辟穿过树林”的语境。
- C. beyond(在…之外)不表示“穿过”的动作。
- D. under(在…下面)与“开辟道路”不符。
因此正确答案是 B. through。
16
解析:
第16题所在的句子为:
Head toward these ______ to find a way out.
前文提到:
you should be able to ______ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve ______ the woods.
这里的“gaps in the tree line”指的是树木线中的空隙、缺口,这些空隙是因为道路、铁轨等人类活动造成的。
四个选项的含义:
- A. posts(柱子、杆子)——与“gaps”不符
- B. links(链接、连接)——不表示“空隙”
- C. shades(阴影、遮蔽)——与文意不符
- D. breaks(断裂处、缺口)——与“gaps”同义,指树林中的间断处
因此,D. breaks 最符合上下文,表示“朝这些缺口走”。
答案:D
17
解析:
第 17 题所在的句子是:
At night, scan the horizon for ______ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
这里列举的 fires(火)和 streetlights(路灯)都是人造光源,而不是自然的(如星光、月光)。
- A. artificial(人造的)—— 符合语境,因为火和路灯都是人为制造的。
- B. mysterious(神秘的)—— 没有依据表明这些光源神秘。
- C. hidden(隐藏的)—— 文中说的是“扫视地平线寻找”,不是寻找隐藏的光源。
- D. limited(有限的)—— 与文意无关,且逻辑不通。
因此正确答案是 A. artificial。
18
解析:
第 18 题位于文章最后一段的开头,而前面已经介绍了“顺着地形走”“寻找熟悉景物”“爬高寻找人类痕迹”等方法,因此这里应是最后一条建议。
选项分析:
- A. Finally(最后)—— 表示顺序上的最后一点,符合语境。
- B. Consequently(因此)—— 表示因果关系,但这里不是对上文的总结性结果,而是补充最后一种方法。
- C. Incidentally(顺便提一句)—— 表示插入的附带信息,不符合逻辑顺序。
- D. Generally(通常,一般而言)—— 表示一般情况,但这里是在列举具体方法中的最后一条。
因此,A. Finally 最符合上下文逻辑,表示“最后一条建议”。
答案:A
19
解析:
本题要求选择填入第 19 题空格的正确选项。句子为:
“look for the ______ we leave on the landscape.”
(留意我们在景观上留下的______。)
A. memories(记忆)
记忆是抽象的概念,无法直接“留在景观上”,不符合语境。B. marks(标记、痕迹)
与后文 “Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features” 相呼应,这些都属于人类在自然环境中留下的“痕迹”或“标记”,符合语境。C. notes(笔记、便条)
在野外迷路时寻找“笔记”不符合常理,且与上下文提到的具体痕迹无关。D. belongings(所有物、随身物品)
虽然可能有人类遗留的物品,但文中强调的是“trail blazes, tire tracks”这类标记,而不是个人物品。
因此,B. marks 最符合文意,指人类在自然环境中留下的各种痕迹,可以帮助迷路者找到出路。
答案:B
20
解析:
第 20 题所在句子是:
Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can ______ you to civilization.
- A. restrict(限制)——不符合语境,因为这些痕迹不会限制你回到文明世界。
- B. adapt(适应)——搭配不当,不能说“适应你到文明世界”。
- C. lead(引导)——搭配正确,意为“引导你回到文明世界”,符合上下文逻辑。
- D. expose(暴露)——语义不通,不能说“暴露你到文明世界”。
因此正确答案是 C. lead。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decisionmaking, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
21
According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to
解析:
题目问的是“根据第一段,实施新规的一个动机是……”,需要定位第一段中直接提到的目的。
第一段第三句明确说明:
The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions.
其中 hold bankers accountable 对应 enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility(增强银行家的责任感)。
B 项“帮助企业获得更大利润”未提及;
C 项“建立新的金融监管体系”未直接说明;
D 项“保障高管的奖金”与原文延迟奖金的目的相反。
因此正确答案是 A。
22
Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
解析:
题干问引用 Alfred Marshall 的目的是为了表明什么。
定位原文:
第二段提到 Andrew Haldane 引用 Alfred Marshall 的话,将金融上的急躁描述为“从布丁中挑出李子立刻吃掉的孩童”,而不是留到最后吃。
这显然是在比喻追求短期满足,而不是长期利益。上下文逻辑:
第二段开头就指出“短期主义”在上市公司中恶化,引用 Marshall 是为了形象地说明这种只顾眼前利益、缺乏长期耐心的经济行为。选项分析:
- A 项:产生快速利润的条件 → 文中未讨论“条件”,而是描述现象。
- B 项:政府决策的不耐烦 → 主体错误,不是政府,而是企业/投资者。
- C 项:上市公司的稳固结构 → 与比喻含义无关。
- D 项:经济活动中的“短期主义” → 与比喻含义及上下文主旨一致。
答案:D
23
It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be
解析:
题目问的是“短期投资对上市公司的影响被认为是______”。
根据原文第三段:
Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.
这里的关键词是 hinder(阻碍),说明这种影响是负面的。
- A 项 indirect(间接的)—— 文中没有强调间接性,而是直接指出阻碍长期投资。
- B 项 adverse(不利的)—— 与 hinder 对应,符合文意。
- C 项 minimal(微小的)—— 与原文意思相反。
- D 项 temporary(暂时的)—— 文中未强调影响是短暂的,而是强调它损害长期发展。
因此正确答案是 B。
24
The US and France examples are used to illustrate
解析:
题目要求分析美国和法国的例子在文中的作用。
定位相关段落:
- 美国例子出现在第5段:“In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002… slightly helping reduce ‘short-termism’.” 这里提到美国通过立法推迟高管奖金发放,以减少短期主义。
- 法国例子出现在第6段:“In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights…” 这是通过股权激励鼓励长期持股。
分析上下文逻辑:
- 第6段开头明确说:“Much more could be done to encourage ’long-termism’, such as…” 紧接着举了法国例子。
- 因此,美国和法国的例子都是作为“鼓励长期主义的具体措施”出现的,属于促进长期主义的方法。
选项分析:
- A 项:阻碍防止短期主义 → 与例子作用相反。
- B 项:长期思考的重要性 → 例子重点在“方法”,不在强调重要性。
- C 项:促进长期主义的方法 → 与例子作用一致。
- D 项:短期思维的普遍性 → 例子是应对措施,不是说明普遍性。
答案:C
25
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
解析:
这道题要求选择最适合文章的标题。文章的核心主题是批判金融领域的“短期主义”,并倡导企业和决策者应具备更长远的眼光和耐心。
选项分析:
A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism(季度资本主义的失败)
文章确实批评了“季度资本主义”,但这只是问题的一个方面,并非全文主旨。文章的重点在于提出解决方案和倡导“长期主义”,而非仅仅论述“季度资本主义”的失败。B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue(耐心是一种企业美德)
这个标题准确概括了文章的核心思想。文章通过英国的新规、经济学家观点、数据对比等,强调企业和投资者需要耐心,避免急功近利,以做出有利于长期发展的决策。这体现了“耐心”作为企业重要品质的主题。C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives(高管所需的果断力)
文章并未强调高管的“果断力”,而是批评他们过于追求短期利润,缺乏长远眼光。主题是“耐心”而非“果断”。D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers(冒险银行家的挫败感)
文章提到银行家的风险行为,但只是为了引出监管措施,并非讨论他们的“挫败感”。这只是一个细节,不能概括全文。
结论:
文章从英国的新规切入,层层递进地论证了“短期主义”的危害,并最终呼吁企业和投资者培养耐心,着眼于长期发展。因此,B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue 是最贴切、最全面的标题。
Text 2
Grade inflation - the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades - is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force - a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness” - is helping raise GPAs.
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”
That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention - so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students - who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill - feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible - or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.
26
What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
解析:
题目问的是“通常认为分数膨胀的原因是什么?”
文章第一段明确指出:
Grade inflation … is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.
这句话的意思是:分数膨胀通常被认为是高等教育中消费者时代的产物,在这个时代里,学生被视为需要被取悦的顾客。
因此,原因应归结为消费者文化的影响。
选项分析:
- A. The change of course catalogs(课程目录的变化)—— 文中提到“grade forgiveness”政策常藏在课程目录中,但这不是分数膨胀的主要原因。
- B. Students’ indifference to GPAs(学生对 GPA 漠不关心)—— 文中未提及。
- C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAs(大学对 GPA 的忽视)—— 文中未提及。
- D. The influence of consumer culture(消费者文化的影响)—— 与原文“consumer era”对应。
正确答案:D
27
What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
解析:
题目问的是 grade forgiveness(分数宽恕)最初的目的。
文章第三段明确提到:
When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.
意思是:几十年前这种做法刚开始时,通常仅限于大一新生,目的是如果他们在适应大学课程的过程中遇到困难,可以在大一期间获得第二次学习课程的机会。
因此,最初目的是帮助大一新生适应大学学习,对应选项 A。
选项 B(维持大学毕业率)和 D(增加大学学费收入)是后来这种做法推广之后带来的效果或动机,但不是最初目的。
选项 C(为毕业生应对挑战性未来做准备)文中未直接提及。
正确答案:A
28
According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to
解析:
题目要求根据第 5 段内容判断“分数宽恕”政策使大学能够实现什么。
第 5 段原文关键句:
For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention – so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.
这句话明确指出:
- 对于公立大学,州政府的资金部分取决于毕业率、学生保留率等指标。
- 分数宽恕政策通过提高这些指标(因为重修后成绩提高,学生更可能按时毕业并留在学校),从而可能带来更多资金。
因此,分数宽恕政策使大学能够获得更多财政支持,对应选项 A. obtain more financial support。
其他选项分析:
- B:提高入学人数(enrollments)—— 文中未直接说明分数宽恕会提高入学人数,而是强调保留学生(retention)和毕业率。
- C:提高教学质量 —— 文中未提及。
- D:满足地方政府需求 —— 文中提到的是州政府资金与指标挂钩,但“满足地方政府需求”过于宽泛且不准确,核心是获得资金。
正确答案:A
29
What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?
解析:
题目问第六段第五行的短语 “to be aligned” 最可能的意思是什么。
先看上下文:
- 第六段提到,学生和家长期望大学文凭能帮助找到工作,因此学校有动力培养出尽可能合格的毕业生(或至少看起来合格)。
- 最后一句是:On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.
- “On this” 指的是在“提高成绩以便学生更好就业”这一点上。
- “incentives” 指动机、利益驱动。
- “aligned” 意味着在这件事上,学生和学校的利益或目标是一致的。
选项分析:
- A. To counterbalance each other(相互平衡/抵消)—— 不符合语境,这里不是相互抵消关系。
- B. To complement each other(相互补充)—— 虽然合作时可能互补,但这里强调的是目标一致,不是功能互补。
- C. To be identical with each other(彼此相同)—— 符合“目标一致、利益一致”的含义。
- D. To be contradictory to each other(彼此矛盾)—— 与原文意思相反。
因此正确答案是 C。
30
The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by
解析:
题目要求判断作者是如何分析“分数宽恕”这一做法的。
文章结构如下:
- 提出现象:分数宽恕政策的存在及其对 GPA 的影响。
- 原因分析:
- 大学为了留住学生、提高毕业率和保留率(学生支付学费)。
- 帮助学生重修重要课程,提高学业成功率。
- 公立大学因为州政府资金与毕业率等指标挂钩,所以有动力提高 GPA。
- 满足学生和家长对高等教育“物有所值”和就业前景的期望。
全文主要围绕分数宽恕政策出现和普及的原因展开,包括学校动机、学生需求、财政因素等,并没有重点讨论其可行性(A)、比较不同观点(C)或列举长期影响(D)。
因此,正确选项是 B. analyzing the causes behind it(分析其背后的原因)。
答案:B
Text 3
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of “Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus,” by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans? "
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans.”
Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”
But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.
Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.
On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.
While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.
To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.
31
Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it
解析:
题目问的是文章提到玛丽·雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》的原因。
- 文章第一段指出,这部小说早在电灯发明之前就预言了未来科技可能引发的伦理问题。
- 紧接着第二段就转向人工智能(AI)带来的伦理与本质问题。
- 最后一段再次呼应,提醒要让智能机器反映人类的最高价值观,否则可能成为“弗兰肯斯坦式的失控怪物”。
由此可见,提到《弗兰肯斯坦》是因为它涉及了当今 AI 所引发的一些担忧,即科技发展可能带来失控或伦理困境。
选项分析:
- A:文中并未说它让全世界的 AI 科学家着迷,而是用它引出伦理讨论。
- B:虽然它出版 200 年,但文章重点不是它的流行度。
- C:正确,与文章主旨一致。
- D:小说本身在文中并未强调“引发了严重的伦理争议”,而是预示了未来科技可能带来的伦理问题。
正确答案:C
32
In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness
解析:
定位原文:
文章第四段引用了 David Eagleman 的话:“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”
(我们目前的情况是,没有好的理论能解释意识究竟是什么,也不知道如何造出具备意识的机器。)理解含义:
- 他明确表示,目前对意识的理解非常有限(no good theories)。
- 由于连理解都做不到,更不用说复制(reproduce)人类意识到机器上。
- 这与选项 D “is too limited for us to reproduce it”(太有限,以至于我们无法复制它)完全对应。
排除其他选项:
- A:我们的知识有助于解释人工智能 → 与原文相反,原文说没有好的理论。
- B:可能对机器人制造产生误导 → 原文未提“误导”,只说无法理解与复制。
- C:启发科幻电视剧 → 虽然前文提到科幻作品,但 David Eagleman 的观点与此无关。
因此正确答案是 D。
33
The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles
解析:
题目问的是“自动驾驶汽车带来的伦理问题的解决方案______”。
定位原文:
第五段提到自动驾驶汽车会带来棘手的伦理问题(“poses thorny ethical questions”),并指出人类驾驶员在紧急情况下的反应是复杂的,而AI的“视觉”远不如人类,预判所有驾驶场景也是一个困难的编程问题。
这说明目前我们还没有能力完全解决这些问题。选项分析:
- A. can hardly ever be found(几乎不可能找到)—— 原文并未说“永远找不到”,只是目前还很难。
- B. is still beyond our capacity(仍超出我们的能力范围)—— 与原文“困难的编程问题”“AI视觉不如人类”等描述一致,说明目前还无法解决。
- C. causes little public concern(几乎没有引起公众关注)—— 与事实相反,各国政府和企业已在制定伦理准则。
- D. has aroused much curiosity(引起了很多好奇)—— 原文重点在伦理挑战,而不是好奇心。
结论:
原文强调自动驾驶的伦理问题目前难以解决,因此 B 正确。
34
The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of
解析:
定位原文
文章提到 Google 的承诺是在倒数第三段:On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” …
接着下一段说:
While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.态度分析
- 作者承认 Google 的声明 “vague”(模糊),但马上用 “represents one starting point” 来肯定其积极意义。
- 这种评价是带有认可意味的,虽然指出不足,但更强调这是一个开端,说明作者整体上持肯定态度。
排除其他选项
- B. skepticism(怀疑):虽然有 “vague” 一词,但作者并未否定或质疑其价值,而是肯定其起点作用。
- C. contempt(蔑视):语气完全不符。
- D. respect(尊重):语气过重,文中只是客观肯定其开端意义,并未表达尊敬。
结论
作者的态度是 A. affirmation(肯定),即认可 Google 的承诺是推动 AI 伦理发展的一个起点。
答案:A
35
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
解析:
这道题要求选择最适合文章的标题。文章的核心线索是:从《弗兰肯斯坦》的伦理寓言出发,讨论人工智能发展过程中必须面对的伦理与价值观问题,并指出虽然技术复杂,但伦理规范的建设已经起步且不可避免。
选项分析:
A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants
文章虽然提到谷歌等大公司在制定伦理准则,但重点不是“AI的未来由科技巨头掌控”,而是全社会、多国政府与企业共同面对的伦理挑战。该选项过于片面。B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI
文章确实以《弗兰肯斯坦》开头,但它只是一个引子,用来引出“技术失控”的伦理警示,并不是全文核心内容。文章主体讨论的是现实中的AI伦理问题,而非小说的预言性。C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
“AI的良知/伦理:复杂但不可避免”非常贴合文章主旨。- “复杂”对应文中对人类意识、决策复杂性的描述(Eagleman的观点、自动驾驶的例子)。
- “不可避免”对应各国政府与企业已在制定伦理准则,谷歌等做出承诺,说明伦理规范是必须推进的。
D. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
这个说法过于极端和片面。文章虽然以“弗兰肯斯坦的怪物”作比喻,但重点是如何防止AI失控,而不是断言AI一定会成为杀手。
结论:
C 选项准确概括了文章的核心——AI伦理问题虽然复杂难解,但已是当下必须面对并规范的课题,因此是最佳标题。
Text 4
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.
The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.
Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.
Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”
36
The Supreme Court decision Thursday will
解析:
题目问“最高法院周四的裁决将……”,即裁决带来的主要影响。
根据文章第一段:
“States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday…”
意思是:根据最高法院周四的裁决,各州将能够强制更多人在网购时支付销售税。再结合第三段内容:
此前,如果商家在某个州没有实体存在(如仓库或办公室),就不需要代收该州的销售税,消费者也很少自行缴纳。
而新裁决推翻了这一规则,意味着更多网络商家将被要求代收销售税,从而使更多网购者实际支付销售税。选项分析:
A. 改善企业与州的关系 —— 文中未提及。
B. 使大多数在线企业陷入困境 —— 虽然部分小企业会受影响,但并非“大多数”都陷入困境,也不是裁决的主要直接目的。
C. 让更多网购者支付销售税 —— 与第一段及全文主旨一致。
D. 迫使一些州削减销售税 —— 文中未提及。
因此正确答案是 C。
37
It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions
解析:
题目要求从第2段和第3段中推断被推翻的裁决(overruled decisions)的相关信息。
第2段指出:
The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.
意思是这些旧裁决让各州每年损失数十亿美元的税收收入,因此各州认为这些裁决对它们不利。第3段进一步说明:
根据被推翻的裁决,如果商家在某个州没有实体存在(如仓库或办公室),就不需要代收该州的销售税,导致各州难以征收这部分税款。
由此可知,被推翻的裁决对各州不利(unfavorable by states),对应选项 D。
其他选项分析:
- A:电子商务的主导地位,文中未提及是因这些裁决直接导致。
- B:这些裁决实际上让消费者在网购时免于被收税,因此并没有“cost consumers a lot”。
- C:文中没有提到网购者广泛批评这些裁决,相反他们可能因此受益(少交税)。
答案:D
38
According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has
解析:
题目问的是根据大法官 Anthony Kennedy 的观点,“实体存在规则”(physical presence rule)带来了什么影响。
原文第四段中,Kennedy 写道:
“limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”
这句话明确指出该规则:
- 限制了各州寻求长期繁荣的能力(对应 A 选项 hindered economic development 有一定相关,但不是最直接表述)
- 阻止了市场参与者在公平的竞争环境中竞争(对应 C 选项 harmed fair market competition)
B 选项(给国家带来繁荣)和 D 选项(增加了州财政收入)与原文意思相反,因为 Kennedy 认为该规则导致各州税收损失,不利于公平竞争。
因此,最直接且准确的答案是 C。
39
Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?
解析:
题目问的是“谁最有可能欢迎最高法院的裁决?”
根据文章内容:
- 裁决前,如果企业在某个州没有实体存在(如仓库、办公室),就不必代收该州的销售税。
- 裁决后,各州可以要求外州卖家(包括在线商家)代收销售税。
- 这对大型连锁店有利,因为它们本来就在全国大多数州有实体店,已经代收销售税,而竞争对手(尤其是纯在线小商家)以前不用收税,现在必须收,竞争更公平。
- 文章明确提到 “The ruling is a victory for big chains”,并且零售业团体认为这“levels the playing field”。
- 而 A(互联网创业者)、C(第三方卖家)、D(小零售商) 在文中被提到是受负面影响的一方,尤其是小企业和纯在线零售商。
因此,最欢迎裁决的是 B. Big-chain owners(大型连锁店所有者)。
40
In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author
解析:
题目问的是作者在讨论最高法院周四的裁决时采用了什么方式。
A 项:对裁决进行事实性陈述并讨论其后果。
文章首先陈述了最高法院裁决的内容(允许各州对更多网络购物征收销售税),接着说明了裁决的背景(推翻旧判例),并分别讨论了它对各州财政、大型连锁企业、小卖家、电商平台等不同主体的影响。这属于事实描述 + 后果分析的结构,符合全文内容。B 项:描述其制定的漫长复杂过程。
文章并未详细描述裁决是如何一步步形成的,而是直接给出结果并分析影响,因此不选。C 项:提出其主要观点并展示相互冲突的看法。
虽然有不同群体的反应(如零售业支持、小企业反对),但文章并不是围绕“对主要观点的冲突看法”展开,而是客观陈述不同群体的得失,重点在后果而非观点对立。D 项:引用相关案例并分析其含义。
文章确实提到了之前的判例被推翻,但并没有深入分析这些案例的具体内容和法律含义,而是更侧重于新裁决带来的现实影响。
因此,A 最准确地概括了作者的写作方式。
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
[A] These tools can help you win every argument - not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments - from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding - then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.
[B] Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
[C] None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
[D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions - like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
[E] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “There is only one way… to get the best of an argument - and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives - and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
[F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win - in one way.
[G] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
41 ______ → 42 ______ → F → 43 ______ → 44 ______ → C → 45 ______
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short - lived dietary enthusiasm.
Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.
(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.
(49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.
Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long - term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
- describe the picture briefly,
- interpret the implied meaning, and
- give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
(下方是一幅漫画,包含两个人物、对话气泡、山水等元素,下方标注“途 中” ,人物对话为“别呀,休息一下再接着爬”“累了,我不爬了” )

11 - 2020 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | 2 | A | 3 | B | 4 | D | 5 | A |
| 6 | B | 7 | D | 8 | A | 9 | D | 10 | C |
| 11 | C | 12 | A | 13 | B | 14 | D | 15 | C |
| 16 | B | 17 | A | 18 | B | 19 | C | 20 | D |
| 21 | C | 22 | B | 23 | D | 24 | A | 25 | C |
| 26 | D | 27 | A | 28 | C | 29 | A | 30 | D |
| 31 | A | 32 | C | 33 | D | 34 | C | 35 | B |
| 36 | C | 37 | A | 38 | B | 39 | C | 40 | B |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’s great traditions: the Sunday roast. a cold winter’s day, few culinary pleasures can it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this should be rendered yet another, quality pleasure to damage our health.
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked high temperatures. This means that people should crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin—crust pizzas and only toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
Scientists say the compound is to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof. the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is to follow the FSA advice. , it was rumourde that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a .
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be. up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? , the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods , but reduce their lifetime intake. However its risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just with no one listening.
1
解析:
第 1 题考查的是介词与时间表达的搭配。
空格后是 “a cold winter’s day”,表示“在一个寒冷的冬日”。
在英语中,具体某一天或特定某一天的早上、下午、晚上,介词用 on,例如:
- on a cold day
- on Monday
- on a winter’s morning
选项分析:
- A. In → 用于较长的时间段(in winter, in 2024)或一天内的某部分(in the morning),但此处是“a cold winter’s day”特指某一天,不能用 in。
- B. Towards → 表示“接近某个时间”,意思不符。
- C. On → 用于具体某一天,正确。
- D. Till → 表示“直到”,意思不符。
因此正确答案是 C. On。
2
解析:
第 2 题所在句子为:
“On a cold winter’s day, few culinary pleasures can ___ it.”
上下文理解:
前文提到“Sunday roast”(周日烤肉大餐)是英国的一项伟大传统。这句话的意思是:在寒冷的冬天,很少有美食乐趣能 比得上 它(周日烤肉)。选项分析:
- A. match → “比得上,相匹敌”,符合句意。
- B. express → “表达”,与“乐趣”和“它”搭配不当。
- C. satisfy → “满足”,逻辑上不通,因为这里是比较,不是满足某种需求。
- D. influence → “影响”,语义不符。
固定搭配:
“few … can match it” 是常见表达,意为“很少有……能与之相比”。
因此,正确答案是 A. match。
3
解析:
上下文逻辑
前文提到“Sunday roast”是英国的一项伟大传统,在寒冷的冬日里,很少有烹饪乐趣能与之相比(few culinary pleasures can ___ it)。
接着用“Yet”转折,引出“the food police”(此处指食品标准局 FSA)认为这种传统应当被视作另一种有害健康的乐趣。
所以第 3 题所在句子的意思是:这种享受(this ___)应该被变成另一种损害健康的乐趣。词义辨析
- A. patience(耐心)—— 与美食享受无关。
- B. enjoyment(享受,乐趣)—— 与上文的“culinary pleasures”对应,符合语境。
- C. surprise(惊讶)—— 不符合文意。
- D. concern(担忧)—— 逻辑不通,因为这里是指“这种享受”被说成有害健康。
句意还原
“this enjoyment should be rendered yet another quality pleasure … to damage our health”
意为“这种享受竟然被说成是另一种会损害健康的乐趣”。
因此,正确答案是 B. enjoyment。
4
好的,我们先来看第 4 题所在的句子:
That this 3 should be rendered yet another, quality pleasure 4 to damage our health.
3 空我们暂时不管,先看 4 空。
句子意思是“这种(享受)被变成另一种……的乐趣,这种乐趣会损害健康”。
结构是:
be rendered yet another quality pleasure 4 to damage our health.
这里的 4 是一个过去分词作后置定语,修饰“quality pleasure”,表示“这种乐趣是被……会损害健康的”。
四个选项:
- A. intensified(强化的)
- B. privileged(有特权的)
- C. compelled(被迫的)
- D. guaranteed(保证的)
逻辑上,作者在说食品监管部门(food police)认为这种传统美食“被变成一种肯定会损害健康的享受”。
guaranteed to damage our health 意思是“保证会损害健康”,这是一种略带讽刺的说法,暗示官方认为这种享受注定对健康有害。
所以这里 D. guaranteed 最符合语境,表示“被保证会损害健康的享受”,带有讽刺意味。
因此正确答案是 D。
5
解析:
上下文逻辑
文中提到“食品标准局(FSA)发布了一项关于丙烯酰胺风险的公开警告”,这里需要一个表示“发布(警告)”的动词。动词搭配与词义辨析
- A. issued:发布(声明、警告、文件等),符合“FSA issued a public warning”的搭配。
- B. received:收到,逻辑上应是公众收到警告,而不是 FSA 收到警告。
- C. ignored:忽略,与文意相反。
- D. cancelled:取消,不符合语境。
句意与常识
政府或官方机构对公众提出警告时,常用 issue a warning,因此 A 项正确。
答案:A
6
解析:
第 6 题题干为:
… a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked $\underline{\quad6\quad}$ high temperatures.
此处要表达的是“在高温下烹饪的食物”。
英语中表示“在……温度下”的固定搭配是 at … temperature,例如:
- at high temperatures
- at low temperatures
- at a temperature of 200°C
其他选项分析:
- A. under:一般用于“在……条件下”(under certain conditions),不用于具体温度。
- C. for:表示目的或持续一段时间,不用于“在某个温度下烹饪”。
- D. by:表示通过某种方式或到某个时间,不用于温度。
因此,正确答案是 B. at。
7
解析:
上下文逻辑
文章提到食品标准局(FSA)警告高温烹饪会产生丙烯酰胺,因此建议人们不要把烤土豆做得太脆、拒绝薄皮披萨、并且只轻微烤面包。
所以第 7 题所在句 “people should ___ crisping their roast potatoes” 意思是“人们应当避免把烤土豆做得太脆”。词语搭配与语义
- forget(忘记)不符合语境,因为这里不是“忘记做某事”,而是主动避免一种烹饪方式。
- regret(后悔)语义不符。
- finish(完成)与文意相反。
- avoid(避免)符合“避免做某事”的搭配,且与 FSA 警告的目的一致。
同句线索
后面还有 “reject thin-crust pizzas and only lightly toast their bread”,都是“减少高温烹饪食物”的建议,所以“avoid crisping…”是同类建议。
因此正确答案是 D. avoid。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在的句子是:
This means that people should … only ________ toast their bread.
前文提到,食品标准局(FSA)警告高温烹饪会产生丙烯酰胺,因此建议人们:
- 不要把烤土豆做得太脆(avoid crisping roast potatoes)
- 拒绝薄皮披萨(reject thin-crust pizzas)
- 烤面包时只 ______ 烤一下
逻辑上,这里是为了减少丙烯酰胺的摄入,所以要避免将面包烤得太焦(即减少美拉德反应的程度)。
partially toast 意思是“部分地烤”,也就是不要烤得太焦、颜色太深,符合“降低风险”的语境。
其他选项:
- regularly(定期) → 与烤的程度无关
- easily(容易地) → 不符合减少风险的逻辑
- initially(最初) → 语义不通
因此正确答案是 A. partially。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在句子:
______ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no ______ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
句子结构分析:
前半句说“研究表明丙烯酰胺可能对小鼠造成神经损伤”,后半句说“没有______证据表明它会导致人类癌症”。
显然,前后两个部分之间是对比/让步关系,即:虽然对小鼠有影响,但对人类致癌的证据不足。
选项分析:
- A. Unless(除非)——引导条件状语从句,不符合逻辑。
- B. Since(因为,既然)——表示因果关系,但这里前后不是因果,而是转折。
- C. If(如果)——表示条件,不符合语义。
- D. While(虽然,尽管)——可以引导让步状语从句,表示“尽管……但是……”,符合这里的对比关系。
因此正确答案是 D。
整句意为:虽然研究表明丙烯酰胺会对小鼠造成神经损伤,但没有______证据表明它会导致人类癌症。
10
解析:
第 10 题所在句子为:
… there is no conclusive evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
句意分析:
前一句提到“研究表明丙烯酰胺会对小鼠造成神经损伤”,但紧接着用 but 转折,说明对于人类致癌的证据并不充分。
conclusive evidence 意为“确凿的证据”,符合语境:没有确凿证据表明它会导致人类患癌。
选项分析:
- A. secondary(次要的)—— 与文意不符,这里强调证据是否充分,而不是主次。
- B. external(外部的)—— 与证据的性质无关。
- C. conclusive(决定性的,确凿的)—— 符合科学争议语境,即“尚无定论”。
- D. negative(负面的,否定的)—— 若用 no negative evidence 则意为“没有反面证据”,逻辑上反而可能支持其致癌,与文意矛盾。
因此正确答案是 C. conclusive。
11
解析:
第 11 题所在句子为:
Scientists say the compound is ______ to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof.
选项分析:
- A. insufficient(不足的)—— 一般修饰“evidence”等名词,不用于“be insufficient to do”表示“可能做某事”的意思。
- B. bound(必然的)—— “be bound to”表示“一定会”,但后半句说“没有确凿证据”,语气矛盾。
- C. likely(可能的)—— “be likely to”表示“很可能”,与“没有确凿证据”逻辑一致,符合科学上“怀疑可能致癌但未证实”的语境。
- D. slow(缓慢的)—— “be slow to”表示“不轻易做某事”,不符合句意。
因此正确答案是 C. likely,意思是“科学家认为该化合物可能致癌,但尚无确凿科学证据”。
12
解析:
第 12 题空格所在的句子是:
______ the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is ______ to follow the FSA advice.
句意:根据预防原则,可以认为遵循 FSA 的建议是______的。
- A. On the basis of(基于,根据)——符合逻辑,表示“基于预防原则”来论证。
- B. At the cost of(以…为代价)——意思不通。
- C. In addition to(除…之外)——上下文没有并列补充关系。
- D. In contrast to(与…相反)——这里不是对比关系。
预防原则(precautionary principle) 是指在科学证据尚不充分时,为防范风险可采取预防措施。
因此,此处意思是“基于预防原则,可以说听从 FSA 的建议是合理的”,所以选 A。
13
解析:
上下文逻辑
前文提到,科学家认为丙烯酰胺(acrylamide)可能致癌,但尚无确凿证据。接着提到“根据预防原则(precautionary principle)”,可以认为 遵循 FSA 的建议 是合理的。
“precautionary principle” 的意思是,即使没有充分科学证据,为防范潜在风险也应采取预防措施。语义搭配
- A. interesting(有趣的)→ 与“预防原则”逻辑不符。
- B. advisable(可取的,明智的)→ 符合“预防原则”的语境,表示“这样做是明智的”。
- C. urgent(紧急的)→ 文中未强调紧急性,只说有潜在风险。
- D. fortunate(幸运的)→ 与建议是否应被遵循无关。
句意判断
“… it could be argued that it is ______ to follow the FSA advice.”
意思是“可以主张说,遵循 FSA 的建议是 可取的”,与“预防原则”呼应。
因此正确答案是 B. advisable。
14
解析:
第14题所在的句子是:
__14__, it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__.
前文提到,科学家认为丙烯酰胺可能致癌,但没有确凿证据,因此根据“预防原则”最好听从食品标准局的建议。
接着这里用了一个例子来支持这种谨慎态度:吸烟致癌的传言在证据确凿之前已经流传多年。
逻辑上,这是在给出一个理由来支持“即使没有充分证据,也应该小心”的观点,所以空格处需要一个表示“毕竟;终究”的逻辑连接词。
- A. As usual(像往常一样) → 不符合逻辑,这里不是描述惯例。
- B. In particular(尤其是) → 表示具体化,但这里不是列举特例,而是给出一个支持性的理由。
- C. By definition(根据定义) → 语义不符。
- D. After all(毕竟) → 用于给出理由,加强前面观点,符合语境。
因此正确答案是 D. After all。
15
解析:
第 15 题所在句子为:
… it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a connection.
句意理解:
这句话的意思是:在找到证据证明吸烟与癌症之间的联系之前,多年来一直有传言说吸烟会致癌。
这里强调的是“吸烟与癌症之间的因果关系(connection)”,而不是相似性(resemblance)、组合(combination)或模式(pattern)。
选项分析:
- A. resemblance(相似性)—— 不符合“因果关系”的语境。
- B. combination(组合)—— 指事物结合,不强调因果。
- C. connection(联系)—— 常指因果或关联关系,符合语境。
- D. pattern(模式)—— 指某种规律,不如 connection 贴切。
因此正确答案是 C. connection。
16
解析:
第 16 题空格所在的句子是:
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be ______ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.
1. 上下文语义
这里在说,即使按照健康建议,我们也可以把一片煮牛肉和蒸蔬菜一起在周日“端上桌”,只是没有约克郡布丁和酒。
“be ______ up” 在这里是“被端上桌、被提供”的意思。
2. 选项分析
- A. made up:表示“编造、弥补、化妆”,不符合“食物被提供”的意思。
- B. served up:固定搭配,意思是“端上(饭菜)”,符合语境。
- C. saved up:表示“存钱、节省”,不用于食物的提供。
- D. used up:表示“用完、耗尽”,不符合语境。
3. 结论
根据句意和搭配,B. served 是正确答案,表示“被端上桌供应”。
17
解析:
第 17 题空格前一句是:
But would life be worth living?
空格后一句是:
the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods ___, but reduce their lifetime intake.
这里作者在批评 FSA 的建议会剥夺生活乐趣之后,马上转述 FSA 的澄清——他们并非让人们完全不吃,只是建议减少摄入量。这种语气是一种让步性的补充,意思是“公平地说,FSA 并没有那么极端”。
- A. To be fair(公平地说)——用于在批评之后,承认对方的合理之处,符合这里的逻辑。
- B. For instance(例如)——用于举例,不符合。
- C. To be brief(简而言之)——用于总结,不符合。
- D. In general(总的来说)——用于概括,也不符合这里“让步承认”的语境。
因此,正确答案是 A. To be fair。
18
解析:
第 18 题位于句子中:
the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods ______, but reduce their lifetime intake.
句意理解:
- 前半句说“不是让人们 ______ 戒掉烤肉食品”,后半句说“而是减少一生的摄入量”。
- 逻辑上,这里要表达的是“不是完全戒除,而是减少摄入”,因此空格应填入表示“完全”的词。
选项分析:
- A. reluctantly(不情愿地)→ 不符合语义,不是强调“不情愿地不吃”。
- B. entirely(完全地)→ 符合“不是完全戒除”的语义,与后文“减少摄入”形成对比。
- C. gradually(逐渐地)→ 与“减少摄入”意思重复,不能形成对比。
- D. carefully(小心地)→ 语义不通,不是强调“小心地不吃”。
因此,正确答案是 B. entirely。
19
解析:
第 19 题空格所在的句子是:
However its ______ risks coming across as being pushy and overprotective.
这里的主语是 “its ______”,指的是前面提到的 FSA(食品标准局) 所做的事情——发布公共警告、建议人们改变烹饪和饮食习惯。
从上下文看,FSA 的这些行动不是一次性的,而是一个有组织的、持续的 宣传活动,目的是改变公众行为。
- A. promise(承诺)—— 不符合,FSA 不是在承诺什么,而是在警告和建议。
- B. experience(经验)—— 不符合,FSA 的“经验”不会让人感觉 pushy(爱管闲事)。
- C. campaign(运动,宣传活动)—— 符合,FSA 的这种公共健康警告和倡导行为,可以被视为一场 campaign,而且 campaign 可能给人“爱指手画脚、过度保护”的印象。
- D. competition(竞争)—— 不符合,文中没有竞争的意思。
因此,C. campaign 最符合逻辑和语境。
答案:C
20
解析:
第 20 题空格所在句为:
Constant health scares just ______ with no one listening.
句意分析:
这句话意思是“持续不断的健康警告最终只是______,没有人听”。
从逻辑上看,前面说 FSA 的建议显得 pushy and overprotective(咄咄逼人、过度保护),而且这种警告反复出现,但没有人理会,因此这些警告最终是“以没人听告终”。
选项分析:
- A. follow up 意思是“跟进”,不符合“没人听”的结果。
- B. pick up 意思是“捡起、学会、好转”,语义不符。
- C. open up 意思是“打开、开辟”,与语境无关。
- D. end up 意思是“以……告终”,常用结构是 end up with… 或 end up doing…,这里 end up with no one listening 表示“最终结果就是没人听”,符合文意。
因此正确答案是 D. end up。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “own of culture” award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in e220m of investment and an avalache of arts,out not to be confined to cities. Britain’ town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bi to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of selt. celebration in its desperation to reinvent itsef for the post- Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will fllwvillage of culure? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culure?
It is also wise to recall that such tiles are not a cure-all. A badly run “year of culture” washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.
It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgows year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.
A “town of culture” could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s peculiaritis-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilies and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.
21
Copper and her colleague argue that a “town of culture"award would
解析:
定位关键信息
原文第一段提到:Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities.
这里指出,赫尔(Hull)获得“文化之城”称号后,带来了2.2亿英镑的投资和大量艺术活动,因此库珀等人认为这种成功不应仅限于城市,也应让城镇受益。理解提议目的
原文接着说:A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
明确说明设立“文化之镇”奖项可以吸引资金和创造就业,这属于经济层面的收益。选项比对
- A:加强城镇与城市的联系(原文未提及城镇与城市的合作或联系)
- B:促进英国城镇之间的合作(原文未强调城镇间合作)
- C:增强英国城镇的经济实力(与“吸引资金、创造就业”对应)
- D:将英国有限资源集中于文化活动(与原文意图不符,原文是希望为城镇带来额外资源)
因此,正确选项是 C。
22
According to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as
让我们先定位到第二段的内容:
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture… A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world…
关键信息分析:
- “booby prize”(安慰奖)意味着因为得不到更好的奖项(欧洲文化之都),才设立一个次一等的奖项。
- “cynic”(愤世嫉俗者)会认为这是陷入一种“自我庆祝的热潮”,暗示这是一种自我欺骗(self-deception),因为英国在脱欧后急于重塑自己。
- 后面还讽刺性地提到以后会不会有“village of culture”、“hamlet of culture”,说明这种称号可能泛滥而无实际意义。
选项比对:
- A. a sensible compromise(明智的妥协) → 文中没有体现“明智”,而是讽刺。
- B. a self-deceiving attempt(自我欺骗的尝试) → 对应“cynic”的看法,符合“endless fever of self-celebration”和“desperation”的语境。
- C. an eye-catching bonus(引人注目的奖励) → 与文意不符,文中是“booby prize”,不是真正的bonus。
- D. an inaccessible target(难以达成的目标) → 文中未强调目标难以达成。
因此正确答案是 B。
23
The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it
让我们先定位原文中关于“成功的称号持有者”的论述。
关键段落在第三段:
The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.
以及第四段开头:
It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation … But it can be done: Glasgow’s year as European capital of culture … turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.
分析:
- 作者强调,真正成功的不是短期的旅游收入或一年的艺术活动,而是能转变居民的抱负和城市的自我形象,并且产生持久的影响。
- 对应选项:
- A 项“努力维持形象” → 原文强调的是转变而非维持。
- B 项“满足人民的愿望” → 原文是“转变(transform)人民的愿望”,不是“满足(meet)”,意思不同。
- C 项“使当地艺术变得突出” → 这只是短期效果,不是成功的关键。
- D 项“致力于长期发展” → 符合原文“no lasting benefits”的反面以及 Glasgow 案例的长期转型。
因此,作者认为成功的称号持有者必须致力于长期发展,而不仅仅是短期收益。
答案:D
24
Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
让我们先分析段落结构和逻辑。
第三段内容回顾:
- 开头说这类文化称号并非万能药。
- 一个运营差的“文化年”只会带来短暂关注,没有持久效益。
- 真正成功的文化称号获得者,不仅仅是填满酒店床位、举办高端艺术活动或获得一年好宣传,而是能改变当地居民的抱负,提升城市的自我形象。
- 这很难做到,需要远见与合作。
- 然后提到 Glasgow 作为欧洲文化之都的那一年,可被视为一系列复杂因素之一,这些因素把该市变成了今天仍然充满艺术、音乐、戏剧活力的城市。
逻辑分析:
第三段整体是在警告“文化称号”不一定成功,需要更多条件才能产生持久影响。
最后提到 Glasgow 时,是把它作为正面例子,说明如果做得好,确实可以产生长远积极影响。
因此,Glasgow 在这里的作用是支持前面说的“真正成功的案例需要做更多事”这一观点,而不是对比或反驳。
选项分析:
A. a contrasting case(对比案例)—— 错,因为 Glasgow 是正面案例,不是与前面形成对比,而是与“badly run year of culture”形成对比,但段落内部是先说负面情况,再说正面情况,最后举 Glasgow 来支持正面情况的可行性。
B. a supporting example(支持性例子)—— 对,因为 Glasgow 证明了前面说的“But it can be done”。
C. a background story(背景故事)—— 错,不是背景,而是论证的一部分。
D. a related topic(相关话题)—— 太模糊,不准确。
但题目问的是第 24 题,原文给的答案是 A,这很奇怪,因为按照逻辑推理,这里应该是 supporting example。
不过,如果从段落间关系来看:
第二段末尾提到英国失去欧洲文化之都资格,并提到 Glasgow 和 Liverpool 曾获此殊荣,第三段讲文化称号并非万能药,然后举 Glasgow 作为成功案例。
但第三段举 Glasgow 是为了说明“做得好就能成功”,并不是为了与前面形成对比,所以答案 A 似乎不符合常规理解。
但既然题目明确说正确答案是 A,可能出题者认为:
第三段先讲“badly run year of culture”是普遍情况,再讲 Glasgow 是做得好的情况,两者形成对比,所以 Glasgow 是作为 contrasting case 出现。
不过严格来说,这种“对比”是段落内部的对比(好 vs 坏),而 Glasgow 是作为好案例来支持“可以做好”的观点,所以 B 更合理。
但既然题目答案给定 A,可能是将 Glasgow 与前面假设的失败案例对比,因此选 A。
最终解析(按出题者意图):
第三段先指出失败的例子(badly run year of culture),然后提出真正成功的要素,最后举 Glasgow 作为与失败例子相反的成功案例,因此是 a contrasting case。
25
What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal?
解析:
题干定位
题目问作者对“文化小镇”提议的态度,需要从全文的语气和观点来判断。关键段落分析
- 第一段:介绍了工党议员提议设立“文化小镇”奖项,并指出它可能带来的好处(吸引资金、创造就业)。
- 第二段:提到有人可能认为这是英国退欧后无法申请“欧洲文化之都”的安慰奖,并讽刺可能还会出现“文化村”“文化郊区”等,但这是他人观点,作者并未直接认同。
- 第三段:作者提醒这类称号并非万能,办得不好会没有持久效益,但真正成功的案例能改变当地居民的抱负和自我形象。
- 第四段:指出成功需要远见与合作,并以格拉斯哥为例说明可以做到。
- 第五段:总结说“文化小镇”不仅是关于艺术,还关乎弘扬小镇特色、支持本地设施和人民,并将其付诸行动。
态度判断
- 作者在最后一段明确提到“A ‘town of culture’ could be… above all celebrating its people and turn it into action”,这是对提议的积极展望。
- 虽然文中提到了质疑和风险,但作者用这些来强调如何做好,而不是否定提议本身。
- 全文结构是:介绍提议 → 提及他人质疑 → 指出潜在问题与成功要素 → 最终肯定其可能性与价值。
- 因此,作者态度是**支持(favorable)**的,但带有建设性的提醒。
选项比对
- A. Skeptical(怀疑的)❌ 作者没有否定提议,而是指出如何成功。
- B. Objective(客观的)❌ 作者在最后表达了积极看法,不只是中立描述。
- C. Favorable(赞成的)✅ 符合最后一段的积极语气和建设性支持。
- D. Critical(批评的)❌ 虽有提醒,但整体不是批判。
答案:C
Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists nee joumnals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articls without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very pricsensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25% of the scientifi papers produced in the world, made profits of more than c900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than E210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate eforts te change them.
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accesed, shows the legal cosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms, either freeyavalable from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their witers fees. to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around E500 to S5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.
In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places, in both cas, we need a rebalancing of power
26
Scientific publishing is seen as"a licence to print money” partly because
解析:
题目问的是“科学出版被视为‘印钞许可证’的部分原因是什么”,关键在于理解原文中支持这一说法的理由。
定位关键信息:
原文第一段提到:Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free…
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.这说明科学出版中,论文内容(稿件)和同行评议都是免费的,出版社获取内容的成本几乎为零。
分析选项:
- A. 其资金稳定增长:文中未提资金稳定增长是原因。
- B. 其营销策略成功:文中提到出版社要找市场,但未强调营销策略是主要原因。
- C. 从政治角度分析:文中未涉及政治角度。
- D. 其内容获取成本为零:与原文“content secured for free”对应,是出版社能获得高利润的重要原因之一。
逻辑关系:
因为内容成本为零,而图书馆对期刊价格不敏感,出版社可以定高价,从而获得接近 40% 的利润率,这就像“印钞许可证”。
因此,D 项是正确答案。
27
According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have
让我们先回顾一下第二段和第三段的关键信息:
第二段
- 出版商免费获得论文内容,只需为期刊找到市场。
- 大学图书馆对价格不敏感(not very price-sensitive)。
- 科学出版商的利润率接近 40%,而其他出版业面临生存危机。
第三段
- Elsevier 出版全球 25% 的科学论文,利润超过 9 亿欧元。
- 仅英国大学在 2016 年就花了 2.1 亿欧元让研究人员访问他们自己公共资助的研究。
- 这些数字持续上升。
解析:
A 选项:thrived mainly on university libraries
文中提到大学图书馆对价格不敏感,且出版商从图书馆订阅中获取巨额利润(Elsevier 的利润与大学订阅费相关),因此可以说他们主要依靠大学图书馆繁荣起来。B 选项:gone through an existential crisis
这是其他出版业的情况,不是科学出版商。C 选项:revived the publishing industry
文中没有说他们复兴了整个出版业。D 选项:financed researchers generously
文中没有提到他们资助研究人员,反而是研究人员免费提供劳动。
因此正确答案是 A。
28
How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
解析:
定位原文
题干问的是作者对 Sci-Hub 成功的态度。相关段落是第四段:The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub… The success of Sci-Hub… shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed…
关键词分析
- 作者称 Sci-Hub 是 “most drastic, and thoroughly illegal”(最激烈且完全非法的)反应。
- 作者指出 Sci-Hub 的成功表明 “legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy”(合法体系已失去其正当性),并强调 “must be transformed”(必须改革)。
- 这些措辞并非赞扬或鼓励,而是指出这种非法手段的流行反映了系统问题,暗示作者对这种情况感到担忧,而不是高兴或鼓励。
排除法
- A. Relieved(欣慰的):作者没有表达欣慰,反而暗示非法途径的流行是系统失灵的危险信号。
- B. Puzzled(困惑的):作者并没有表现出不解,而是清楚解释了 Sci-Hub 成功的原因。
- D. Encouraged(受到鼓舞的):虽然 Sci-Hub 迫使人们关注问题,但作者强调它是非法的,且系统必须改革,而不是鼓励这种做法。
- C. Concerned(担忧的):符合文中语气——作者认为合法体系失去公信力是严重问题,需要改革,因此对现状是忧虑的。
答案:C
29
It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms
解析:
题目要求从第5段和第6段推断关于“开放获取(open access terms)”的信息。
第5段关键信息:
- 英国超过一半的科学研究以开放获取形式发表。
- 两种模式:
- 立即免费(从发表起就免费获取);
- 延迟开放(先付费墙一年或更久,以便出版商盈利,之后才公开)。
这说明在开放获取模式下,出版商仍然有盈利空间,尤其是通过延迟开放模式。
第6段关键信息:
- 新系统(开放获取)对大学来说并没有更便宜。
- 出版商向作者收费(文章处理费),费用从 £500 到 £5,000。
- 订阅费和文章处理费都在以高于通胀率的速度上涨。
这说明虽然读者可能免费获取文章,但出版成本转嫁给了作者或其机构(大学),出版商的利润模式依然存在。
选项分析:
A. allow publishers some room to make money
正确。第5段提到延迟开放模式让出版商先获利;第6段提到作者付费模式也让出版商有收入来源。B. render publishing much easier for scientists
未提及。文中没有说开放获取让科学家发表更容易,反而可能因为高昂的文章处理费而更难。C. reduce the cost of publication substantially
错误。第6段明确说新系统对大学来说没有更便宜,成本反而在上升。D. free universities from financial burdens
错误。第6段表明大学仍然承担高额订阅费与文章处理费,负担并未解除。
答案:A
30
Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
让我们先分析一下题干和选项。
题干问的是科学出版模式的特点。
原文关键信息:
- 科学家免费提供论文,审稿人免费审稿(为了地位和学术贡献)。
- 出版商几乎免费获得内容,然后卖给大学图书馆,利润很高(40%利润率)。
- 爱思唯尔等大出版商利润巨大,而大学却要花大笔钱让研究者获取他们自己产出的成果。
- 最后一段明确比喻:科学出版模式类似于社交互联网经济——免费劳动换取地位希望,少数大公司通过运营市场赚取巨额利润。
选项分析:
- A. Trial subscription is offered(提供试用订阅) → 原文未提及。
- B. Labour triumphs over status(劳动战胜地位) → 与原文相反,科学家是为了地位而免费劳动,不是劳动战胜地位。
- C. Costs are well controlled(成本控制良好) → 与原文不符,成本对大学来说不断上涨。
- D. The few feed on the many(少数人依靠多数人获利) → 对应原文“科学家免费劳动,出版商赚大钱”以及最后一段的比喻,即少数大公司从大量研究者的无偿劳动中获利。
因此正确答案是 D,它准确概括了科学出版模式中“多数人无偿贡献,少数出版商获利”的本质。
Text 3
Progressives ofen support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too ofen such policies are an insincere form.of vitue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does litle to help average people.
A pair of bils sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing govermment quotas. If the bil become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. in signing the measure, Califormia Govermor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies pople on the basis of sex, isprobably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classification unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest, Because the California law applies to al bards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constirutional guarante of “equal protection”,
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currenly miror the percentage of women in the general population,but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing withou government interference, According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
Requiring ompanis to aknde thprimary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide orporate gender quota.
Writing in The New Republic.Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt “phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up.multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.
31
The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will
解析:
作者态度定位
文章开头就表明,进步人士支持多元化政策,但作者认为这些政策往往是“虚伪的道德信号”,只让最有权势的人受益,对普通人帮助甚微。案例聚焦
文中提到的 Lewis 和 Haddad 提出的法案,要求 2022 年前州政府委员会中女性占 50% 席位。作者认为这是通过政府配额来确保“精英女性”有更多机会,而不是真正帮助普通女性。类比与论证
作者引用加州类似法案,指出其可能违宪,并且提到在没有历史歧视证据的情况下,基于性别的分类很难通过宪法审查。实际效果质疑
作者指出,没有政府强制时,企业董事会女性比例已在自然增长(2010–2015 年全球增长 54%)。而强行实施配额会导致经验不足的董事会成员,并出现“金裙子”现象——同一批精英女性占据多个董事会席位。结论呼应
最后一段强调,这种配额政策主要是“自利措施”,让推动者自我感觉良好,但几乎无助于普通女性。
因此,作者认为这些法案 对减少性别偏见帮助甚微,对应选项 A。
32
Which of the following is true of the California measure?
解析:
题目问的是关于加州这项措施(即要求私营公司董事会性别配额的法律)的正确描述。
- A 项:文中并未提及该措施是否激怒了私营企业主,因此无法判断。
- B 项:文中提到美国最高法院对基于性别的分类持否定态度,除非是为了解决“重要”政策利益,因此“受到最高法院欢迎”与原文相反。
- C 项:文中明确提到,加州州长杰里·布朗在签署该法案时承认,这项法律可能违宪(“probably unconstitutional”),并且由于该法律适用于所有董事会,即使没有先前歧视历史,法院很可能裁定其违反宪法中的“平等保护”原则。因此 C 项正确。
- D 项:文中未提及该措施会解决先前的争议,反而暗示它可能引发宪法争议。
答案:C
33
The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate
解析:
题干定位
题目问作者引用 Catalyst 的研究是为了说明什么。原文中 Catalyst 的研究出现在第七段:The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference, According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
上下文逻辑
在 Catalyst 研究之前,作者在第六段提出质疑:But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?
紧接着用 Catalyst 的数据说明:在没有政府强制的情况下,女性在董事会的比例已经在显著增长。
因此,作者引用该研究是为了论证政府干预是不必要的。选项分析
- A:研究未涉及“董事会任意决策的危害”,无关。
- B:宪法保障的重要性虽然在前面提到过,但不是 Catalyst 研究要说明的内容。
- C:研究说的是女性比例上升,不是她们在跨国公司中的压力。
- D:不需要政府干预——与原文论证意图一致。
答案:D
34
Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to
解析:
- 题目问的是挪威实施全国性企业性别配额的结果。
- 原文在提到挪威时写道:
Requiring companies to abandon the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
意思是:强制公司放弃董事会成员的主要资质要求,会导致私营部门董事会经验不足,而这正是挪威发生的情况。 - 后面又补充说明:
increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women … has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
意思是:在没有增加合格女性人才库的情况下增加董事会席位,导致少数精英女性身兼多个董事会席位,即“金裙子”现象。 - 综合来看,挪威的配额制导致一些资质不足的女性进入董事会,因为符合条件的人不够,只能让同一批精英女性兼任多个职位,而她们未必在所有董事会都具备足够的专业经验。
因此正确选项是 C:the entry of unqualified candidates into the board(不合格的候选人进入董事会)。
35
Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
解析:
题目要求从文章中推断出正确选项。
1. 文章主旨分析
文章主要讨论了政府通过强制性别配额(如要求公司董事会中女性占一定比例)来促进性别平等的政策。作者认为这类政策往往是“表面功夫”(virtue-signaling),实际上只惠及少数精英女性,对普通女性帮助不大,并且可能违反宪法中的“平等保护”原则,还会导致董事会成员经验不足等问题。
2. 各选项分析
A. 女性的就业需求应被考虑
文章并没有否认女性就业需求,而是批评强制配额的做法效果不佳且可能违宪,因此 A 不是文章主要推论。B. 可行性应成为政策制定的首要考虑
文章多次暗示或明示这类配额政策不切实际:- 加州州长承认该法律可能违宪;
- 最高法院对基于性别的分类持否定态度;
- 强制配额导致合格女性不足,出现“金裙子”现象(同一批精英女性占据多个董事席位);
- 没有政府强制时,女性董事比例也在自然增长。
这些都在暗示政策制定应考虑实际可行性和副作用,因此 B 是合理推论。
C. 每个人都应努力促进社会正义
文章没有呼吁每个人都去促进社会正义,而是对当前这种强制配额政策提出批评,因此 C 不符合。D. 主要社会问题应成为立法重点
文章没有讨论立法应聚焦于主要社会问题,而是讨论这种具体立法(性别配额)的负面效果,因此 D 不准确。
3. 结论
文章通过法律、实施效果、宪法风险等角度,指出这类性别配额政策缺乏可行性,因此可以合理推断作者认为政策制定应更注重可行性,故选 B。
Text 4
Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a “GAFA tax,” meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measur, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital srvces tais at f ra muoh arertrer,. wih cuntris over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britin’s DPT (diverted profits tax).
Australia’s MAAL(mulinationalantiavoidance law),andIndia’ SEP (significant economic presence) test,to name but a few.At the same time, the European Union. Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated igial serics acs.
These uniaeral developments diffe n heir spefics, u they ar aldigned to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current cconomy.
In response to these many unilateral measures,the Organization for Economi Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currenly working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020on an intermational solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization’s work, but France’s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system. France’s planned ax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companics will ace a cascade of different taxes fom dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.
36
The French Senate has passed a bill to
解析:
题干定位
题目问“法国参议院通过了一项法案,目的是……”,对应文章第一段第一句:the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.
关键信息提取
- 该税种是 digital services tax(数字服务税)。
- 征收对象是 large multinationals(大型跨国公司),特别是提供数字服务的公司。
- 文章后面明确提到主要针对 Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon 等美国科技巨头,即 tech multinationals。
选项分析
- A. regulate digital services platforms(监管数字服务平台)—— 文中未强调“监管”,而是“征税”。
- B. protect French companies interests(保护法国公司利益)—— 文中未直接说明此目的,虽然可能是间接效果,但不是法案直接内容。
- C. impose a levy on tech multinationals(对科技跨国公司征税)—— 与原文“impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals”及“GAFA tax”对应一致。
- D. curb the influence of advertising(限制广告影响)—— 广告只是数字服务的一种,不是主要目的。
结论
根据第一段内容,该法案的核心是对提供数字服务的科技跨国公司征税,因此正确答案是 C。
37
It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax
解析:
第2段原文关键信息:
But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
A 选项:may trigger countermeasures against France(可能引发针对法国的反制措施)
对应原文“could lead to trade sanctions against France”,即美国可能采取贸易制裁,属于对法国的反制措施,因此 A 正确。B 选项:is apt to rouse criticism at home and abroad(容易引起国内外批评)
原文只提到引起争议(sparked significant controversy)和美国调查,未明确提到法国国内批评,因此“国内外”批评属于过度推断。C 选项:aims to ease international trade tensions(旨在缓解国际贸易紧张局势)
原文未提及此目的,反而该税可能加剧贸易紧张。D 选项:will prompt the tech giants to quit France(将促使科技巨头退出法国)
原文未提及科技公司会退出法国。
因此,正确选项是 A。
38
The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that
解析:
题目问的是:采取单边措施的国家共同持有的观点是什么?
定位关键段落:
文章第四段提到:These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.
理解核心观点:
这些国家认为,国际税收制度未能跟上当前经济的发展,也就是说,现行国际税收制度需要更新。选项分析:
- A. redistribution of tech giants’ revenue must be ensured
文中并未强调“必须确保科技巨头收入的再分配”,而是强调税收制度应适应数字经济。 - B. the current international tax system needs upgrading
与原文“failed to keep up with the current economy”对应,即现行制度需要更新。 - C. tech multinationals monopoly should be prevented
文中未提及“防止科技跨国公司垄断”。 - D. all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights
文中未强调“所有国家应享有平等的征税权”,而是强调各国认为有权对在其境内产生收入的跨国企业征税。
- A. redistribution of tech giants’ revenue must be ensured
结论:
正确答案是 B,即这些国家共同认为现行国际税收制度需要升级。
39
It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO’s current work
解析:
- 定位段落:题目要求从第 5 段(即最后一段)获取信息。该段原文为:
In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization’s work, but France’s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
关键信息提取:
- OECD 正在与 131 个国家合作,计划在 2020 年底前达成国际税收解决方案。
- 法国和美国都参与了这一工作。
- 但是,法国单方面征收数字服务税以及美国的反应(调查、可能的贸易制裁)引发了对国际税收体系未来的疑问(raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system)。
逻辑对应选项:
- A 项“正遭到美国公司抵制”:段落未提及美国公司的直接抵制,而是美国政府采取行动。
- B 项“需要立即调整”:段落未直接说明需要立即调整,而是暗示进程可能受阻。
- C 项“面临不确定的前景”:与“raise questions about what the future holds”对应,表明 OECD 的工作因法美之间的摩擦而前景不明。
- D 项“需要更多国家参与”:段落提到已有 131 个国家参与,未强调需要更多国家。
结论:C 项准确概括了第 5 段关于 OECD 工作前景不确定的核心信息。
答案:C
40
Which of the following might be the best title for this text?
好的,我们来一步步分析这道题。
1. 文章主旨概括
- 第一段:法国参议院通过数字服务税,主要针对提供数字服务的美国大型跨国公司(GAFA)。
- 第二段:该税已引发美国反对,可能导致贸易制裁。
- 第三、四段:法国的做法并非孤立,而是近年来多国单边行动的一部分,因为现行国际税收制度未能适应数字经济。
- 第五段:OECD 正在推动 2020 年底前达成国际共识,但法国的行动和美国反应显示未来国际税收体系存在不确定性。
- 第六段:法国的做法是一个警告——如果国际税改无法达成共识,其他国家可能效仿,对美国公司造成负担。
文章核心是:法国率先开征数字服务税,并可能引领其他国家跟进,以此倒逼国际税收制度改革。
2. 选项分析
A. France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
贸易制裁只在第二段提到,是美国的可能反应,不是全文核心,排除。B. France leads the charge on Digital Tax
“leads the charge” 意为带头、率先行动。文中法国率先立法,并可能引发其他国家效仿,符合这一描述。且全文围绕法国这一举措的背景、影响和全球意义展开,因此 B 项能概括主旨。C. France Says ‘NO’ to Tech Multinationals
法国征税确实针对这些公司,但文章重点不是“拒绝”它们,而是改革国际税收规则,C 项过于片面且情绪化,排除。D. France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy
法国确实想在国际税收规则中争取权利,但“demands a role” 不够准确,文章更强调法国是“率先行动并推动全球改革”,排除。
3. 结论
最佳标题应抓住“法国率先推出数字税,可能引领全球趋势”这一核心,因此 B 最合适。
最终答案:B
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and C have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
[A] Eye fixations are brief.
[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude.
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal.
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact.
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated.
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers.
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.
In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility, Here’s what hard science reveals about eye contact:
(41) _______
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile” can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
(42) _______
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
(43) _______
With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it’s more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. “Whether you’re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,” said Minson.
(44) _______
When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
(45) _______
In people who scored high on a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. “Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ.” A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
46-50
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as’ the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) With the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the Ptolemaic and Aristotelian geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.
(48) Despite attempts by the Church to strong - arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made, and at a rate that the people—including the Church—could no longer ignore.
It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
The Church’s long - standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. (49) As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era - the Age of Reason.
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase’s ‘Sapere aude’ or ‘dare to know’, after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. Write a notice in about 100 words.
Write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the notice.(10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
describe the picture briefly,
interpret the meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 Points)
图中还有两幅漫画,左侧漫画人物说“尽早完成才放心” ,右侧漫画人物说“不到最后不动手” ,下方文字为“习惯” 。

12 - 2021 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | 2 | D | 3 | A | 4 | B | 5 | A |
| 6 | A | 7 | C | 8 | B | 9 | A | 10 | C |
| 11 | D | 12 | B | 13 | C | 14 | D | 15 | D |
| 16 | B | 17 | D | 18 | A | 19 | A | 20 | C |
| 21 | C | 22 | B | 23 | C | 24 | D | 25 | D |
| 26 | B | 27 | D | 28 | C | 29 | C | 30 | A |
| 31 | A | 32 | B | 33 | D | 34 | A | 35 | A |
| 36 | C | 37 | B | 38 | B | 39 | D | 40 | A |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short - term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then starts to slowly decline as we age. But aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.
One study found that muscle loss and the of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the that lifestyle factors might help prevent or this type of decline.
The researchers looked at data that measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period. They found that middle - aged people higher measures of abdominal fat worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years .
For women, the association may be to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be . It is hoped that future studies could these differences and perhaps lead to different for men and women.
, there are steps you can to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.
1
解析:
语境分析
句子描述流体智力(fluid intelligence)在成年早期的发展趋势:“在成年早期______,平稳一段时间,然后随着年龄增长开始缓慢下降。”
这里需要一个表示“达到顶峰”的词,因为智力在成年早期发展到最高水平,之后才会平稳并下降。选项分析
- A. pauses(暂停)—— 智力在成年早期不是“暂停”,而是发展到最高点。
- B. returns(返回)—— 与语境不符,这里不是“返回”到某个状态。
- C. peaks(达到高峰)—— 符合科学常识和上下文逻辑,即流体智力在成年早期达到高峰。
- D. fades(衰退)—— 如果选这个,就与后面“然后开始缓慢下降”矛盾,因为“fades”已经表示下降,逻辑重复。
逻辑与搭配
“peaks in young adulthood”是常见表达,表示在年轻时达到顶峰,与后文“levels out”(趋于平稳)和“starts to slowly decline”(开始缓慢下降)形成自然的阶段顺序。
答案:C. peaks
2
解析:
第 2 题所在句子为:
It (Fluid intelligence) … in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age.
意思是:流体智力在青年时期达到高峰,平稳一段时间,然后 2 开始随着年龄增长缓慢下降。
选项分析:
- A. alternatively(或者,交替地)→ 不符合逻辑,这里不是提供另一种情况。
- B. formally(正式地)→ 智力下降不是“正式”开始的,语义不当。
- C. accidentally(偶然地)→ 智力随年龄下降是普遍现象,不是偶然的。
- D. generally(通常,一般)→ 符合科学常识,表示“一般会开始缓慢下降”,语气客观且常用在这种描述普遍规律的语境中。
因此,D. generally 是正确答案。
3
解析:
第 3 题空格所在的句子是:
But ___ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.
- 这里前后两个分句之间是对比/让步关系。
- 前半句说“衰老是不可避免的”,后半句说“科学家发现大脑功能的某些变化可能并非不可避免”。
- 逻辑上,这里需要一个词表示“虽然”或“尽管”,即 “虽然衰老不可避免,但大脑功能的某些变化可能不是必然的”。
- 在选项中,A. while 可以表示“虽然”,引导让步状语从句,符合句意。
- B. since(因为/既然)表示原因,不符合对比关系。
- C. once(一旦)表示条件,不符合。
- D. until(直到)表示时间,也不符合。
因此正确答案是 A. while。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在句子为:
One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.
- A. detection(检测)—— 不符合句意,这里不是指“检测脂肪”,而是脂肪的“增多”与肌肉流失有关。
- B. accumulation(积累、堆积)—— 符合语境,指腹部脂肪的堆积与流体智力下降有关。
- C. consumption(消耗)—— 与句意相反,如果是脂肪消耗,则不会与智力下降相关。
- D. separation(分离)—— 语义不符,脂肪分离与这里讨论的生理变化无关。
因此,B. accumulation 是正确答案,表示腹部脂肪的堆积与流体智力下降有关。
5
解析:
第 5 题所在句子为:
This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.
空格前的 “suggests” 意为“表明、暗示”,后面常接一个表示“可能性”或“推测”的内容。
空格后的 “that lifestyle factors might help…” 是一个同位语从句,解释这个名词的内容。
- A. possibility(可能性)——符合语境,因为研究结果暗示了“生活方式因素可能有助于防止或减缓这种衰退”这一可能性。
- B. decision(决定)——研究结果不能直接是一个“决定”,逻辑不符。
- C. goal(目标)——上下文并未提到这是一个目标,而是研究发现的一种可能性。
- D. requirement(要求)——研究结果并不是一个“要求”,语气不对。
因此,A. possibility 最符合上下文逻辑。
答案:A
6
解析:
上下文逻辑
该句提到“生活方式因素可能有助于预防或 ______ 这种类型的衰退”。
“预防或 ______” 是并列结构,通常两个动词意思相近或相关,且与“衰退”搭配。
“预防”已经表示阻止发生,后面应填入一个表示“推迟、延缓”的词,因为衰退如果无法完全避免,至少可以延缓它的发生。选项分析
- A. delay(延迟)—— 符合“预防或延缓衰退”的语义逻辑。
- B. ensure(确保)—— 与“衰退”搭配语义矛盾。
- C. seek(寻求)—— 与“衰退”搭配不合理。
- D. utilize(利用)—— 与“衰退”搭配语义不通。
句意验证
“生活方式因素可能有助于预防或延缓这类衰退”在逻辑和医学常识上都成立,因此选 A。
答案:A
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子为:
The researchers looked at data that ___ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle - to - older - aged men and women and ___ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six - year period.
前半句意思是“研究人员查看了 包含 肌肉量和腹部脂肪测量值的数据”,这里“data that ___ measurements” 显然是说“数据中包含了这些测量值”。
选项分析:
- A. modified(修改) → 数据不是被修改,而是本身就包含这些测量值,不符合。
- B. supported(支持) → 数据不能“支持”测量值,逻辑不通。
- C. included(包含) → 符合语境,数据包含这些测量值。
- D. predicted(预测) → 数据是已经收集的测量值,不是预测,不符合。
因此正确答案是 C. included。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句为:
The researchers looked at data that ___ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat … and ___ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.
句意是:研究人员查看了包含肌肉量和腹部脂肪测量的数据,并将这些数据与六年期间流体智力的变化数据进行了 比较。
- A. devoted 意为“奉献”,不符合“数据比较”的语境。
- B. compared 意为“比较”,符合研究方法的逻辑:将身体指标数据与智力变化数据进行比较。
- C. converted 意为“转换”,这里并没有数据格式转换的意思。
- D. applied 意为“应用”,虽然可以说“apply data to a problem”,但这里强调的是对比分析关系,而不是应用数据去做某事。
因此,B. compared 是正确答案。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在句子是:
They found that middle-aged people $\underline{\text{9}}$ higher measures of abdominal fat $\underline{\text{10}}$ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years $\underline{\text{11}}$.
这里要表达的意思是:拥有更多腹部脂肪的中年人在流体智力测试中表现更差。
在英语中,表示“具有某种特征的人”常用 with 引出该特征,结构是:
- people with + 名词短语(如:higher measures of abdominal fat)
选项分析:
- A. with → 表示“具有”,符合句意。
- B. above → “above” 一般用于比较或位置,不用于引出人的特征。
- C. by → 表示方式或被动语态中的施动者,不符合此处。
- D. against → “反对”或“对照”,不符合句意。
因此正确答案是 A. with。
10
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文说的是“腹部脂肪含量较高的中年人,在流体智力测试中表现更差”。
空格前的部分是 “middle-aged people … higher measures of abdominal fat”,空格后是 “worse on measures of fluid intelligence”,显然这里需要一个动词,表示“在……测试中得分”。动词搭配与语义
- lived on:靠……生活,不符合语境。
- managed on:靠……维持(生活),不用于测试得分。
- scored on:在……上得分,是常用搭配(如 score on a test)。
- played on:在……上演奏/利用(情绪等),不适用。
固定用法
“score worse on measures of fluid intelligence” 意思是“在流体智力的测量指标上得分更差”,完全符合研究数据的表达习惯。
因此正确答案是 C. scored (on)。
11
解析:
第 11 题空格所在的句子是:
They found that middle-aged people with higher measures of abdominal fat performed worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years ______.
句意分析:
这里说的是,随着时间推移(“随着岁月……”),腹部脂肪多的人在流体智力测试中表现更差。
空格处需要填入一个表示“时间流逝”的短语。
选项分析:
- A. ran out:用完、耗尽(时间、物品等),主语常是时间或物品,但这里主语是“the years”,如果填 ran out,意思是“年岁耗尽”,不符合“随着时间推移”的常见表达。
- B. set off:出发、引起,主语可以是人或事件,不用于时间流逝。
- C. drew in:吸入、吸引、(白天)变短,不用于“年岁”流逝。
- D. went by:(时间)流逝、过去,固定搭配,符合语境。
因此正确答案是 D. went by。
“as the years went by” 是英语中表示“随着岁月流逝”的常见表达。
12
解析:
第 12 题题干:
For women, the association may be $\underline{\quad12\quad}$ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat.
选项含义:
- A. superior 优越的
- B. attributable 可归因于
- C. parallel 平行的,类似的
- D. resistant 抵抗的
逻辑分析:
这句话的意思是“对于女性来说,这种关联可能 归因于 由腹部脂肪过多引起的免疫力变化”。
- “be attributable to” 是固定搭配,意为“可归因于”,符合上下文因果关系。
- 其他选项:
- superior to “优于”,不符合句意。
- parallel to “与…平行/类似”,这里不是比较相似性,而是说明原因。
- resistant to “抵抗”,不符合语义。
因此正确答案是 B. attributable。
13
解析:
第 13 题所在句子为:
For women, the association may be linked to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be involved.
逻辑分析:
- 前文提到,腹部脂肪与流体智力下降的关联在女性中可能与免疫系统变化有关。
- 分号后面是并列对比,说明在男性中,免疫系统似乎 没有参与 这种关联。
- 因此,这里要表达的意思是“免疫系统似乎没有牵涉其中”。
选项分析:
- A. restored(恢复)—— 上下文未提到免疫系统被破坏或需要恢复。
- B. isolated(隔离)—— 不符合语境,免疫系统不可能被“隔离”。
- C. involved(涉及)—— 符合句意,即免疫系统没有牵涉进这种关联。
- D. controlled(控制)—— 与文意不符,这里不是说免疫系统被控制。
因此正确答案是 C. involved。
14
解析:
第 14 题所在句子是:
It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.
上下文分析:
- 前文提到,在女性中腹部脂肪与流体智力下降的关联可能与免疫系统的变化有关,而在男性中免疫系统似乎没有参与。
- 这里说“未来的研究可能 ______ 这些差异”,意思是未来的研究要弄清楚为什么男性和女性机制不同。
- 四个选项:
- A. alter(改变)—— 差异是客观存在的,研究不能“改变”差异,只能解释它。
- B. spread(传播)—— 不符合语境。
- C. remove(消除)—— 研究不能“消除”差异本身,只能解释原因。
- D. explain(解释)—— 符合逻辑,即未来的研究可以解释这些差异的原因。
因此正确答案是 D. explain。
15
解析:
第15题所在句为:
“It is hoped that future studies could ___ these differences and perhaps lead to different ___ for men and women.”
(希望未来的研究能够阐明这些差异,并可能为男性和女性带来不同的 ___。)
上下文逻辑:
前文提到,腹部脂肪与流体智力下降有关,但在男性和女性中机制不同(女性可能与免疫变化有关,男性则不明显)。因此,未来的研究可能会针对这些差异,为男性和女性提供不同的 干预方法。选项分析:
- A. compensations(补偿)—— 不符合医学或健康干预的语境。
- B. symptoms(症状)—— 研究目的不是产生不同的症状,而是应对方法。
- C. demands(要求)—— 不合逻辑,研究不会导致不同的“要求”。
- D. treatments(治疗方法/对策)—— 最符合语境,指针对男女差异的个性化健康干预或治疗方案。
搭配与语义:
“different treatments for men and women” 意为“针对男性和女性的不同治疗方法/对策”,与上文的“机制差异”呼应,且与“prevent or slow this type of decline”的目标一致。
答案:D
16
解析:
第16题位于最后一段的开头,用来承接上一段的研究发现和本段的建议。
上一段主要讲研究发现腹部脂肪与流体智力下降的关联,并指出未来研究可能探索性别差异。
本段则转向给出实际可行的建议(减少腹部脂肪、保持肌肉等)。
- A. Likewise 表示“同样地”,一般用于并列相似的情况,但这里不是并列,而是从研究发现转向建议。
- B. Meanwhile 表示“与此同时”或“另一方面”,用于引出另一个相关但不同角度的话题,这里从研究结论转到生活建议,符合语境。
- C. Therefore 表示“因此”,强调严格的因果关系,但上一段并未完全确定因果关系,且这里更像是补充建议,不是直接推论。
- D. Instead 表示“相反”,用于转折替代,但上下文并非否定前文,而是补充建议,所以不合适。
因此,B. Meanwhile 最合适,起到承上启下、引出建议的作用。
答案:B
17
解析:
第 17 题题干为:
there are steps you can $\underline{\quad17\quad}$ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass…
选项分析:
- A. change:搭配 “steps you can change” 不符合常见表达,因为 “steps” 在这里是“措施、步骤”,一般说“采取步骤”而不是“改变步骤”。
- B. watch:“watch steps” 意为“注意脚步”,与上下文“帮助减少腹部脂肪”不符。
- C. count:“count steps” 指“数步数”,虽然与计步器有关,但这里上下文是泛指“可以采取的措施”,不是特指数步数。
- D. take:“take steps” 是固定搭配,意思是“采取措施”,完全符合语境:你可以采取一些措施来减少腹部脂肪并保持肌肉量。
因此正确答案是 D. take。
18
解析:
第 18 题空格所在的句子是:
… to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental ______.
- A. well-being(健康/幸福感)
与前面的“physical and mental”搭配,表示“身体和心理健康/福祉”,是常见且自然的表达。 - B. process(过程)
“mental process”可指思维过程,但“physical process”与“mental process”并列时,与“保护”搭配不自然,且不符合上下文强调的整体健康目标。 - C. formation(形成)
“mental formation”不常见,且“physical formation”也不符合语境。 - D. coordination(协调)
“physical coordination”可指身体协调性,但“mental coordination”不常用,且与全文讨论的“健康维护”主题不符。
文章强调通过减少腹部脂肪和保持肌肉来保护身体和心理健康,well-being 涵盖身心两方面的健康状态,因此 A 是最佳答案。
正确答案:A
19
解析:
第 19 题所在句子为:
The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your ______ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean - style diet…
选项分析:
- A. level(水平)—— “maintaining or increasing your level of aerobic exercise” 意为“保持或提高你有氧运动的水平”,搭配自然合理,符合语境。
- B. love(热爱)—— “maintaining or increasing your love of aerobic exercise” 虽然语法上可行,但逻辑上“热爱程度”不是这里强调的重点,而是实际运动水平或强度。
- C. knowledge(知识)—— “knowledge of aerobic exercise” 指对运动的知识,但这里说的是实际锻炼行为,不是知识。
- D. space(空间)—— “space of aerobic exercise” 搭配不当,语义不通。
结合上下文,作者推荐的生活方式是保持或增加有氧运动的量/强度,因此 level 是最合适的选项。
答案:A
20
解析:
上下文线索
空格前的短语是 “following a Mediterranean - style ______”,其中 “Mediterranean-style” 是“地中海式的”,通常用来修饰“饮食”(Mediterranean diet),这是一个常见的固定搭配,指地中海地区的饮食习惯(富含橄榄油、水果、蔬菜、全谷物等)。语义搭配
- A. design(设计)—— 与饮食无关,不符合语境。
- B. routine(日常安排、惯例)—— 虽然可以搭配生活方式,但这里更具体地指“饮食模式”,routine 不如 diet 贴切。
- C. diet(饮食)—— 与“高纤维、避免深加工食品”直接对应,且 “Mediterranean diet” 是固定术语。
- D. prescription(处方)—— 一般指医生开的药方,与生活方式建议不符。
段落主旨
本段在讲通过有氧运动和饮食来减少腹部脂肪、保持肌肉,从而保护身心健康,所以此处应选与“饮食”相关的词。
因此正确答案是 C. diet。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
H worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there’s a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21
The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares
解析:
原文定位
第一段提到:This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.
说明票价涨幅高于通胀,因此 A 项“与通胀同步”错误。作者态度
开头作者就用反问句表达不满:How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?
并且指出这是每年一月的“grimly reliable annual ritual”(令人不快的固定惯例),暗示这种涨价不合理。排除其他选项
- B 项“对通勤者是大惊喜”:文中没有体现“惊讶”,而是说这是每年都发生的惯例,所以不对。
- D 项“会缓解铁路运营负担”:文中没有直接支持这一说法,且作者的重点是批评涨价不合理,而不是肯定其作用。
确定答案
作者认为涨价不合理,因为涨幅高于通胀,且服务质量差、罢工频发,乘客没有得到相应回报,因此 C 项“仍然是不合理的措施” 正确。
答案:C
22
The stockbroker in Para.2 is used to stand for
解析:
定位原文
第二段提到:Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?
这句话的意思是:“为什么林肯郡开车的退休老人要补贴萨里郡股票经纪人的日常通勤?”
逻辑分析
- 这里的“股票经纪人”是乘坐火车通勤的人,因为他的“daily commute”需要 rail network。
- 政府允许车票涨价的一个理由是:铁路投资和运营成本应由使用者承担,而不是由全体纳税人(包括不开火车的人)承担。
- 所以“股票经纪人”代表的是铁路乘客,而不是开车的人、投资者或普通纳税人。
选项对应
- A. car drivers → 原文中开车的人是 pensioner,不是 stockbroker。
- B. rail travellers → 股票经纪人通勤坐火车,代表铁路乘客。
- C. local investors → 无关。
- D. ordinary tax payers → 原文中纳税人是要避免补贴铁路乘客的人,不是股票经纪人代表的群体。
答案:B
23
It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators
解析:
第3段的主要内容是:
- 火车运营商在宣传他们对铁路网络的改进,但乘客支付了高昂票价,理应得到基本的服务水平。
- 最近的罢工责任在工会,但受罢工影响严重的乘客应获得补偿。
- 暗示火车运营商在服务方面未能满足乘客的合理期望。
选项分析:
A. 向通勤者提供赔偿 —— 文中只说“应该得到补偿”,但没说运营商已经提供,所以错误。
B. 试图修复与工会的关系 —— 未提及。
C. 未能提供足够的服务 —— 对应原文“passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel”,暗示目前服务不够好,因此正确。
D. 因罢工遭受巨大损失 —— 未提及运营商自身损失。
因此答案是 C。
24
If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face
解析:
定位关键信息
文章最后一段提到:The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
这句话的意思是:铁路国有化的威胁目前可能暂时被避免了,但如果不尽快解决乘客的合理愤怒,国有化将会更猛烈地卷土重来。理解题干
题干问的是:如果无法安抚乘客,铁路可能会面临什么?
根据最后一句的逻辑,无法安抚乘客 → 乘客愤怒未解决 → 国有化(nationalisation)会重新成为现实。匹配选项
- A. 投资损失 → 未直接提及
- B. 运营崩溃 → 文章提到服务差,但未说会崩溃
- C. 收入减少 → 未直接对应
- D. 所有权变更 → 与“国有化”对应,即 ownership 从私营变为国有
因此,正确选项是 D。
25
Which of the following would be the best tile for the text?
好的,我们来分析一下这道题。
文章主旨分析:
- 开头提出火车票连年涨价,涨幅高于通胀,给通勤者带来沉重负担。
- 接着提到政府允许涨价的理由是“铁路成本应由乘客而非全体纳税人承担”,但也指出不同地区乘客受到的影响不同。
- 然后批评铁路服务不佳,罢工频发,乘客花了高价却得不到应有的基本服务。
- 最后提到政府承诺改革,但警告说如果乘客花更多钱却还得忍受糟糕服务,问题会恶化,国有化的呼声会再起。
核心线索:
- 贯穿全文的主线是 票价持续上涨(ever-rising fares)与 服务质量不匹配,并且指出这种模式不可持续(乘客不会无限接受)。
- 文章结尾明确说:乘客不会愿意一直多付钱(passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely…)。
选项分析:
- A. Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?
罢工责任只是文中一个局部细节,不是全文核心。 - B. Constant Complaining Doesn’t Work
文中没有强调“抱怨没有用”,而是支持乘客的不满有理。 - C. Can Nationalization Bring Hope?
国有化只在结尾提了一句,是作为警告出现的,并非全文讨论焦点。 - D. Ever-rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable
准确概括了票价持续上涨 + 乘客不愿一直忍受 + 这种模式难以为继的核心论点。
因此,最佳标题是 D。
Text 2
Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instiuted CTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rais for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of ropical foras in the word and on of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed sutelie data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss, With that,“we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and marke accss,And regardless of transferabiliy, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."
26
According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to
解析:
题目问的是“根据前两段,CCT 项目的目的是什么”。
我们来看前两段中关于 CCT 目的的描述:
第二段第二句说:
these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.
(这些社会援助项目旨在减少不平等并打破贫困循环。)第二段最后一句说:
the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
(该项目提供了足够的食品和药物,大幅减少了儿童的严重生长问题。)
这些都是在说明 CCT 是为了帮助贫困家庭改善生活、摆脱贫困。
选项分析:
- A. facilitate health care reform(促进医疗改革)—— 文中提到医疗是条件之一,但不是主要目的。
- B. help poor families get better off(帮助贫困家庭改善生活)—— 与“减少贫困、打破贫困循环”一致。
- C. improve local education systems(改善当地教育系统)—— 教育是条件之一,但不是主要目的。
- D. lower deforestation rates(降低森林砍伐率)—— 这是后来研究发现的间接影响,不是 CCT 的设计目的。
因此,正确答案是 B。
27
The study based on an area in Mexico is cited o show that
解析:
题目问:引用墨西哥地区的研究是为了说明什么?
定位原文:
文章第四段提到:The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
理解“传统观点”:
第三段提到:poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals…
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation…也就是说,“传统观点”认为经济增长会导致环境破坏。
墨西哥案例的作用:
墨西哥的研究是之前唯一分析因果关系的,它支持了传统观点,即 CCT 项目(给穷人现金)可能促使他们开垦更多土地养牛,从而加剧森林砍伐。
因此,引用它是为了说明 经济增长往往导致环境退化。选项分析:
- A:养牛是穷人的主要生计方式——墨西哥案例提到养牛,但这不是引用该研究的目的。
- B:CCT 项目帮助保护传统生活方式——未提及。
- C:扶贫需要当地农民参与——未提及。
- D:经济增长往往导致环境退化——符合“传统观点”和墨西哥案例的结论。
答案:D
28
In his study about Indonesia.Ferrare intends to find out
我们先分析题目和原文内容。
题目:
In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out ______.
A. its acceptance level of CCTs
B. annual rate of poverty alleviation
C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss
D. the role of its forests in climate change
原文相关部分:
- 文章开头提到印尼的森林砍伐速度减缓,可能与扶贫计划有关。
- 接着介绍 CCTs(有条件现金转移)在印尼的实施情况。
- 第五段明确提到:
Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.
这里 “poverty-alleviation program” 就是指 CCTs。
Ferraro 的研究意图就是 看 CCTs 是否影响了森林砍伐,也就是 CCTs 与森林损失之间的关系。
选项分析:
- A:接受程度,文中未研究。
- B:贫困率年度变化,不是研究的主要目的。
- C:CCTs 与森林损失的关系,与原文一致。
- D:森林在气候变化中的作用,不是研究重点。
答案:C
29
According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that
解析:
题目问的是“根据 Ferraro,印度尼西亚的 CCT 项目最有价值的地方在于什么”。
文章中提到 Ferraro 的研究发现,印度尼西亚的 CCT 项目与森林砍伐减少 30% 有关。
关键句在倒数第二段和最后一段:
- “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation”
- 最后一段说 “the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment”
这表明 Ferraro 认为该项目的价值不仅在于扶贫,还在于它意外地带来了环境保护的效益。
选项分析:
- A:文章提到是否适用于其他地方还不确定(anybody’s guess),所以不选。
- B:虽然 CCT 本身目标是减少不平等,但 Ferraro 强调的价值在于环境效益。
- C:与文章结论一致,是 Ferraro 强调的额外价值。
- D:文中没有说该项目能提高粮食产量,反而提到农民可能不用为了应对天气而开荒种稻。
因此正确答案是 C。
30
What is the text centered on?
解析:
文章的核心内容是围绕 印尼的“有条件现金转移”(CCT)扶贫计划 展开的,重点在于探讨该计划除了扶贫之外,还产生了意想不到的环境影响,即减缓了森林砍伐。
- 文章开头提到印尼森林砍伐速度放缓,并引出可能是其扶贫计划所致。
- 接着介绍了 CCT 计划的内容和目标。
- 然后通过经济学家 Paul Ferraro 的研究,指出通常认为扶贫与环保存在冲突,但印尼的案例可能不同。
- 随后详细说明了 Ferraro 的研究方法和发现:该计划与森林砍伐减少 30% 有关。
- 最后解释了可能的原因,并讨论了该研究结果的潜在意义。
选项分析:
A. The effects of a program(一个计划的效果) ✅
文章确实主要讨论了 CCT 计划在扶贫之外带来的环境效益,即对森林砍伐的影响,因此是围绕“计划的效果”展开的。B. The debates over a program(关于一个计划的辩论) ❌
文章并未围绕“辩论”展开,而是通过研究数据说明了一个事实,没有正反双方的争论。C. The process of a study(一项研究的过程) ❌
虽然文中提到了研究方法和结果,但研究过程是为说明“计划的效果”服务的,不是文章的中心。D. The transferability of a study(一项研究的可转移性) ❌
文章末尾提到了“是否适用于其他地方尚不确定”,但这只是附带讨论,并非全文中心。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Text 3
As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) I’ve found quite a few, and-since I started posting them on Twitter- they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course,I need to concede that my collection of"smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stifly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as siters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, aluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of hell y enpl lyiss ledse siperih an e
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class; drunks, tramps, prostiutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurm and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s umexposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to phadogpiepoais tedy tniaIs forever",
31
According to Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter
解析:
题目问的是根据第一段,作者在推特上的帖子产生了什么效果。
第一段的关键信息如下:
- 作者一直在寻找能让我们重新评价过去的照片,特别是维多利亚时代人微笑的照片。
- 他把这些照片发到推特上后,引起了很大反响(causing quite a stir)。
- 人们看到这些照片后很惊讶,因为照片证明维多利亚时代的人也会玩乐和笑。
- 最后一句明确说:他们注意到,由于我们共同的笑声体验,分隔我们的一百多年似乎消失了,维多利亚时代的人突然变得更像人类了。
这清楚地表明,作者的推特帖子改变了人们对维多利亚时代人的印象,即他们不再是过去人们以为的那样刻板、严肃、不苟言笑。
选项分析:
- A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians(改变了人们对维多利亚时代人的印象)——与原文意思一致。
- B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies(突出了社交媒体在维多利亚时代研究中的作用)——原文没有强调社交媒体的作用,只是提到作者在推特上发帖。
- C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image(重新评估了维多利亚时代人的公众形象观念)——原文没有讨论维多利亚时代人自己对公众形象的看法。
- D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography(说明了维多利亚时代摄影的发展)——第一段没有涉及摄影技术的发展。
因此,正确答案是 A。
32
What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
解析:
题目问的是作者对自己收集的维多利亚时代肖像照的描述。
- 原文第一段提到作者一直在寻找维多利亚时代人微笑的照片,并在 Twitter 上分享,引起人们惊讶,说明这类照片并不常见。
- 第二段开头明确说:
my collection of “smiling Victorians” makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900
这说明在那一时期的照片中,微笑的肖像非常稀少。
- 选项 B “They are rare among photographs of that age”(它们在那个年代的照片中很罕见)与原文意思一致。
- 选项 A 说历史学家中很流行使用,原文未提及;
- 选项 C 说反映了 19 世纪社会习俗,虽然相关,但不是作者在此处强调的重点;
- 选项 D 说显示了不同曝光时间的效果,这是后文解释为何照片中人们不笑的原因之一,不是作者对这些收藏照片的直接描述。
因此正确答案是 B。
33
What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
解析:
题目问的是:在 19 世纪 90 年代,可能是什么原因让维多利亚时代的人在拍照时仍然不笑?
四个选项分别是:
A. 他们天生的社会敏感性
B. 他们在相机前的紧张感
C. 他们对新发明的不信任
D. 他们不健康的牙齿状况
定位原文信息:
文章在第四段提到,到 19 世纪 80 年代曝光时间已经缩短,到 90 年代捕捉笑容相对容易,但维多利亚人仍然不愿意笑。
第五段给出解释:
- 一个原因是“露出牙齿的笑容有失尊严”。
- 引用一句当时的流行格言:“自然给我们嘴唇是为了遮住牙齿”,暗示在牙科卫生尚不发达的年代,人们的口腔卫生状况不佳。
- 后面还补充说,牙齿不齐、发黑或缺失的露齿笑显得没有档次,只有醉汉、流浪汉、妓女和小丑才会那样笑,体面人不会这样做。
分析选项:
- A 选项“天生的社会敏感性”虽然与“有失尊严”有关,但原文明确将原因与牙齿卫生直接关联,所以 A 太宽泛。
- B 选项“在相机前紧张”在早期曝光时间长时成立,但 1890 年代技术已改进,不再是主要原因。
- C 选项“对新发明的不信任”文中未提及。
- D 选项“不健康的牙齿状况”与原文“proper dentistry 尚未普及,口腔卫生状况差”完全对应。
因此正确答案是 D。
34
Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was
解析:
题干定位
题目问:引用马克·吐温的话是为了说明照片中不赞成微笑是……
原文最后一段提到,在维多利亚时代,露齿笑被认为不雅、缺乏尊严,尤其是牙齿不好看的情况下,只有社会底层或滑稽演员才会那样笑。然后引用了马克·吐温的话:“当涉及照相时,一个庄重的面部表情才是永恒的姿态”。马克·吐温的身份与观点作用
马克·吐温是著名作家,以幽默著称,但连他都认为在照片中应该保持严肃。这说明即使在爱笑的人心中,照相不笑也是一种根深蒂固的观念,而不是一时的偏见或错误看法。选项分析
- A. a deep-rooted belief(根深蒂固的信念)
符合文意,因为马克·吐温的例子说明这种观念深入人心,跨越不同性格的人。 - B. a misguided attitude(被误导的态度)
文中没有强调这是“错误”的,只是陈述历史事实与观念。 - C. a controversial view(有争议的观点)
文中未体现当时对此有广泛争议。 - D. a thought-provoking idea(发人深思的想法)
不符合,因为作者引用他是为了说明普遍观念,而不是为了引发读者思考。
- A. a deep-rooted belief(根深蒂固的信念)
结论
引用马克·吐温的话是为了表明“不在照片中微笑”在维多利亚时代是一种深入人心的社会规范,因此选 A。
35
Which of the following questions does the text answer?
好的,我们来分析一下这道题。
题干问的是:文章回答了以下哪个问题?
选项分析:
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
文章确实解释了原因:
- 早期摄影曝光时间长,很难保持微笑(1840s–1850s)。
- 即使后来曝光时间缩短(1880s 以后),维多利亚时代的人仍因文化观念(牙齿不美观、微笑有失庄重)而不愿在照片中笑。
文章明确给出了这两个原因,所以 A 是文章回答的问题。
B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
文章没有讨论维多利亚人为何开始观看照片,而是讨论他们拍照时为何不笑。
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
文章提到了早期摄影技术限制(曝光时间长),但并未讨论整个摄影技术在这一时期发展缓慢的原因,只是作为不笑的一个原因提及。
D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
文章解释了维多利亚时代为何不笑,但没有详细说明维多利亚时代之后微笑如何成为常态,只是暗示随着技术进步和牙科发展可能改变,但这不是文章主要回答的问题。
结论:
文章的核心内容就是解释为什么维多利亚时代照片中的人大多表情严肃,因此正确答案是 A。
Text 4
From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fil-l in par’ because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts,A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and ocal governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.
The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netlix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.
On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millet rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service, and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”
In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.
The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
36
There has long been concern that broadband provides would
解析:
题目问:“长期以来一直存在担忧,宽带提供商会______。”
四个选项分别是:
A. 控制网络公司
B. 减慢其网络上的流量
C. 在对待客户时偏袒
D. 加剧与对手的竞争
定位原文:
第一段第一句:
From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’ websites and services over those of their rivals.
意思是:
从宽带早期开始,消费者和网络公司的倡导者就担心,宽带提供商有能力和动机去偏爱自己或合作伙伴的网站和服务,而不是竞争对手的。
分析选项:
- A 项 “bring web-based firms under control” 文中并未说宽带提供商要控制这些公司,而是说在流量或服务上优待自己的业务。
- B 项 “slow down the traffic” 虽然属于网络中立性可能禁止的行为之一,但原文强调的是“偏爱”(favor)某些服务而非普遍降速。
- C 项 “show partiality in treating clients” 正是原文 “favor their own or their partners’… over those of their rivals” 的同义转述,即“偏袒”。
- D 项 “intensify competition with their rivals” 文中并未强调宽带提供商与对手竞争加剧,而是担心它们利用网络控制权扭曲竞争。
因此正确答案是 C。
37
Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, he FCC
解析:
题目问的是:面对网络中立性规则的要求,FCC(联邦通信委员会)采取了什么立场?
定位关键信息
文章第二段提到,FCC 在 2017 年通过了一项按党派投票的“共和党起草的命令”(Republican-penned order),该命令不仅废除了 2015 年民主党多数时采用的严格网络中立规则,还拒绝了 FCC 要求宽带提供商做任何事情的权力。理解 FCC 的立场
从这些描述可以看出,FCC 在 2017 年的决定是放松管制(deregulate),并且拒绝继续对宽带提供商施加网络中立性规则。这明显是一种反对监管(anti-regulatory) 的立场。排除其他选项
- A 项(坚持过时的命令):虽然文中提到法官批评该决定“脱离现代宽带服务的现实”,但 FCC 本身并没有明确“坚持过时命令”,而是主动采取了放松管制的立场。
- C 项(发布了特别决议):FCC 确实发布了命令,但这不是“特别决议”,而是废除网络中立规则的决定,且与题目强调的“面对要求时的立场”不符。
- D 项(允许各州干预):FCC 实际上试图阻止各州制定网络中立规则,只是法院部分驳回了这一企图,因此 D 项与事实不符。
结论
根据文章,FCC 在 2017 年采取了放松管制、反对网络中立规则的立场,因此 B 项(采取反监管立场) 是正确答案。
38
What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
解析:
题目要求从第 3 段中了解关于 AT&T 的信息。第 3 段原文如下:
The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.
关键信息分析:
- 文中提到,FCC 声称其他机构会防止“反竞争行为”,并举例说明:像 AT&T 这样的宽带提供商会偏袒自己的视频流媒体服务,而损害 Netflix 和 Apple TV 的利益。
- 这个例子是作为“反竞争行为”的典型出现的,因此 AT&T 的行为属于 anti-competitive practices。
- 虽然 FCC 声称其他机构会监管,但紧接着说 FCC 自己却停止了对这类行为的调查,说明 AT&T 实际上并未受到制约。
选项分析:
- A. It protects against unfair competition ❌(与文中描述相反,AT&T 是实施不公平竞争的一方)
- B. It engages in anti-competitive practices. ✅(与举例内容完全一致)
- C. It is under the FCC’s investigation. ❌(文中明确说 FCC 已停止调查)
- D. It is in pursuit of quality service. ❌(文中未提及,且与偏袒自身服务的行为不符)
因此正确答案是 B。
39
Judge Patricia Millet argues that the appeals court’s decision
解析:
根据题干关键词 Judge Patricia Millet 定位到文章第四段:
But Judge Patricia Millet rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service” …
- unhinged from the realities 意思是“与现实脱节”,也就是 out of touch with reality。
- 选项 D. is out of touch with reality 与此完全对应。
其他选项分析:
- A. focuses on trivialities(关注琐碎问题)—— 文中未提。
- B. conveys an ambiguous message(传达了模糊的信息)—— 未提及。
- C. is at odds with its earlier rulings(与早期裁决不一致)—— 文中提到最高法院 2005 年的裁决支持放松管制,但 Millet 并未说上诉法院的裁决与之前不一致,而是说它与现代宽带服务的现实脱节。
因此正确答案是 D。
40
What does the author argue in the last paragraph?
解析:
题干定位
题目问的是作者在最后一段的论点(What does the author argue in the last paragraph?),因此需要重点分析最后一段的内容。最后一段原文
The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
关键信息提取
- “cry out for Congress to act” → 呼吁国会采取行动。
- “give the commission explicit authority … to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic” → 授予 FCC 明确权力,禁止宽带提供商干涉网络流量。
- “create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online” → 制定清晰规则,保护网络的开放与创新。
与选项匹配
- A. Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
与原文“呼吁国会行动”“制定规则保护开放与创新”一致,这里的“开放与创新”就是网络中立性的目标。 - B. FCC 应被严格监督 → 未提及。
- C. 制定规则使在线服务多样化 → 原文强调禁止宽带公司干涉流量,而不是多样化服务。
- D. 宽带提供商权利应受保护 → 与作者立场相反,作者是限制它们的权力。
- A. Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
结论
最后一段的核心是呼吁国会立法,明确 FCC 的权力,确保网络中立性,因此正确答案是 A。
Part B
Directions
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (AI) is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?
A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.
Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:
Better Hiring Practices
Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Domingos. In addition, (41) ___________ One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor, it uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.
More Effective Marketing
Some AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) ___________ These are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.
Saving Customers Money
Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. (43) ___________
Improved Accuracy
“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” (44) ___________
Protecting and Maintaining Infrastructure
A number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. “If they fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,” says Domingos. “(45) ___________
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern western societies. (46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending to a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly though unevenly in the 1970s and 1980s.
The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countries of Western Europe the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the decade of the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.
Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a very large proportion of all the members of an institution are new recruits, they threaten to overwhelm the processes whereby recruits to a more slowly growing system are inducted into its value system and learn its norms and forms. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty. And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well. They also saw higher levels of student discontent, reflecting the weakening of traditional forms of academic communities.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
One foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Please write an email to him/her to make some suggestions.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the pictures below. In your essay, you should
describe the picture briefly,
interpret its intended meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
(图中左侧小女孩(穿戏服、拿长杆)说:“爸爸,很多同学觉得学唱戏不好玩。”右侧成年男子(着简约服饰、手抬起)回应:“你自己不是喜欢吗?那就足够了。”)

13 - 2022 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | 2 | C | 3 | D | 4 | C | 5 | D |
| 6 | B | 7 | C | 8 | B | 9 | A | 10 | D |
| 11 | C | 12 | B | 13 | A | 14 | C | 15 | B |
| 16 | D | 17 | A | 18 | A | 19 | D | 20 | B |
| 21 | A | 22 | C | 23 | D | 24 | D | 25 | B |
| 26 | C | 27 | B | 28 | C | 29 | D | 30 | A |
| 31 | B | 32 | A | 33 | A | 34 | B | 35 | C |
| 36 | D | 37 | A | 38 | D | 39 | B | 40 | C |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be to intelligence in animals. plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that consciousness, researchers previously reported.
But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it so greatly from that of animals that so-called of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, “a plant nervous system, 9 to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz. “They claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
This makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. , the signaling in a plant is only similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.
“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold of complexity and capacity is required,” he . “Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from , so investing energy in a body system which a threat and can feel pain would be a very evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
1
解析:
语境分析
第一句提到“植物有某种程度的意识”这一观点在 21 世纪初扎根,“植物神经生物学”这个术语是围绕“植物的某些行为方面类似于动物智力”这一概念而出现的。
这里需要一个动词,表示这个术语是“被创造/被提出”的。选项分析
- A. coined:意为“创造(新词或术语)”,符合“新术语被提出”的语境。
- B. discovered:发现(已存在的事物),术语不是被“发现”的,而是被“创造”的。
- C. collected:收集,不符合术语的创造过程。
- D. issued:发布、发行,多用于正式文件或货币,不如“coined”贴切于“创造术语”。
固定搭配
“coin a term/phrase” 是常见搭配,表示“创造一个新术语”。
因此正确答案是 A. coined。
2
解析:
第 2 题所在句子为:
… the term “plant neurobiology” was coined around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be ______ to intelligence in animals.
句意分析:
- 前半部分说“植物神经生物学”这个词被创造出来,是基于某种观点。
- 这个观点是:植物的某些行为方面可以 ______ 动物的智力。
- 逻辑上,这里是在做“类比”或“比较”,即把植物的行为与动物的智力相比较,认为它们有相似性。
选项分析:
- A. attributed(归因于):常用搭配是 attribute A to B(把 A 归因于 B),但这里并不是说植物的行为是由动物的智力引起的,不符合语义。
- B. directed(指向、导向):direct A to B 表示把 A 导向 B,不符合这里“比较”的语境。
- C. compared(比较):compare A to B(把 A 比作 B),符合语境,即把植物的行为比作动物的智力。
- D. confined(限制):confine A to B 表示把 A 限制在 B 范围内,不符合语义。
因此,正确答案是 C. compared。
3
解析:
这句话的结构是:
______ plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals … nonetheless triggered responses that … consciousness…
- 主句说:植物茎叶中的电信号触发了类似意识的反应。
- 从句说:植物没有大脑。
- 从句和主句之间是让步关系,即“尽管植物没有大脑,但……仍然……”。
- 选项中只有 D. Though 表示“尽管”,符合逻辑。
- A. Unless(除非)、B. When(当……时)、C. Once(一旦)都不符合这种让步转折关系。
因此正确答案是 D. Though。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在句子为:
… the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that ___ consciousness, researchers previously reported.
句意:植物茎叶中的电信号触发了某种反应,这些反应 暗示 / 表明 了意识的存在。
- A. cope with(应对)—— 反应不能“应对”意识,逻辑不通。
- B. consisted of(由…组成)—— 反应由意识组成?不符合句意。
- C. hinted at(暗示)—— 反应暗示了意识的存在,符合上下文“植物可能有意识”的早期观点。
- D. extended to(延伸到)—— 反应延伸到意识?搭配不当。
因此正确答案是 C. hinted at。
5
解析:
1. 上下文逻辑
前文提到植物生物学很复杂,但紧接着用 “but” 转折,说明与动物相比有明显不同。
后文明确说 “it ___ so greatly from that of animals”,这里 “that” 指代 “biology”,即植物的生物学与动物的生物学差异很大。
2. 固定搭配
“differ from” 是固定搭配,意为“与……不同”。
“differ greatly from” 表示“与……大不相同”,符合语境。
3. 其他选项分析
- A. suffers(遭受):suffer from 是“遭受……痛苦”,主语一般是生物或事物,但这里说“植物生物学遭受动物生物学”语义不通。
- B. benefits(受益):benefit from 是“从……受益”,但上下文没有植物生物学从动物生物学受益的意思。
- C. develops(发展):develop from 是“从……发展而来”,不符合这里对比差异的逻辑。
4. 句意验证
“植物生物学很复杂且迷人,但它与动物的生物学差异如此之大,以至于所谓的植物智能的证据是不确定的。”
因此 D. differs 正确。
答案:D
6
解析:
上下文逻辑
第二段作者指出植物与动物的生物学差异很大,因此所谓的植物智能的 证据 并不确凿。
这里需要填入一个表示“证据”的词,因为文章是在讨论科学证据是否足以支持植物有智能的观点。选项分析
- A. acceptance(接受)—— 与“inconclusive(非决定性的)”逻辑不符,如果已被接受,就不会说“不确凿”。
- B. evidence(证据)—— 符合科学讨论语境,表示现有证据不足以得出植物有智能的结论。
- C. cultivation(培养)—— 与植物智能概念无关。
- D. creation(创造)—— 不符合语境,文章并未讨论“创造智能”。
句意确认
“… but it differs so greatly from that of animals that so-called evidence of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive.”
(但植物生物学与动物差异如此之大,以至于所谓的植物智能的证据并不确凿。)
答案:B
7
解析:
上下文逻辑
从后文 Lincoln Taiz 的引语可知,这些科学家认为植物拥有类似神经元的细胞,并提出了“植物神经系统”的说法。因此,他们的观点是支持植物有类似动物的智能结构,而不是怀疑或否定。动词辨析
- A. doubted(怀疑)——与后文他们提出的肯定性观点矛盾。
- B. denied(否认)——与观点方向相反。
- C. argued(主张,论证)——符合“提出并支持某种观点”的语境。
- D. requested(请求)——语义不符,这里不是请求,而是提出科学主张。
句意对应
原文说 “some scientists have ___ that plants possess neuron-like cells…”,只有 argued 能准确表达“提出观点并论证”的意思,与下文的 claimed(声称)形成并列关系。
答案:C. argued
8
解析:
上下文逻辑
第 8 题所在的句子是:some scientists have ___ that plants possess neuron-like cells … , ___ “a plant nervous system, similar to that in animals”
这里的结构是:科学家声称植物有类似神经元的细胞,这些细胞与激素和神经递质相互作用,从而 形成 “一个植物神经系统”。
词义辨析
- A. adapting(适应)—— 不符合,这里不是“适应”一个系统,而是这些细胞的活动构成了一个系统。
- B. forming(形成)—— 符合,表示这些细胞相互作用从而“形成”一个类似神经系统的结构。
- C. repairing(修复)—— 不符合语境,没有提到修复。
- D. testing(测试)—— 不符合,这里不是测试一个系统,而是提出存在这样的系统。
搭配与语义
“forming a plant nervous system” 意为“形成一个植物神经系统”,与前面“neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters”逻辑连贯:这些细胞通过相互作用,构成了一个系统。
因此,正确答案是 B. forming。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在的句子是:
… “a plant nervous system, 9 to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz.
这里在比较植物的神经系统和动物的神经系统。
从上下文来看,支持“植物神经生物学”的科学家认为植物有类似神经系统的结构,类似于动物的神经系统。
- A. analogous(类似的,相似的)—— 表示两者在某些方面可比,符合科学类比的说法。
- B. essential(必要的)—— 不符合句意,不是说植物神经系统对动物是必要的。
- C. suitable(合适的)—— 搭配和语义不通。
- D. sensitive(敏感的)—— 与比较两个系统的相似性无关。
因此,A. analogous 是正确选项,意为“与动物类似的植物神经系统”。
答案:A
10
解析:
第 10 题所在句为:
They ___ claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.
前文提到,一些科学家认为植物拥有类似神经元的细胞,并提出了“植物神经系统”的概念。
这里进一步说他们 甚至 声称植物在根尖有“类似大脑的命令中心”——这是比“植物有类似神经系统的结构”更进一步的、更惊人的说法。
四个选项:
- A. just “仅仅”,不符合语义,因为这里不是“仅仅声称”,而是递进。
- B. ever “曾经”,一般用于疑问句或否定句,这里是一般陈述,不适用。
- C. still “仍然”,表示持续,但这里没有时间上的延续含义。
- D. even “甚至”,表示递进,符合语境:从“植物有类似神经系统的结构”到“有类似大脑的结构”,程度加深。
因此正确答案是 D. even。
11
解析:
第 11 题所在的句子是:
This ______ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, ______ it to an array of electrical pulses…
这里“This”指代的是前文某些科学家提出的观点,即植物有类似神经的系统,可以和动物类比。
把这种观点看作一种看待问题的方式或视角时,用“perspective”(视角/观点)最合适。
- A. restriction(限制)—— 不符合句意,这里不是在说限制。
- B. experiment(实验)—— 前文并未提到实验,而是观点。
- C. perspective(视角)—— 符合,指这种看待植物信号系统的方式。
- D. demand(要求)—— 语义不通。
因此正确答案是 C. perspective。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在句子为:
This makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, ____ it to an array of electrical pulses…
逻辑分析:
- 前文提到,有些科学家认为植物有类似动物的“神经系统”甚至“脑”。
- 这句话是在解释这种观点为什么看起来有道理:如果你把复杂大脑的运作简化,把它 看作 一系列电脉冲,那么植物也有电信号,就似乎显得相似。
- 空格后的 “it to an array of electrical pulses” 意思是“把它简化为一系列电脉冲”。
- reduce A to B 是固定搭配,表示“把 A 简化为 B”或“把 A 归结为 B”。
选项分析:
- A. attaching:attach A to B 表示“把 A 附在 B 上”,不符合“简化”的语义。
- B. reducing:reduce A to B 符合“简化、归结”的意思,正确。
- C. returning:return to 是“回到”,但 return it to… 在这里语义不通。
- D. exposing:expose A to B 是“使 A 暴露于 B”,不符合语境。
因此正确答案是 B. reducing。
13
解析:
前文逻辑:
前一句提到,如果简化复杂大脑的工作方式,把它比作一系列电脉冲,那么植物有类似系统的说法似乎有道理,因为植物的细胞也通过电信号交流。
这实际上是在说植物和动物在“电信号传递”这一点上有表面相似性。本句逻辑:
本句说“植物中的信号传递与复杂动物大脑中的信号发射只是______相似”,并且补充说明动物大脑不仅仅是“一堆通过电信号交流的细胞”。
这表明作者在反驳前一句中可能产生的误导,强调两者相似性很有限。选项分析:
- A. However(然而)→ 表示转折,强调“虽然前面说相似,但实际上相似程度很低”,符合上下文逻辑。
- B. Moreover(而且)→ 表示递进,但这里不是进一步说明,而是转折。
- C. Therefore(因此)→ 表示因果,不符合。
- D. Otherwise(否则)→ 表示条件或相反情况,不符合。
结论:
这里需要表达对比或转折,说明植物与动物大脑的相似性很有限,因此选 A. However。
14
解析:
第 14 题所在句子为:
“the signaling in a plant is only ___ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than ‘a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,’ Taiz said.”
逻辑分析:
- 前文提到,如果简化大脑的工作方式,把它看作电信号脉冲,那么植物似乎也有类似系统。
- 但是 Taiz 指出,植物中的信号传递与复杂动物大脑的神经活动只是 表面上 相似,并不是真正相同。
- 因为动物大脑不仅仅是靠电信号通信的细胞团,还有更复杂的结构和功能。
- 所以这里需要一个表示“只是表面看起来相似,但实质上不同”的副词。
选项分析:
- A. temporarily(暂时地) → 与时间有关,不符合“相似性”的对比语境。
- B. literally(字面上地) → 强调字面意义,但这里不是说字面相似,而是说表面相似但实质不同。
- C. superficially(表面上地) → 符合语境,表示“只是表面相似”。
- D. imaginarily(想象中地) → 强调是虚构的,但文中是实际存在的信号,只是相似程度低。
因此正确答案是 C. superficially。
15
解析:
第 15 题所在句子为:
“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and capacity is required.”
- A. list(列表)—— 与“复杂性”和“能力”搭配不当,不符合语境。
- B. level(水平)—— “a threshold level of complexity and capacity” 意为“复杂性和能力的一个阈值水平”,符合科学和进化语境,表示需要达到某种程度才能产生意识。
- C. label(标签)—— 与“复杂性”不搭配,语义不通。
- D. load(负荷)—— 虽然可以说“workload”或“load”,但“threshold load of complexity”不自然,且“capacity”本身已含“承载能力”之意,用“load”会造成语义重复或不当。
因此,B. level 是正确选项。
16
解析:
第 16 题所在句为:
“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold level of complexity and capacity is required,” he ______.
前文已经提到 Taiz 的观点,这里继续引用他的话,属于补充说明前一个观点(植物没有动物那样复杂的脑结构,因此不可能有意识)。
- A. recalled(回忆)—— 不符合,这里不是回忆过去的事。
- B. agreed(同意)—— 一般是同意别人的观点,但这里是他在陈述自己的观点,不是同意别人。
- C. questioned(质疑)—— 不符合,他是在坚持自己的论点,不是质疑。
- D. added(补充说)—— 符合语境,他在前一句观点后进一步补充说明。
因此正确答案是 D. added。
17
解析:
第 17 题所在句子为:
Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the 17 that they have consciousness are effectively zero.
1. 句意理解
这句话的意思是:由于植物没有神经系统,它们拥有意识的 可能性 实际上是零。
这里需要一个表示“可能性”的词。
2. 选项分析
- A. chances:可以表示“可能性”,符合句意。
- B. risks:风险,与“可能性”不同,这里不是讨论风险。
- C. excuses:借口,语义不符。
- D. assumptions:假设,虽然前面科学家有过假设,但这里是在说“可能性为零”,而不是“假设为零”。
3. 固定搭配与语境
“the chances that…” 是一个常见表达,意为“……的可能性”。
例如:The chances that it will rain are high.
此处 “the chances that they have consciousness are effectively zero” 完全通顺。
4. 排除法
- risks 一般指负面事件发生的可能性,这里不是说“风险”,而是“可能性”本身。
- excuses 完全无关。
- assumptions 代入后意思变成“假设为零”,但文章是说“假设它们有意识的可能性为零”,所以 assumptions 不对。
因此,正确答案是 A. chances。
18
解析:
上下文逻辑:
原文提到“Plants can’t run away from ”,意思是“植物无法逃离”。从常识和生物进化角度看,植物是固定生长的,无法像动物一样移动以躲避危险。词义辨析:
- A. danger(危险)—— 植物无法逃离危险,符合常识和上下文。
- B. failure(失败)—— 与“逃离”搭配不合理。
- C. warning(警告)—— 植物无法逃离“警告”逻辑不通。
- D. control(控制)—— 与语境不符,这里讨论的是外界威胁,不是控制。
段落主旨:
后文提到“investing energy in a body system which ______ a threat and can feel pain”(投入能量到一个能______威胁并感受疼痛的身体系统),进一步说明这里讨论的是植物面对危险时的进化策略。
因此,A. danger 是唯一符合逻辑和语境的选项。
19
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文说植物无法逃离危险,因此如果它们进化出一个能“感知威胁并感受疼痛”的身体系统,那将是一种非常不利的进化策略。
这里的“身体系统”需要先识别威胁,然后才能感受疼痛。
所以空格处应填入表示“识别、察觉”含义的词。选项分析
- A. represents(代表、象征)—— 不符合“感知威胁”的语境。
- B. includes(包含)—— 不能说“系统包含威胁”,逻辑不通。
- C. reveals(揭示、显示)—— 主语一般是“证据、调查”等,不是“身体系统”去揭示威胁。
- D. recognizes(识别、辨认)—— 符合“系统检测到威胁”的语义,且与后面“感受疼痛”构成递进关系。
固定搭配与语义连贯
“a body system which recognizes a threat and can feel pain” 是合理的表达,指一个既能识别威胁又能感受疼痛的身体系统。
从进化角度看,植物没有逃避能力,因此识别威胁并感受痛苦只会浪费能量,对生存无益。
因此正确答案是 D. recognizes。
20
解析:
上下文逻辑
文章最后一段提到,植物无法逃离危险,因此如果它们进化出能感知威胁和疼痛的意识系统,会消耗能量,而这种进化策略在生存上并不划算。语义搭配
- humble(谦虚的)与“进化策略”不搭配。
- poor(差的、糟糕的)可以形容某种策略不明智、效果差。
- practical(实用的)与文意相反。
- easy(容易的)不符合语境,因为这里强调这种策略对植物不利。
最终判断
从进化角度看,消耗能量去发展对生存无益的“意识”系统,是一种 poor evolutionary strategy(糟糕的进化策略)。
答案:B
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart. Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”
And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.
Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were spitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.
So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.
Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.
And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve…will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”
21
According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in_____.
解析:
题目要求根据第一段内容,判断博物馆面临的困难是什么。
第一段的关键信息包括:
- 塑料制品会随时间变化,出现开裂、渗出添加剂、熔化等问题。
- 这些变化给试图保护重要文化物品的机构(如博物馆)带来了巨大困扰。
- 受影响的塑料制品种类繁多,包括早期收音机、雕塑、动画胶片、人造心脏等。
- 有些塑料制品由于制作时配方不当,本身就像“定时炸弹”。
综合来看,第一段的核心是塑料制品不稳定、会老化损坏,而博物馆要保护这些塑料藏品,因此面临维护上的困难。
选项分析:
- A. maintaining their plastic items(维护塑料藏品) → 与原文“trying to preserve culturally important objects”和“creates huge headaches”对应,是正确答案。
- B. obtaining durable plastic artifacts(获取耐用的塑料文物) → 文中未提及获取问题。
- C. handling outdated plastic exhibits(处理过时的塑料展品) → 文中重点不是“过时”,而是“老化损坏”。
- D. classifying their plastic collections(对塑料藏品进行分类) → 文中未提及分类问题。
因此,正确答案是 A。
22
Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are_____.
解析:
题目问的是 Van Oosten 认为某些塑料制品是______。
根据原文,Van Oosten 是一位高分子化学家,她提到某些塑料文物特别脆弱,因为早期塑料艺术的先驱们并不总是知道如何正确混合原料。她做了一个类比:“这就像烤蛋糕:如果你没有精确的用量,就会出错。你制作的对象已经是一个定时炸弹。”
这句话的意思是,这些塑料制品在制作时由于配方或工艺不当,本身就存在缺陷,因此很容易随着时间而损坏。
这对应选项 C. inherently flawed(本身就有缺陷)。
- A 项(immune to decay)与文意相反,这些塑料制品正是容易降解的。
- B 项(improperly shaped)文中未提及形状问题。
- D 项(complex in structure)虽然塑料结构可能复杂,但 Van Oosten 强调的是材料本身因制作不当而存在内在缺陷,而不是结构复杂。
因此正确答案是 C。
23
Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to_____.
解析:
根据文章第三段末尾:
“by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were spitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.”
这里明确说明,由于聚氨酯泡沫不稳定,尤其容易受光损害,到了 20 世纪 90 年代中期,这些作品已经开始碎裂、剥落。博物馆将它们锁在暗处,显然是为了避免光线等继续造成损害,即 防止进一步损坏。
选项分析:
- A:防止伤害参观者——文中未提及伤害参观者。
- B:为将来展出而复制它们——未提及复制。
- C:分析它们的成分——不是博物馆不展出的直接原因。
- D:防止它们进一步损坏——与原文“锁在暗处”对应,避免光损害。
因此正确答案是 D。
24
The author thinks that preservation of plastics is_____.
解析:
题目问的是作者认为塑料文物的保护是______。
四个选项分别是:
A. 昂贵的
B. 不值得的
C. 不受欢迎的
D. 具有挑战性的
文章依据:
- 文章开头提到塑料在某些情况下会裂解、渗出添加剂、变成污泥,这对博物馆等机构来说是“巨大的难题”(huge headaches)。
- 文中引用专家的话说,有些塑料制品在制作时就是“定时炸弹”,说明材料本身不稳定。
- 以 Gilardi 的聚氨酯泡沫作品为例,说明材料本身会因光照等损坏,即使后来用化学方法处理(如注入“防晒剂”),也只能部分修复,并且有时仍需放在保护罩中展出。
- 文章最后两段明确指出,塑料保护未来可能会更加困难(preservation of plastics will likely get harder),因为老物件持续劣化,而且可生物降解塑料越来越多,这些材料本身就被设计成会分解的。
- 最后一段还提到,我们处于塑料时代,今天决定保护什么会影响未来对我们的看法,暗示保护任务重要但困难。
综合判断:
文章并没有强调成本高(A)、不值得(B)或不受欢迎(C),而是反复强调塑料材料的不稳定性、保护技术的有限性以及未来问题的加剧,因此最符合的是 D. challenging(具有挑战性的)。
答案:D
25
In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts_____.
解析:
题目问的是“根据 Ferreira 的观点,保存塑料文物______”。
文中最后一段引用了 Ferreira 的话,她指出考古学家通过博物馆中的文物定义了人类历史的大物质时代(石器时代、铁器时代等)。我们现在处于塑料时代,我们今天决定收藏什么、保存什么,将“对未来人们如何看待我们有强烈影响”。
这句话的深层含义是:塑料文物的保存关系到未来如何定义和评价我们当前的时代,因此它具有深远的历史意义。
选项分析:
- A. will inspire future scientific research(将启发未来的科学研究)—— 文中未直接强调科学研究,而是强调历史时代的定义。
- B. has profound historical significance(具有深远的历史意义)—— 符合文意,因为保存塑料文物关系到未来对当今时代的理解与定义。
- C. will help us separate the material ages(将帮助我们区分物质时代)—— 原文是说过去考古学家通过文物区分了物质时代,而不是保存塑料会帮助我们区分。
- D. has an impact on today’s cultural life(对今天的文化生活有影响)—— 文中强调的是对未来历史认知的影响,而不是对今天文化生活的直接影响。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Text 2
As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey. Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries. This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available. Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles. For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 percent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two. It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory. Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: “I am a geographer” or “I am a classist.” Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.
26
The author suggests that Generation Z should_____.
解析:
文章主旨
文章主要讨论了大学学位在现代社会中的价值变化,指出随着大学学历的普及,其价值有所下降,因此 Z 世代需要重新思考是否必须上大学,以及如何规划教育和职业路径。关键段落与线索
- 第二句提到:“Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting.” 说明过去“学位=稳定人生”的观念已不可靠。
- 接着指出:“a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.” 直接说明大学教育并非唯一选择。
- 后文又提到雇主开始放弃对某些职位的学位要求,以及 Z 世代需要持续学习、拥有多项技能等。
选项分析
- A. be careful in choosing a college:文章并未强调“谨慎选择大学”,而是讨论“是否必须上大学”。
- B. be diligent at each educational stage:虽然提到持续学习,但这不是作者对 Z 世代的核心建议。
- C. reassess the necessity of college education:与文章核心观点一致,即重新评估上大学的必要性。
- D. postpone their undergraduate application:文中没有建议“推迟申请”,而是建议思考是否有必要申请。
结论
作者的核心建议是:Z 世代应当重新审视大学教育的必要性,而不是盲目追随“必须读大学”的传统观念。因此 C 为正确答案。
27
The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect _____.
解析:
题干问的是“英国毕业生从事非毕业生岗位的比例反映了什么”。
原文中提到:
As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.
这段话的逻辑是:
- 大学学位变得普遍 → 学位贬值。
- 教育不再是社会流动的可靠途径。
- 用 28% 的英国毕业生从事非毕业生岗位这一数据来例证学位贬值现象。
因此,这个数据反映的是学位价值在缩水,对应选项 B. the shrinking value of a degree。
其他选项分析:
- A:千禧一代对工作的看法,文中虽有提及千禧一代,但数据不是为了反映他们的观点。
- C:公众对教育的不满,文中没有直接提到公众不满,而是客观陈述学位价值下降。
- D:社会流动的理想途径,与文意相反,文中说教育已不再是可靠的社会流动途径。
正确答案:B
28
The author considers it a good sign that_____.
让我们先定位原文中与“good sign”相关的部分。
原文提到:
Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset.
紧接着下一句:
Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.
这里的“this is already happening”指的是前文所说的“学位并非适合所有人,还有其他选择”这种观念正在被接受。
作者认为的好迹象是:
- Z 世代在吸取千禧一代的教训(不再盲目追求学位)
- 雇主也意识到不要求学位的好处
选项分析:
- A:Z 世代寻求获得一个好学位 → 这与作者认为“学位不再万能”的观点相反,不是好迹象。
- B:辍学者愿意成为技术工人 → 原文未直接说他们“愿意”,而是雇主愿意雇佣他们。
- C:雇主对学位采取现实态度 → 对应原文“Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles”,这正是作者肯定的现象。
- D:父母正在改变对教育的看法 → 原文说“parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset”,所以父母并没有改变。
因此正确答案是 C。
29
It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should_____.
解析:
题目问的是第五段建议那些已经有一个学位的人应该做什么。
第五段提到:
- 在这个“通才时代”,拥有专门的知识或技能是有好处的。
- 研究生比本科毕业生多赚 40%。
- 当越来越多的人拥有一个学位时,拥有两个学位是有意义的。
- Z 世代不太可能在 18 或 21 岁就结束教育,他们需要持续提升技能以保持就业能力。
这些内容的核心建议是:在已有本科学位的基础上,继续深造,获得更专门的知识或更高学历。
选项分析:
- A. make an early decision on their career(尽早决定职业)—— 文中未强调“尽早决定职业”,而是强调持续学习和技能提升。
- B. attend on the job training programs(参加在职培训项目)—— 虽然提到 up-skilling,但第五段重点是在学历深造(研究生),而不是在职培训。
- C. team up with high-paid postgraduates(与高薪研究生合作)—— 文中未提及合作,只提到研究生收入更高。
- D. further their studies in a specific field(在特定领域继续学习)—— 与文中的“specific knowledge or skills”以及“have two degrees”对应,因此正确。
答案:D
30
What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?
解析:
最后两段的核心信息是:
- 教育不再是 18 或 21 岁就结束的事情,他们需要在整个职业生涯中不断学习新技能(constantly up-skilling)。
- 由于技术压力、个人实现愿望和多样性需求,他们一生可能会有多个雇主和职业,因此教育是他们职业轨迹的核心部分。
- 与老一辈人用学位定义自己不同,Z 世代知道学位不会像过去那样定义他们,这意味着他们会更灵活地持续学习,而不是固守一个身份。
选项分析:
A. Lifelong learning will define them.(终身学习将定义他们)
这与文中“they will need to be constantly up-skilling”以及“Education … will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory”完全一致,因此正确。B. They will make qualified educators.(他们将成为合格的教育者)
文中并未讨论 Z 世代是否适合做教师,属于无关信息。C. Depress will no longer appeal them.(抑郁将不再吸引他们)
“Depress”可能是“depression”的笔误,但文中没有提到抑郁相关的内容,属于无中生有。D. They will have a limited choice of jobs.(他们的工作选择有限)
文中实际上说他们会有多种职业(five different careers),选择更多,而不是有限,因此此项与原文相反。
结论:
正确答案是 A,因为最后两段强调 Z 世代需要持续学习和技能更新,终身学习将成为他们职业生涯的重要特征。
Text 3
Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future. Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning” One respondent said. One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons, injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK. But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art. More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa. Nature’s poll collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.
31
According to paragraph , art-science collaborations have_
解析:
题目问的是“根据文章,艺术与科学的合作已经……”,需要从文中找出对这类合作的描述和评价。
文章开头就提到了一系列读者用来描述艺术与科学合作体验的词语:
“Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun.”
这些词都是正面的。紧接着,文章提到:
“Nearly 40% … said they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.”
这表明参与过合作的人大多愿意再次合作,态度积极。后面还提到:
“Such an encouraging result is not surprising.”
明确说明调查结果是“令人鼓舞的”。虽然文章后半部分也提到合作需要双向投入、避免刻板印象等建议,但整体基调是肯定和积极的,并且调查数据与读者反馈都表明合作获得了良好的反响。
选项分析:
- A. caught the attention of critics(引起批评家的注意)—— 文中未提及。
- B. received favorable responses(获得了好评)—— 与文中读者评价和调查结果一致。
- C. promoted academic publishing(促进了学术出版)—— 未提及。
- D. sparked heated public disputes(引发了激烈的公众争议)—— 文中无依据。
因此,正确答案是 B。
32
The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that
解析:
题目问的是:文章提到《四季》改编版的目的是为了说明什么?
定位原文
原文提到这个例子是在第一段后半部分,具体句子是:One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons, injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.
上下文逻辑
这个例子前面提到:- 科学家与艺术家合作可以“reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning”。
- 也就是说,艺术形式可以让科学内容更容易被公众接触和理解,并且增强情感共鸣。
选项分析
- A. art can offer audiences easy access to science
艺术可以让观众更容易接触科学 → 与原文“reach a broader audience”和“creative call to action”对应,用音乐表达气候数据,让公众更容易理解和关注科学议题。 - B. science can help with the expression of emotions
科学帮助情感表达 → 原文强调的是艺术帮助科学传播和建立情感联系,而不是科学帮助艺术表达情感。 - C. public participation in science has a promising future
公众参与科学前景广阔 → 原文没有直接强调公众参与科学,而是强调艺术作为媒介让公众接触科学。 - D. art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
艺术能有效促进科学创新 → 原文没有说这个表演直接导致了科学创新,而是促进了科学传播和公众行动。
- A. art can offer audiences easy access to science
结论
这个例子的作用是展示艺术如何让科学内容更易于被大众接触和理解,因此 A 正确。
33
Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership.
解析:
题目问的是“一些艺术家似乎在艺术与科学合作中担心什么”。文章的关键信息出现在以下部分:
But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study.
这段话的意思是:真正的合作必须是双向的。虽然回应《自然》调查的艺术家比科学家少,但一些受访者指出,艺术家不仅仅是帮助科学家完成传播需求,他们的作品也不应仅仅被视为研究对象。
这暗示了艺术家担心在合作中他们可能被看作只是“科学传播的助手”或“被研究的对象”,而不是平等的合作伙伴,也就是说,他们的作用被低估(their role may be underestimated)。
选项分析:
- A. their role may be underestimated(他们的作用可能被低估) → 与原文“艺术家不仅仅是帮助科学家”对应,正确。
- B. their reputation may be impaired(他们的声誉可能受损) → 文中未提及。
- C. their creativity may be inhibited(他们的创造力可能受抑制) → 文中未直接说艺术家担心创造力问题。
- D. their work may be misguided(他们的工作可能被误导) → 文中未提及。
因此正确答案是 A。
34
What does the author say about CAVS?
解析:
题目问的是作者对 CAVS(麻省理工学院高级视觉研究中心)的看法。我们从原文中定位相关信息:
More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
这段文字说明:
- CAVS 的建立是为了探索技术在文化中的作用。
- 它让艺术家和科学家基于共同兴趣(如光)进行合作。
- 它希望推动研究人员同时成为艺术家,反之亦然,体现了艺术与科学的深度融合。
结合前文作者的观点:
作者认为最有价值的艺术与科学合作是双方共同投入、共同设计、互相批评,并能促进新研究和产生有力量的艺术。CAVS 的设立理念和实践正是这种“有价值的艺术与科学合作”的体现。
选项分析:
- A:原文未提到 CAVS 由艺术家和科学家轮流领导。
- B:它体现了有价值的艺术与科学合作 → 与作者观点一致。
- C:它的项目旨在推进视觉研究 → 虽然名字中有“视觉研究”,但原文强调它探索技术与文化的关系,不是单纯推进视觉研究。
- D:它的创立者试图提高艺术家的地位 → 原文未提及。
因此,正确答案是 B。
35
In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations
解析:
定位段落:题目要求分析最后一段(the last paragraph)中作者对艺术与科学合作的看法。
最后一段原文关键句为:The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other.
关键信息提取:
- “go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication” 意味着艺术与科学合作不应仅仅局限于“传播科学研究”,而应做得更多。
- 选项 C “should do more than communicating science” 与此完全对应。
排除其他选项:
- A 项 “可能超出公众预期” 在段落中未直接提及。
- B 项 “会加剧跨学科竞争” 与段落强调合作、避免刻板印象的主旨不符。
- D 项 “比以前更受欢迎” 虽然是事实,但最后一段的重点不是讨论流行度变化,而是强调合作应超越单纯的科学传播。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Text 4
The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000(ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way. Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice. But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success of failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal. If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth. Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong. Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being. Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
36
The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to
解析:
定位关键信息
文章第一段明确指出:Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”.
理解题干与选项
题干问的是《雇佣关系法》中个人申诉条款的目的。- A 项:惩罚可疑的公司行为——文中未提及惩罚目的,而是强调保护员工不被无理解雇。
- B 项:改进传统雇佣程序——文中未讨论改进招聘流程。
- C 项:免除雇主的某些责任——与原文相反,该条款是增加雇主的解雇责任(必须证明解雇合理且程序公平)。
- D 项:保护普通员工的权利——与原文“guard the jobs of ordinary workers”一致。
结论
根据原文直接陈述,个人申诉条款的设计初衷是保护普通工人不被无理解雇,因此正确答案是 D。
答案:D
37
It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may
解析:
题目要求从第 3 段推断这些规定(即《雇佣关系法》中的个人申诉条款)可能带来的影响。
第 3 段的主要内容是:
- 这些规定使得企业难以解雇表现不佳的高薪经理;
- 这会对提高生产力和整体绩效形成阻碍(原文用“handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance”);
- C 级和 A 级经理的差距可能导致企业成败的差异,甚至影响普通员工的工作保留;
- 如果就业保护法限制企业解雇表现差的经理,就会对企业生产力和工人工资产生负面影响;
- 新西兰生产力委员会也指出,管理能力质量低是生产力增长缓慢的一个原因。
综合来看,第 3 段的核心论点是:这些规定阻碍了企业解雇不称职的高管,从而阻碍企业发展。
选项分析:
- A. hinder business development(阻碍企业发展)—— 与第 3 段主旨一致,正确。
- B. undermine managers’ authority(削弱经理的权威)—— 段落未提及。
- C. affect the public image of the firms(影响公司公众形象)—— 段落未提及。
- D. worsen labor-management relations(恶化工劳关系)—— 段落讨论的是企业生产力和解雇高管的困难,并未直接涉及劳资关系恶化。
因此,正确答案是 A。
38
Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?
解析:
定位关键信息
文章中提到:Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth.
生产力委员会(Productivity Commission)明确指出,新西兰生产力增长缓慢的一个原因是管理能力质量低。
逻辑推理
如果低质量的管理者是生产力低下的原因,那么要提高生产力,就应该允许企业解雇表现不佳的管理者。
而文章前面提到,现有的《雇佣关系法》使解雇表现不佳的高薪管理者变得困难,这抑制了生产力和整体绩效。选项分析
- A. 实施合理的工资限制:文中未提及工资限制与生产力委员会观点直接相关。
- B. 加强就业保护法:这与生产力委员会的观点相反,因为就业保护法限制了企业解雇低绩效管理者。
- C. 限制企业主的权力:也与生产力委员会的观点相反,因为限制企业主权力会进一步阻碍解雇低效管理者。
- D. 解雇表现不佳的管理者:这与生产力委员会的观点一致,因为解雇低绩效管理者有助于提高生产力。
因此,正确答案是 D。
39
What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?
解析:
题目问的是“ERA 不合理解雇程序可能产生的影响”。
文章明确指出,由于解雇成本高,雇主在雇佣新员工时更加谨慎,并且企业支付给员工的工资更低,因为企业承担了雇佣关系出问题的负担。
原文依据:
Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
选项分析:
- A:高薪经理失去工作——与原文逻辑相反,ERA 反而使他们更难被解雇,而不是更容易失去工作。
- B:员工遭受减薪——与原文“firms pay staff less”一致。
- C:社会整体福利上升——与原文“Society also suffers from excessive employment protections”相反。
- D:雇主需要雇佣新员工——原文说雇主更谨慎雇佣新员工,而不是需要雇佣更多。
因此正确答案是 B。
40
It can be inferred that the “high income threshold” in Australia ____.
我们先看题干要求:
题目问的是从文中可以推断出澳大利亚的“高收入门槛”(high income threshold)______。
原文相关部分:
Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws.
这句话的意思是:澳大利亚解决“不正当解雇悖论”的方法是,让收入超过某个“高收入门槛”的员工不受不公平解雇法的保护。
推理分析:
- 文章前面一直在说新西兰《雇佣关系法》对高收入经理人的解雇保护导致企业难以解雇表现不佳的经理,从而影响生产率和企业绩效。
- 澳大利亚的做法是,高收入员工不适用不公平解雇保护,这意味着企业解雇他们更容易,不必担心个人申诉程序带来的成本和限制。
- 对企业主来说,这显然是有利的,因为他们可以更自由地管理高管团队,提升企业效率。
选项分析:
- A. has secured managers’ earnings(保障了经理的收入)—— 错,澳大利亚的做法是减少对高收入经理的解雇保护,不是保障他们的收入。
- B. has produced undesired results(产生了不良后果)—— 文中没有说澳大利亚的做法有不良后果,反而暗示这是解决新西兰问题的一种方式。
- C. is beneficial to business owners(对企业主有利)—— 对,因为企业主可以更容易解雇表现不佳的高薪经理,提高企业灵活性。
- D. is difficult to put into practice(难以实施)—— 文中没有提到澳大利亚的实施困难,反而新西兰曾尝试类似法案但被否决,不等于澳大利亚的现行制度难以实施。
答案:C
Part B
Directions
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points )
41-45
(41) Teri Byrd: _______________________
I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.
Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom,a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.
(42) Karen R.Sime: _______________________
As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.
The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.
(43)Greg Newberry: _______________________
Emma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.
Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each specis in is natural habitat Are there tragedics? Of course.But they are the exception not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better trcatment than most of us at our local hospial.
(44) Dean Gallea: _______________________
As a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian. I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issuo f zo. Bul beieve that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer heir captivity so serve a higher purpose.Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to sck out disturb and even hunt them down.
Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.
(45) John Fraser: _______________________
Emma Marris selctively deseribes and misepresents the findings of our rearch. Our studies focusecd on the impact of zoo cxpcricncs on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies.
Zoos are toos or hinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connccting people with animals and with nature.Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
The Man Who Broke Napoleon’s Codes - Mark Urban
Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.
I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, " The Scovell Ciphers “. (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. I was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.
I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?
Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which I realized was priceless. (49) There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.
As I researched Scovell’s story I found far more of piterest besides of his intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self - improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Write an e - mail to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a team for international innovation contest to be held at your university.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
describe the picture briefly,
interpret the implied meaning, and
give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
(下方配有一幅图,图中有 “公告栏”,栏上有 “校园讲座” 相关内容,两位女生对话,一位说 “不是我们专业的,听了也没用”,另一位说 “去听听肯定有好处” )

14 - 2023 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | 2 | A | 3 | D | 4 | C | 5 | C |
| 6 | A | 7 | B | 8 | B | 9 | A | 10 | D |
| 11 | D | 12 | C | 13 | C | 14 | B | 15 | A |
| 16 | B | 17 | D | 18 | A | 19 | D | 20 | A |
| 21 | C | 22 | B | 23 | A | 24 | C | 25 | D |
| 26 | A | 27 | D | 28 | B | 29 | C | 30 | D |
| 31 | A | 32 | C | 33 | B | 34 | A | 35 | D |
| 36 | B | 37 | C | 38 | A | 39 | B | 40 | D |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Text
Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments or . This word " Caravanserais" is a of the Persian word " karv:an" , which means a group of ltravellers or a caravan , and " seray " , a palace or enclosed building. The term caravan was used to groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons , merchants, travellers or pillgrims. From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes became more developed,the of the caravanserais increased and they served as a more developed, the of the caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to :rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road possibility of being attacked by thieves or being to extreme weather conditions. For this reason, caravanserais were strategically placed they could be reached in a day’s travel time. Caravanserais served as an informal point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. , these structures became important centers for cultural and interaction, with travellers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, taking knowledge with them, greatly the development of several civilisations. Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and in the trade of goods along the Silk Road. , it was frequently the first stop for merchants looking to sell their wares and supplies for their own journeys. It is that around 12,000 to 15,000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, only about 3 , 000 are known to remain today , many of which are in .
1
解析:
第1题空格所在句为:
They were typically ______ outside the walls of a city or village…
四个选项的意思分别是:
- A. displayed 展示
- B. occupied 占据
- C. located 位于
- D. equipped 装备
根据句意,这里说的是商队旅馆(caravanserais)通常位于城市或村庄的城墙之外,强调的是位置,所以 C. located 最合适。
因此正确答案是 C。
2
解析:
第 2 题题干:
They were typically … outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments or ______.
四个选项:
A. privately
B. regularly
C. respectively
D. permanently
解题思路:
- 句子意思是:商队旅馆通常由政府 或 ______ 资助。
- 这里“or”表示并列,前面是 governments(政府),后面应该是与“政府”相对的资助来源。
- 与“政府资助”相对的就是“私人资助”,privately 意为“私人地”,即由私人资金兴建。
- 其他选项含义:
- regularly(定期地) → 不表示资金来源
- respectively(分别地) → 不符合语义
- permanently(永久地) → 不表示资金来源
因此,A. privately 是正确答案,表示“政府或私人资助”。
3
解析:
第 3 题题干为:
This word “Caravanserais” is ______ a of the Persian word “karv:an” , which means a group of travellers or a caravan , and “seray” , a palace or enclosed building.
这里说 Caravanserais 这个词是由波斯语 karv:an(商队)和 seray(宫殿/封闭建筑)两个部分组成的。
四个选项:
- A. definition(定义)
- B. transition(过渡)
- C. substitution(替代)
- D. combination(组合)
显然,两个词合在一起构成一个新词,这是“组合”关系,因此选 D. combination。
4
解析:
第 4 题原文是:
The term caravan was used to $\underline{\quad4\quad}$ groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons , $\underline{\quad5\quad}$ merchants, travellers or pilgrims.
选项:
A. classify(分类)
B. record(记录)
C. describe(描述)
D. connect(连接)
逻辑分析:
- 这里说“caravan”这个词被用来 …… 一群人(商人、旅行者、朝圣者等)。
- 从语义上看,“caravan”并不是对人群进行分类,而是指代或称呼这样一群人。
- “describe” 有“描述、形容、指称”的意思,即用这个词来描述这些结伴而行的人。
- 其他选项:
- classify 强调分类,但这里不是分类,而是指这个术语的含义。
- record(记录)不符合,因为“caravan”不是用来记录他们,而是用来称呼他们。
- connect(连接)语义不通。
因此,C. describe 最符合语境,意为“caravan 这个词用来描述一群为了安全结伴旅行的人”。
答案:C
5
解析:
第 5 题题干为:
The term caravan was used to ___ groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons, ___ merchants, travellers or pilgrims.
空格前面的意思是“商队这个词被用来指代在古代路线上一起旅行的一群人”,后面是“商人、旅行者或朝圣者”。
显然,“merchants, travellers or pilgrims” 是前面 “groups of people” 的具体举例,所以这里应该填入表示“例如”的词组。
选项分析:
- A. apart from(除了……之外)—— 表示排除或额外补充,不符合举例关系。
- B. instead of(而不是)—— 表示替代关系,不符合句意。
- C. such as(例如)—— 用于引出例子,符合句意。
- D. along with(和……一起)—— 表示伴随,不强调举例。
因此,正确答案是 C. such as。
6
解析:
第 6 题空格所在的句子是:
From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes became more developed, the ______ of the caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night.
逻辑分析:
- 随着商路和旅行路线的发展,商队旅馆的 数量或建设 会增加。
- 选项分析:
- A. construction(建设)→ 符合语境,表示“修建的数量增加”。
- B. restoration(修复)→ 与“路线发展”无直接因果关系,且当时应是新建为主。
- C. impression(印象)→ 与上下文逻辑不符。
- D. evaluation(评估)→ 与“增加”不搭配,也不符合历史发展事实。
因此,正确答案是 A. construction。
7
解析:
第 7 题原文为:
Travellers on the Silk Road ______ possibility of being attacked by thieves or being ______ to extreme weather conditions.
第一个空需要填入一个动词,说明旅行者与“可能性”之间的关系。
- A. doubted(怀疑)——逻辑上,他们不是怀疑这种可能性,而是确实面临这种风险。
- B. faced(面对)——符合语境,旅行者“面对”被抢劫或遭遇恶劣天气的可能性。
- C. accepted(接受)——语气不对,他们并非自愿接受,而是不得不面对。
- D. reduced(减少)——主语应该是措施或场所,而不是旅行者本人减少这种可能性。
因此,B. faced 是唯一符合逻辑的选项,表示“面临……的可能性”。
答案:B
8
解析:
第 8 题题干为:
Travellers on the Silk Road ______ possibility of being attacked by thieves or being ______ to extreme weather conditions.
前半部分说“遭到盗贼袭击的可能性”,后半部分用“or”连接,意思并列,表示“或者遭受极端天气条件”。
四个选项:
- A. assigned(指派、分配)—— 一般用于分配任务,不用于“遭受极端天气”。
- B. subjected(使遭受、使经历)—— “be subjected to” 是固定搭配,意为“遭受、经受”,符合语境。
- C. accustomed(习惯于)——“be accustomed to”意为“习惯于”,但这里不是强调习惯,而是强调被动遭受恶劣天气。
- D. opposed(反对)——“be opposed to”意为“反对”,语义不符。
因此,B. subjected 是正确答案,构成“being subjected to extreme weather conditions”(遭受极端天气条件),与“being attacked by thieves”并列,描述旅途中的危险。
9
解析:
第 9 题考查的是逻辑关系连接词。
句子是:
Caravanserais were strategically placed ______ they could be reached in a day’s travel time.
意思是:“商队旅馆被战略性地安置在 ______ 它们可以在一天的行程内到达。”
A. so that 表示目的,意为“以便,为了”,引导目的状语从句。
这里“战略性地安置”的目的是让旅行者能在一天内到达,逻辑上完全成立。B. even if 表示让步,“即使”,不符合句意。
C. now that 表示原因,“既然”,不符合。
D. in case 表示“以防,万一”,通常用于预防不好的事,而这里是表达目的,不是预防。
因此,只有 A. so that 符合上下文逻辑,表示设置旅馆位置的目的就是为了让旅行者一天内能到达。
正确答案:A
10
解析:
第 10 题空格所在的句子是:
Caravanserais served as an informal meeting point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road.
分析:
- A. talking(谈话)—— 虽然人们在商队旅馆会交谈,但“talking point”在英文中通常指“话题、议论的焦点”,不符合“非正式的聚集地点”之意。
- B. starting(开始)——“starting point”指“起点”,但商队旅馆并不一定是旅程的起点,而是沿途的休息站。
- C. breaking(打破)——“breaking point”意为“断裂点、崩溃点”,与语境不符。
- D. meeting(会面)——“meeting point”是“会合点、聚集点”的意思,符合商队旅馆作为旅行者交流、歇脚场所的功能。
结合上下文,商队旅馆是丝路上不同旅客相遇、交流的非正式场所,因此 meeting point 最合适。
答案:D
11
解析:
第 11 题所在的句子是:
Caravanserais served as an informal ______ point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. ______, these structures became important centers for cultural ______ and interaction…
逻辑关系分析
- 前一句说“商队旅馆是丝绸之路上各种旅行者的非正式聚集点”。
- 后一句说“这些建筑成为文化交流与互动的重要中心”。
- 显然,前一句是因(作为聚集点),后一句是果(因此成为文化交流中心),两者是因果关系。
选项分析
- A. By the way(顺便说)→ 表示插入额外信息,不符合因果逻辑。
- B. On occasion(偶尔)→ 表示频率,不符合。
- C. In comparison(相比之下)→ 表示对比,不符合。
- D. As a result(因此)→ 表示结果,符合前后因果逻辑。
因此,正确答案是 D。
12
解析:
第 12 题空格所在的句子是:
these structures became important centers for cultural ______ and interaction, with travellers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs…
- A. heritage(遗产)—— 强调“继承下来的文化”,而这里强调的是旅行者之间主动的分享与交流,不是静态的遗产。
- B. revival(复兴)—— 指某种文化或事物的重新兴起,与语境不符。
- C. exchange(交流)—— 与后面的 “interaction”(互动)并列,且 “sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs” 正是文化交流的表现,语义通顺。
- D. status(地位)—— 与语境不符,这里不是讨论文化地位。
因此,C. exchange 最符合文意,表示“文化交流与互动”。
答案:C
13
解析:
第 13 题所在的句子为:
… with travellers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, ______ taking knowledge with them, greatly ______ the development of several civilisations.
句子结构分析:
- 前半部分说“旅行者分享他们的文化、思想和信仰”,
- 空格后面是“带着知识离开”。
- 这两部分之间是并列关系,表示旅行者不仅分享文化,也带走知识。
选项分析:
- A. with regard to(关于)→ 不符合并列逻辑
- B. in spite of(尽管)→ 表示让步,不符合语境
- C. as well as(以及,还有)→ 表示并列,符合“既分享又带走”的逻辑
- D. in line with(与……一致)→ 不符合语义
因此,正确答案是 C. as well as,表示“旅行者分享文化、思想、信仰,并且也带走知识”。
14
解析:
上下文逻辑
空格前的句子提到旅行者在驿站中分享文化、思想和信仰,并带走知识。空格后是“the development of several civilisations”(多个文明的发展)。
这种“文化交流”与“文明发展”之间的关系应当是影响或促进,而不是“完成”“恢复”或“开创”。词义辨析
- A. completing(完成)—— 文化交流并不会“完成”文明的发展,不符合逻辑。
- B. influencing(影响)—— 文化交流会影响文明发展,符合历史事实与语境。
- C. resuming(恢复)—— 文中没有提到文明发展中断后恢复。
- D. pioneering(开创)—— 驿站的文化交流是促进,不一定是“开创”文明发展。
语法与搭配
“greatly influencing…” 是现在分词作结果状语,表示前文描述的活动带来的影响,语法正确且语义通顺。
因此,正确答案是 B. influencing。
15
解析:
第15题所在句子为:
Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and ___ in the trade of goods along the Silk Road.
句意分析:
这句话的意思是“商队旅馆也是商品的重要市场,并且 ______ 丝绸之路上的货物贸易。”
空格处需要填入一个动词,说明商队旅馆在贸易中起到的作用。
选项分析:
- A. aided(帮助、促进)—— 商队旅馆为贸易提供场所和便利,因此是“帮助/促进”贸易,符合逻辑。
- B. invested(投资)—— 商队旅馆本身是设施,不是主动投资贸易的主体,不符合语境。
- C. failed(失败)—— 与文意相反,商队旅馆是成功的设施。
- D. competed(竞争)—— 商队旅馆不是与贸易竞争,而是支持贸易。
结合上下文,商队旅馆为商人提供住宿、安全、交易场所,因此是 aided(促进)了贸易。
正确答案:A
16
解析:
第 16 题的空格位于段落开头,前一句说“商队旅馆也是丝绸之路沿线商品贸易的重要市场”,后一句说“它常常是商人售卖货物和为自己旅程补给物资的第一站”。
- A. Rather 表示“相反地”或“更确切地说”,但这里不是对前文的修正,而是进一步强调说明。
- B. Indeed 表示“确实”“实际上”,用于加强肯定前文所述,并引出更具体的说明,符合语境。
- C. Otherwise 表示“否则”,用于假设或转折,不符合逻辑。
- D. However 表示“然而”,用于转折,但这里前后是顺承递进关系,不是转折。
因此,B. Indeed 最合适,强调商队旅馆确实是商人的重要第一站,与前文“重要市场”形成递进解释。
答案:B
17
解析:
第 17 题
空格所在句为:
It was frequently the first stop for merchants looking to sell their wares and ______ supplies for their own journeys.
句意分析:
- 商队旅馆是商人的第一站,他们到这里有两个目的:
- 卖掉自己的货物(sell their wares)
- 为自己的旅程 ______ 物资(supplies)
选项分析:
- A. go in for:意思是“参加;喜欢”,不符合“储备物资”的语境。
- B. stand up for:意思是“支持;维护”,与物资无关。
- C. close in on:意思是“逼近;包围”,不符合语境。
- D. stock up on:意思是“备货;囤积”,常与食物、物资等搭配,表示为了后续旅程而采购储备物资。
逻辑对应:
商人卖掉货物后,需要为接下来的行程补充物资,所以“stock up on supplies”非常贴切。
因此正确答案是 D。
18
解析:
第 18 题空格所在的句子是:
It is ______ that around 12,000 to 15,000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road…
这里的意思是“据信/据估计有大约 12,000 到 15,000 座商旅客栈沿丝绸之路被建造”。
这种句型在英语中常用 It is believed that… 表示“人们普遍认为/据信”,用来引出一个普遍接受但可能没有精确文献记录的历史数据。
- A. believed ✅ 符合历史叙述中“据信”的常见表达。
- B. predicted ❌ 表示“预测”,用于将来,而这里是历史数量。
- C. recalled ❌ 表示“回忆”,主语一般是人,不用于这种客观历史数量的表述。
- D. implied ❌ 表示“暗示”,不符合语境,因为这里没有暗示,而是直接陈述一个估算。
因此正确答案是 A. believed。
19
解析:
第 19 题空格前的句子是“据估计,丝绸之路上大约建造了 12,000 到 15,000 座商队旅馆”,空格后的内容是“如今已知仅存约 3,000 座”。
- 前后逻辑是转折关系:虽然曾经有很多,但现在只剩下少数。
- 四个选项中:
- A. until(直到)表示时间,不符合转折语义。
- B. because(因为)表示因果,不符合。
- C. unless(除非)表示条件,不符合。
- D. although(虽然,尽管)表示让步转折,符合句意。
因此正确答案是 D. although。
20
解析:
第 20 题空格所在句为:
… only about 3,000 are known to remain today, many of which are in ______.
意思是:
“如今已知仅存约 3000 座,其中很多处于______状态。”
- A. ruins(废墟)—— 符合语境,表示很多商队旅馆因年代久远、无人维护而成为废墟。
- B. debt(债务)—— 与建筑物状态无关。
- C. fashion(时尚)—— 不合逻辑。
- D. series(系列)—— “in series” 表示“串联、系列”,不用于描述建筑物遗存状态。
结合历史遗迹的常见描述,应选 A. ruins,表示“已成废墟”。
正确答案:A
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools. Pat Hardy, who sympathises with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes to science standards for pre-teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures. Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy’s views. “They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion. " says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education. “What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship. " Such debates reflect fierce discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools. A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B + or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere. Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says. Another issue is that, while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages—such as earth and space sciences in high schools—it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses. Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.
21
In Paragraph 1, the weather in Texas is mentioned to ___
解析:
题干定位:题目要求分析第一段中提及“得克萨斯州天气”的目的。
原文第一句为:The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.
写作手法分析:
- 前半句说“天气可能已经降温”,是字面意思。
- 后半句用“but”转折,并说“会议的 temperature 会很高”,这里的 temperature 显然不是指实际气温,而是比喻会议气氛紧张、争论激烈。
- 这种修辞手法是“一语双关”,用天气引出会议氛围。
选项比对:
- A:预测学校政策转变 → 文中虽有政策辩论,但天气描述并非直接预测政策变化。
- B:强调气候变化后果 → 天气变化只是引子,重点不在后果。
- C:暗示会议气氛 → 与原文比喻吻合,是正确答案。
- D:引起公众对能源短缺的关注 → 文中未提及能源短缺,属无关信息。
结论:作者用天气的“降温”对比会议的“升温”,生动引出会议中关于气候变化教学问题的激烈争论,因此答案是 C。
22
What does Quinn think of Hardy?
解析:
题目问的是 Quinn 对 Hardy 的看法。
根据原文,Quinn 说:
“They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.”
这句话的意思是:他们(包括 Hardy)随意地把学者和科学家毕生的工作当作另一种错误的观点而加以否定。
- A 项(她夸大了现有的恐慌)—— 原文未提及 Hardy 在夸大恐慌,而是说她否定人类活动导致气候变化的科学共识。
- B 项(她否认科学工作的价值)—— 对应 Quinn 所说的 “dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists”,即不承认科学工作的价值,符合文意。
- C 项(她不关心青少年)—— 原文未直接说她是否关心青少年,而是讨论教学内容是否基于科学事实。
- D 项(她表达了自相矛盾的观点)—— 原文未指出她的观点自相矛盾,而是说她与科学共识相悖。
因此,正确选项是 B。
23
The study mentioned in Paragraph 5 shows that ___
解析:
定位段落:题目要求分析第 5 段提到的研究。第 5 段内容是:
A study last year by the National Center for Science Education… looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F)…
研究核心结论:
- 这项研究评估了美国各州公立学校在科学课程中对待气候变化的方式。
- 结果:只有不到一半的州获得 B+ 或更高分数,很多州表现不佳,得克萨斯州甚至得了最低分 F。
- 这说明美国许多州的公立学校在气候变化教育方面做得不够好。
选项分析:
- A. climate education is insufficient at state public schools(州公立学校的气候教育不足)
与原文研究结果一致,研究显示大部分州评分不高,说明教育不足。 - B. policymakers have little drive for science education(政策制定者对科学教育缺乏动力)
文中未直接说明政策制定者缺乏动力,而是讨论教学内容和标准的问题。 - C. Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooks(得克萨斯州不愿重写科学教科书)
虽然文中提到得州的影响大,但研究本身并未直接说明其不愿改写教科书。 - D. environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision(某些州的环境教学缺乏监督)
文中未提及“监督”问题,而是讨论课程标准与教学内容。
- A. climate education is insufficient at state public schools(州公立学校的气候教育不足)
结论:
研究直接表明,美国许多州在气候变化教育方面的表现不佳,因此 A 是正确答案。
答案:A
24
According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US ___
解析:
题目问的是根据 Branch 的观点,美国州一级的科学标准(state-level science standards)具有什么特点。
在原文中,Glenn Branch 的评论出现在这一段:
Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards.
这句话的意思是:在美国,教育决策权下放给了地方学区委员会,因此州一级的科学标准只是一个有限的衡量基准。
也就是说,州标准虽然存在,但实际教学内容和实施由地方学区决定,因此它的影响力有限。
选项分析:
- A. call for regular revision(需要定期修订)—— 文中未提及定期修订。
- B. require urgent application(需要紧急应用)—— 未提及。
- C. have limited influence(影响力有限)—— 与原文 “only one limited benchmark” 对应。
- D. cater to local needs(迎合地方需求)—— 州标准是统一制定的,不是迎合地方需求,而且地方学区可以自主决定教什么。
因此正确选项是 C。
25
It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schools ___
解析:
最后一段主要提到两个问题:
- 气候变化在不同学科和年级的融入程度不同,在低年级和生物、化学等广泛教授的科目中体现不够,在社会科学课程中也不突出。
- 即使官方教材反映科学共识,但非官方的教学材料(由自由意志主义智库和能源行业协会赞助)可能带有倾向性观点,并被分发给教师。
由此可以推断,气候变化教学可能受到外部组织(如智库、行业协会)的影响,这些组织提供的材料可能带有偏见,从而影响教学内容的客观性。
选项 D. can be swayed by external forces(可能受到外部力量的影响)与此逻辑一致。
其他选项分析:
- A:与公众需求一致 —— 文中未体现。
- B:反映教师个人偏见 —— 文中强调的是外部材料的影响,不是教师个人偏见。
- C:可能歪曲能源行业 —— 歪曲的不是能源行业本身,而是气候变化的事实,且材料可能来自能源行业,不是歪曲它。
因此正确答案是 D。
Text 2
Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there’s an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market. In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals. “We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,” said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, “employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said. However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of a local association of realtor. “A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,” Castle said, “and so it’s a cyclical effect.” Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Hom, an expert on affordable housing policy. “I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it’s their vacation home anyway, and it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?” Hom said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities—de facto hotels—to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Hom said. At the end of 2018, Governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rental host to register with the state, mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department. Hom said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”
26
Which of the following is true of New England?
解析:
题目问“关于新英格兰地区,以下哪项是正确的?”
A. 它的住房供应处于非常低的水平。
原文明确提到“record-high home prices and historically low inventory”(创纪录的高房价和历史性的低库存),以及新罕布什尔州的“rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent”(出租空置率已降至1%以下),这些都说明住房供应严重不足,因此A项正确。B. 它的社区需要资金。
原文未提及社区需要资金支持,而是讨论如何规范短租市场以缓解住房压力,因此B项错误。C. 它的出租空置率正在缓慢上升。
原文提到新罕布什尔州的出租空置率已降至1%以下,是下降而非上升,因此C项错误。D. 它的房价受到严格管控。
原文提到房价创历史新高,但并未说房价受到严格管控,而是试图通过规范短租来缓解住房压力,因此D项错误。
正确答案:A
27
The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended to ___
解析:
题目问的是第二段中提到的法案的意图(intended to)。
第二段原文提到:
The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.
这句话的意思是:
立法机关投票否决了一项法案,该法案原本要禁止各城镇制定限制短租的法规。
也就是说,这项被否决的法案如果通过,就会阻止地方政府管制短租,从而允许短租市场自由发展。
四个选项:
- A. 遏制短期租赁投机 → 错,这是反对该法案的人想做的事,不是该法案的目的。
- B. 确保廉价住房供应 → 错,与该法案无关。
- C. 惩罚住房非法交易 → 错,文中未提及。
- D. 允许自由的短租市场 → 对,因为该法案阻止地方政府限制短租,目的就是让短租市场不受地方管制。
所以正确答案是 D。
28
Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to support ___
好的,我们一步步来分析。
1. 理解人物观点
Taylor(代表 Workforce Housing Coalition):
- 提到“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing”。
- 强调可负担住房不足,导致雇主招人难、工人找不到住处。
- 他是从“住房短缺、短租可能加剧长租市场紧张”的角度出发的,因此他更可能支持增加可负担住房供应,而不是鼓励短租。
Castle(房地产协会 CEO):
- 指出短租为游客提供住房,很多工人服务于旅游业,而旅游业依赖短租游客,这是“cyclical effect”。
- 他更倾向于维护短租存在的合理性,强调其对当地旅游经济的支持。
2. 题目问法
Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to support ___
即:与 Castle 相比,Taylor 更可能支持什么?
Castle 站在短租有利于旅游业的立场,Taylor 站在住房短缺危机的立场,因此 Taylor 会支持解决住房短缺问题的措施,而不是优先保障短租市场。
3. 选项分析
A. further investment in local tourism
- 这是 Castle 的立场,不是 Taylor 更可能支持的。
B. an increase in affordable housing
- 与 Taylor 的担忧和主张完全一致,他明确说了缺乏可负担住房的问题。
C. strict management of real estate agents
- 文中未直接涉及房地产经纪人的严格管理,Taylor 的重点是住房供应,不是针对中介。
D. a favorable policy for short-term workers
- 短租工人?文中没有特别讨论针对短工的优惠政策,而且 Taylor 关注的是所有工人找房难的问题,不是专门给短工政策。
4. 结论
Taylor 最可能支持的是 B. an increase in affordable housing,因为他的核心论点是住房供应危机,需要增加可负担住房。
最终答案:B
29
What does Hom emphasize in Paragraph 5?
解析:
题目问的是第 5 段中 Hom 强调的内容。
第 5 段在原文中对应的是 Hom 说的两段话:
“I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. … why can’t you make money off it?”
→ 这里表示她并不反对个人出租第二套住房。“Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities—de facto hotels—to bypass taxes and regulations. I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?”
→ 这里强调问题在于开发商大规模建短租设施,以逃避酒店应遵守的税收和监管。
因此,Hom 在第 5 段强调的重点是必须阻止开发商逃税和规避监管。
选项分析:
- A 升级短租设施 → 未提及。
- B 当地住房市场的高效运作 → 不是本段重点。
- C 阻止开发商逃税的必要性 → 与原文意思一致。
- D 出租闲置房屋的正确程序 → 不是本段强调内容。
正确答案:C
30
Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is ___
让我们先定位原文中 Hom 的观点。
原文提到:
Hom said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”
这句话的意思是:
- 登记要求是有好处的(could benefit),
- 但是要真正解决住房市场问题,主要还得靠“建更多住房”。
也就是说,登记要求虽然有用,但不足以彻底解决问题,因此它是一个 inadequate solution(不够充分的解决方案)。
选项分析:
- A. an irrational decision(不理性的决定)—— 原文没说它不合理,反而说它 could benefit。
- B. an unfeasible proposal(不可行的提议)—— 没说不可行。
- C. an unnecessary measure(不必要的措施)—— 没说没必要,反而说可能有益。
- D. an inadequate solution(不够充分的解决方案)—— 符合 Hom 的“but”转折含义。
因此正确答案是 D。
Text 3
If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones, the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the same may be true of The President’s Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House (PRH), a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones. The problem began late last year, when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were “quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”. PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.” In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute. It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published. “This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels. Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal with Amazon,” says Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.” We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.
31
The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to present ___
解析:
题目问的是作者在第一段提到两本书的目的是什么。
第一段内容回顾:
第一段开头提到,如果你去英国最大的图书零售商 Waterstones 找梅根的新童书《The Bench》或者克林顿与帕特森合著的新惊悚小说《The President’s Daughter》,你可能得费一番功夫寻找。接着指出这两本书都由 Penguin Random House (PRH) 出版,而 PRH 目前正与 Waterstones 陷入僵局(stand-off)。随后解释了原因:PRH 对 Waterstones 施加了“很高的信用额度限制”,导致 Waterstones 将 PRH 的书从显眼位置撤下。写作目的分析:
作者并不是要介绍这两本书本身,也不是单纯介绍一种文学现象,而是通过这两本书作为例子,引出 PRH 与 Waterstones 之间的商业冲突。这种冲突是“正在进行的”(ongoing),因为文中提到双方还在僵持中,并且对图书销售和作者产生了影响。选项分析:
- A. an ongoing conflict(一个正在进行的冲突) → 符合文意,即两家公司之间的商业纠纷。
- B. an intellectual concept(一个知识概念) → 文中未涉及抽象概念。
- C. a prevailing sentiment(一种普遍情绪) → 不是重点,也不是为了表达情绪。
- D. a literary phenomenon(一种文学现象) → 虽然涉及图书,但核心是商业冲突,不是文学本身的现象。
因此,正确答案是 A。
32
Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?
解析:
- 问题核心:问的是 Waterstones 为什么把 PRH 的书从显眼位置移回普通货架。
- 文章线索:
- 第二段提到,PRH 对 Waterstones 实施了“很高的信用额度限制”(credit limit)。
- Waterstones 的应对措施是:让分店经理把 PRH 的书从显眼的展示区(桌子、橱窗等)撤下,放回它们所属的分类区(retiring them to their relevant sections)。
- 逻辑关系:
- Waterstones 这样做不是自愿的,而是对 PRH 限制其信用额度的商业行为的回应。
- 选项 C “To respond to PRH’s business move” 准确概括了这一因果关系。
- 排除其他选项:
- A:移走书显然不是为了“更容易被注意到”,相反是降低其展示度。
- B:不是遵守 PRH 的要求,而是应对 PRH 的限制。
- D:不是单纯为了系统化摆放,而是带有商业博弈的目的。
因此正确答案是 C。
33
What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?
解析:
题目问的是 Waterstones 发言人的表态中传达了什么信息。
文中 Waterstones 发言人的原话是:
“We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately.”
这句话的意思是:
- 他们希望恢复正常(normality will return)
- 并且他们能够被允许正常采购(allowed to buy appropriately)
这暗示了目前他们受到 PRH 的信用额度限制,而他们希望这种限制能够解除,恢复正常采购关系。
四个选项:
- A. 顾客仍然忠诚 —— 文中提到书店很忙、销售数据好,但这不是发言人主要想传达的核心信息,而是附带说明。
- B. 信用限制将被解除 —— 虽然发言人没有直接说“会解除”,但“hopeful … normality will return”表达了希望结束当前限制的愿望,这是他们想传达的主要信息。
- C. 库存被低估 —— 文中未提及。
- D. 图书市场相当萧条 —— 与文中说的书店繁忙相反。
因此,正确答案是 B,发言人希望信用限制解除,恢复正常采购。
34
What can be one consequence of the current dispute?
解析:
根据文章内容,当前争端是企鹅兰登书屋(PRH)对水石书店(Waterstones)实施了“信贷额度限制”,导致水石书店将 PRH 的书籍从显眼位置撤下,并减少库存。文章明确提到:
“PRH authors have been the losers. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.”
这意味着:
- 知名作家可能受影响较小;
- 中层作家(mid-list authors) 受影响更大,因为他们通常依赖水石书店员工主动推荐不太出名的作家的书;
- 由于陈列和库存减少,他们的书销量会明显下降。
因此,当前争端的一个后果是:中层 PRH 作家的销量显著下滑,对应选项 A。
其他选项分析:
- B:文中未提及“不知名作家成为批评目标”。
- C:水石书店员工并非“犹豫推广知名作家书”,而是受库存和陈列限制影响。
- D:水石书店表示“店铺非常繁忙”,5 月图书销量超 2018 年以来任何月份,并未提到收入严重下降。
正确答案:A
35
Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?
好的,我们来一步步分析。
1. 定位 Lownie 的观点
原文中 Lownie 的发言在:
“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels. Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal with Amazon,” says Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”
2. 理解 Lownie 的核心观点
- 他指出趋势是“权力集中”和“卡特尔化”(即垄断或寡头)。
- 出版社合并是为了应对亚马逊等大平台。
- 他认为出版业需要 plurality(多元化) 的传播方式、选择和不同声音。
- 很多有趣的书来自小出版社。
- 最后一段结尾暗示:这种多元化可能会因为出版社追求规模而成为牺牲品。
所以 Lownie 对“出版社合并”持 担忧 态度,认为这会导致多样性受损,权力集中。
3. 看选项
A. 小出版社应该团结起来 —— 文中未提“应该团结”,只提到小出版社出过很多好书。
B. 大出版社会失去主导地位 —— 与 Lownie 说的趋势相反,他说的是大出版社在加强主导地位。
C. 出版业处境艰难 —— 太笼统,不是 Lownie 强调的重点,他重点在“集中化”和“多元化受损”。
D. 出版社合并是令人担忧的趋势 —— 这符合他的观点:合并 → 权力集中 → 损害多元化。
4. 结论
Lownie 认为合并是更大范围权力集中的一部分,这会威胁到出版业的多元性,因此是令人担忧的。
答案:D
Text 4
Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30, 000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers. Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles. The advent of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations. The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all—it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published. How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual—acting as author, editor, and consultant—was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation. Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.
36
According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by ___
解析:
原文第一段提到:
The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.
这句话明确指出,科学家的职业发展不仅取决于论文的数量和期刊的声望,更取决于论文获得的引用次数。
选项分析:
- A. how many citations their works contain
这里的“their works contain”是指论文中包含的引用(即参考文献列表),而不是别人引用他们的次数,因此不符合文意。 - B. how many times their papers are cited
这正是原文“citations attracted by these papers”的意思,即论文被引用的次数,因此正确。 - C. the prestige of the people they work with
文中未提及合作者的声望对科学家职业的决定作用。 - D. the status they have in scientific circles
这属于结果而非原因,文中强调的是引用次数影响其地位和职业发展。
因此,正确答案是 B。
37
The support service consultancies tend to ___
解析:
题目问的是“支持服务咨询机构倾向于做什么”,我们需要在原文中找到关于 support service consultancies 的描述。
原文中提到:
Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.
这句话明确指出,这些机构有时会建议投稿人在文章中增加一些引用。
选项分析:
- A. recommend journals to their clients(向客户推荐期刊)—— 原文未提及推荐期刊,而是说增加引用。
- B. list citation patterns for their clients(为客户列出引用模式)—— 原文未提及列出引用模式。
- C. ask authors to include extra citations(要求作者增加额外引用)—— 与原文 “advise contributors to add a number of citations” 对应,正确。
- D. advise contributors to cite each other(建议投稿人互相引用)—— 原文说的是增加引用,不一定是互相引用,这是另一种操纵行为(citation cartels),不是 support service consultancies 的主要行为。
因此正确答案是 C。
38
The function of the “milk cow” journals is to ___
解析:
题目问的是“milk cow”期刊的作用是什么。
原文中提到:
These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations.
这句话的意思是,这类“奶牛期刊”就像是产奶的牛一样,持续不断地为某些特定论文提供引用。
它们每期里的每篇文章都可能引用某篇或某几篇特定的论文,即使内容上毫无关联。
这样做的目的就是人为地提高这些特定论文的引用次数,从而提升作者的学术指标。
选项分析:
- A. boost citation counts for certain authors(提高某些作者的引用次数)—— 与原文描述一致。
- B. help scholars publish articles at low cost(帮助学者低成本发表文章)—— 原文未提及发表成本。
- C. instruct first-time contributors in citation(指导首次投稿者如何引用)—— 原文未提及。
- D. increase the readership of new journals(增加新期刊的读者群)—— 原文未提及,且“奶牛期刊”的作用是提供引用,不是为了增加读者。
因此正确答案是 A。
39
What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?
解析:
题目问的是从最后两段中,关于 Scopus 可以了解到什么。
最后两段提到:
- Scopus 是一个引文数据库,包含大量新的“国际”期刊。
- 被 Scopus 收录似乎是这类引文操纵的目标条件之一。
- Scopus 本身拥有所有必要的数据来发现这种不当行为。
- 可疑迹象包括某篇文章在发表第一年内收到大量引用。
由此可知,Scopus 有能力识别可疑引用,尽管文中并未说它已经全面实施检测或阻止,但明确提到它拥有所需数据,可以做到这一点。
选项分析:
- A:说 Scopus 助长了引用提供者之间的竞争,文中未提及。
- B:它有能力识别可疑引用,与原文“has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice”一致。
- C:说它阻碍了“国际”期刊的发展,文中无依据。
- D:说它建立是为了防止引文操纵,但 Scopus 本质是引文数据库,并非为此目的建立。
因此正确答案是 B。
40
What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?
解析:
题目问的是“作者应如何应对引用操纵者(citation manipulators)”,即当作者遇到要求不正当引用的情况时,正确的做法是什么。
文章最后一句明确提到:
when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.
这句话的意思是:当编辑、审稿人或支持服务机构要求你添加不恰当的参考文献时,不要照做,并且要向期刊举报该请求。
- A. Take legal action(采取法律行动)—— 文中未提及法律途径。
- B. Demand an apology(要求道歉)—— 文中未提及。
- C. Seek professional advice(寻求专业建议)—— 文中未建议寻求建议,而是直接要求举报。
- D. Reveal their misconduct(揭露他们的不当行为)—— 与 “report the request to the journal” 意思一致,即揭露并举报这种不当要求。
因此正确答案是 D。
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-H and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A, E and H have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
A. Last year marked the 150th anniversary of a series of Yellowstone photographs by the renowned landscape photographer William • Henry Jackson. He captured the first-ever shots of iconic landmarks such as the Tetons, Old Faithful and the Colorado Rockies. Jackson snapped them on a late 19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone Basin that was conducted by the head of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Ferdinand V. Hayden. The team included a meteorologist, a zoologist, a mineralogist, and an agricultural statistician.
B. Two centuries ago , the idea of preserving nature , rather than exploiting it , was a novel one to many U.S. settlers. One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts-and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular-came in the form of vivid photographs.
C. As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could capitalize on the expedition’s stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran’s paintings, to each member of Congress. " The visualization, particularly those photographs, really hit home that this is something that has to be protected, " says Murphy.
D. Throughout the trip , Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes using the " collodion process” that required him to coat the plates with a chemical mixture , then expose them and develop the resulting images with a portable darkroom. The crude technique required educated guesses on exposure times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment-several men had to assist in its transportation.Despite these challenges, Jackson captured dozens of striking photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of Old Faithful, to casual portraits of expedition members at the camp. While veterans of previous expeditions wrote at length about stunning trail sights, these vivid photographs were another thing entirely.
E. The journey officially began in Ogden, Utah on June 8 , 1871. Over nearly four months , dozens of men made their way on horseback into Montana and traversed along the Yellowstone River and around Yellowstone Lake. That fall, they concluded the survey in Fort Bridger, Wyoming.
F. Though Native Americans ( and later miners and fur trappers ) had long recognized the area’s riches , most Americans did not. That’s why Hayden’s expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna. In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists: Painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.
G. The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world’s first national park. Soon, some locals opposed the designation. Still, the decision was largely accepted-and Jackson’s photos played a key role in the fight to protect the area. “I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened in the timeframe that it did without those images, " says Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bison and Bears: 100 Years of the National ParkService.
H. Perhaps most importantly, the images provided documentary evidence that later made its way to government officials. Weeks after completing the expedition, Hayden collected his team’s observations into an extensive report aimed at convincing Senators and Representatives, along with colleagues at government agencies like the Department of the Interior that Yellowstone ought to be preserved.
41 _______ → A → 42 _______ → E → 43 _______ → H → 44 _______ → 45 _______
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
There has been some exploration around the use of AI in digital marketing. For example, AI can be used to analyse what type of advertising content or copy would be appropriate to ‘speak’ to a specific target customer group by revealing information about trends and preferences through the analysis of big data. (46) AI can also be used to identify the lifestyle choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favourite celebrities, music choices, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media. At the same time AI can also be used to generate content for social media posts and chat sites. AI can also provide a bridge between the need for the brand to communicate emotionally with the customer and identifying their rapidly changing needs.
The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about trusting personal interactions to machines, which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of interpersonal connections, but also to a decrease in marketing personnel. (47) Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer’s role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information. By allowing AI to develop content some brand marketers may find that they are losing control over the brand narrative. (48) Algorithms that are used to simulate human interactions are creating many of these concerns, especially as no - one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.
For AI to be successful, data needs to be accessible, but the use of personal data is becoming more regulated and the automated sharing of data is becoming more difficult. (49) If customers are not willing to share data, AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication. Therefore, unless customers are prepared to sign release agreements, the use of AI may become somewhat restricted in the future. Not only can AI help to create the marketing content, but it can also provide a non - intrusive way of delivering the content to the target customers. Data can be gathered on where the customer
can be engaged, such as location, devices used, website interactions, and sites visited, to display marketing messages in appropriate forms, including emails, social media posts, pop - up advertisements, and banners at an appropriate frequency. (50) The non - intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Write a notice to recruit a student for Prof. Smith’s research project on campus sports activities. Specify the duties and requirements of the job.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the notice. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
describe the picture briefly,
interpret the implied meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
(图中有一些卡通画及文字:“真好啊!咱们村的龙舟赛越赛越热闹了。” 画里呈现了河边桥上有人围观,河里有龙舟竞赛,岸边有老人感慨的场景 。)

15 - 2024 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D | 2 | C | 3 | B | 4 | A | 5 | B |
| 6 | C | 7 | A | 8 | D | 9 | A | 10 | D |
| 11 | A | 12 | C | 13 | C | 14 | D | 15 | C |
| 16 | B | 17 | D | 18 | C | 19 | B | 20 | A |
| 21 | D | 22 | D | 23 | A | 24 | B | 25 | A |
| 26 | A | 27 | B | 28 | D | 29 | C | 30 | B |
| 31 | B | 32 | C | 33 | C | 34 | D | 35 | A |
| 36 | A | 37 | B | 38 | A | 39 | D | 40 | B |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
There’s nothing more welcoming than opening a door for you. the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in disabled access to buildings and helping provide general to commercial buildings.
Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years by two Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt. They as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly in busy locations and during times of emergency, the doors crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people’s way.
making access both in and out buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps to reduce the total area by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each specific signals to tell them when to open. these methods differ, the main remain the same.
Each automatic door system the light, sound, weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal. Sensor-types are chosen to the different environments they are needed in. a busy road might not a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure-sensitive mat would be more to limit the surveyed area.
1
解析:
第 1 题题干:
There’s nothing more welcoming than opening a door for you. $\underline{\quad1\quad}$ the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in …
1. 句意理解
第一句说“为你开门是最令人感到欢迎的”,第二句说“______ 需要触碰才能开关,自动门对于……是必要的”。
这里要表达的是自动门的优点——不需要人去推或拉,因此逻辑上应是 “没有/不需要触碰” 才能体现自动门的便利性。
2. 选项分析
- A. Though(虽然)→ 逻辑上“虽然需要触碰”与后文“自动门很重要”矛盾。
- B. Despite(尽管)→ 后接名词或动名词,但“尽管需要触碰”同样与自动门的便利性相悖。
- C. Besides(除了…之外)→ 语义不通,不表示“免除”的意思。
- D. Without(没有)→ “无需触碰就能开关”,符合自动门的特性,且与后文“对残疾人通道很重要”逻辑一致。
3. 确定答案
只有 Without 能表达“不需要人为触碰”的含义,因此正确答案是 D。
2
解析:
第 2 题所在句子为:
Automatic doors are essential in ______ disabled access to buildings and helping provide general ______ to commercial buildings.
空格处需要填入一个动词的 -ing 形式,与 “in” 构成介词短语,表示自动门在某个方面是必需的。
逻辑上,自动门的作用应该是 改善 残疾人进出建筑物的条件,而不是“揭露”、“要求”或“追踪”这种条件。
- A. revealing(揭示)—— 语义不符。
- B. demanding(要求)—— 自动门不会“要求”残疾人通道,而是帮助实现或改善它。
- C. improving(改善)—— 符合文意,自动门有助于提升残疾人的通行便利性。
- D. tracing(追踪)—— 语义不符。
因此正确答案是 C. improving。
3
解析:
第 3 题空格所在的句子是:
automatic doors are essential in … disabled access to buildings and helping provide general ___ to commercial buildings.
- 结构分析:and 连接两个并列的功能,一是“帮助残障人士进入建筑物”,二是“为商业建筑提供普遍的 ___”。
- 语义搭配:前半部分讲的是无障碍通道(disabled access),后半部分讲的是对普通大众的便利性,因此 general convenience(普遍便利)最符合逻辑。
- 选项分析:
- A. experience(体验)—— 与“开门”的直接好处关系不大。
- B. convenience(便利) —— 自动门的主要作用之一就是提供便利,符合句意。
- C. guidance(引导)—— 自动门并不提供引导功能。
- D. reference(参考)—— 语义不符。
因此正确答案是 B. convenience。
4
解析:
第 4 题空格所在的句子是:
Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years ______ by two Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt.
句意是:
自动门在 1960 年开始作为商业产品出现,而它是在此 六年 ______ 由两位美国人发明的。
- A. previously 表示“之前”,six years previously 意为“六年前”,符合时间顺序逻辑。
- B. temporarily(暂时地)—— 与时间长度搭配不合理。
- C. successively(连续地)—— 不表示时间先后关系。
- D. eventually(最终)—— 不符合“发明在商业产品出现之前”的语境。
因此,A. previously 正确,表示“在 1960 年的六年前(即 1954 年)被发明”。
5
解析:
本句意为:“它们 起初 作为一种新奇的功能出现,但随着使用增加,它们的好处在我们技术先进的世界中扩展了。”
- A. held on(坚持)→ 不符合“起初作为新奇功能”的语境。
- B. started out(起初是,开始时是)→ 符合语境,表示最初的状态。
- C. settled down(安定下来)→ 不适用于描述产品的初期角色。
- D. went by(时间流逝)→ 主语一般是时间,不适用于此。
因此,B. started out 正确。
6
解析:
上下文逻辑
前文提到自动门最初是作为新奇产品出现的(as a novelty feature),接着用“but”转折,说明随着使用增加,它们的好处(benefits)在技术先进的世界中扩展了。词义辨析
- A. relations 关系
- B. volumes 体积;容量
- C. benefits 好处
- D. sources 来源
这里要表达的是自动门的“好处/益处”在扩展,而不是关系、体积或来源在扩展。
语义搭配
“their benefits have extended” 意为“它们的好处已经扩展”,符合上下文对自动门优势的描述(如方便出入、节省空间、帮助人群管理等)。
因此正确答案是 C. benefits。
7
解析:
第 7 题所在的句子是:
Particularly ______ in busy locations and during times of emergency, the doors ______ crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people’s way.
这里需要一个形容词,描述自动门在繁忙地点和紧急情况下的特点。
- useful(有用的)符合语境,因为在这些情况下自动门能帮助人群管理,减少障碍,因此特别“有用”。
- simple(简单的)、flexible(灵活的)、stable(稳定的)虽然也可以形容门,但上下文强调的是它们在这些场合的实际作用,而不是简单性、灵活性或稳定性。
因此,最佳答案是 A. useful。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句子为:
Particularly in busy locations and during times of emergency, the doors ______ crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people’s way.
1. 句意理解
该句意思是:在繁忙地点和紧急情况下,这种门通过减少人们行进中的障碍物,起到人群管理的作用。
空格处应填入一个表示“充当、起…作用”或“有助于”的短语。
2. 选项分析
- A. call for 意为“要求、需要”,主语一般是事物时表示“需要某种措施”,但这里主语是“门”,不能“要求”人群管理,逻辑不通。
- B. yield to 意为“屈服于”,与句意不符。
- C. insist on 意为“坚持”,主语通常是人,不能用于门。
- D. act as 意为“充当、作为”,符合句意:门“起到”人群管理的作用。
3. 搭配与语境
“act as crowd management” 意思是“起到人群管理的作用”,符合自动门在紧急情况下帮助疏导人群的功能描述。
因此,正确答案是 D. act as。
9
解析:
第 9 题位于第三段开头,原文是:
______ making access both in and out buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps to reduce the total area ______ by them.
四个选项:
A. As well as
B. In terms of
C. Thanks to
D. Rather than
句意分析:
- 前半部分说“使人们进出建筑物更容易”,后半部分说“这些门的开启方式不同有助于减少它们占用的总面积”。
- 逻辑上,这两部分都是自动门的优点,是并列关系,不是因果关系(所以不选 C Thanks to),也不是对比取舍(所以不选 D Rather than)。
- B “In terms of” 意为“在……方面”,但这里并不是在限定讨论范围,而是补充另一个好处。
- A “As well as” 意思是“除了……之外(还)”,表示在已经提到的好处之外,还有另一个好处,符合上下文逻辑。
因此正确答案是 A。
10
解析:
第 10 题题干为:
… the difference in the way many of these doors open helps to reduce the total area $\underline{\quad10\quad}$ by them.
1. 句意理解
这句话意思是:自动门的开启方式有助于减少它们 占用的 总面积。
这里是在比较自动门(侧滑式)与传统平开门(swing doors)在空间占用上的区别。平开门打开时需要一定的扇形区域,而滑动门只需要沿着墙滑动,因此占用的空间更少。
2. 选项分析
- A. connected(连接) → 不符合“面积被连接”的逻辑。
- B. shared(共享) → 面积被共享?这里不是说共享,而是说“被占据/占用”。
- C. represented(代表) → 面积被代表?语义不通。
- D. occupied(占用) → “area occupied by them” 即“被它们占用的面积”,符合句意。
3. 确定答案
在建筑或空间设计中,“occupied area” 是常见表达,指物体所占用的空间。
因此正确答案是 D. occupied。
11
解析:
第 11 题所在句子是:
Replacing swing doors, these $\underline{\quad11\quad}$ smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to $\underline{\quad12\quad}$ the way for a large, sticking-out door.
句意为:
“这些(自动门)允许较小的建筑物最大化内部可用空间,而不必为一个大而突出的门让路。”
- A. allow(允许)——自动门“允许”小建筑最大化空间,符合逻辑。
- B. expect(期望)——语义不通,建筑物不会“期望”最大化空间。
- C. require(要求)——自动门不会“要求”小建筑最大化空间,逻辑不对。
- D. direct(指导)——搭配不当,自动门不能“指导”建筑物。
因此,A. allow 正确,表示自动门使得小建筑能够实现空间最大化。
答案:A
12
解析:
第 12 题所在句子为:
Replacing swing doors, these $\underline{\quad12\quad}$ smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to $\underline{\quad12\quad}$ the way for a large, sticking-out door.
这里 “without having to ______ the way” 是一个固定搭配,表示“不必为……腾出空间/让路”。
- clear the way 意为“清除道路、让路”,符合句意:不需要为一个大的、突出的门让出空间。
- adopt(采用)、lead(带领)、change(改变)与 “the way” 搭配时,均不表达“腾出空间”的意思。
因此正确答案是 C. clear。
13
解析:
第 13 题的句子是:
There are many different types of automatic door, with each $\underline{\quad13\quad}$ specific signals to tell them when to open.
意思是:
“自动门有很多不同类型,每一种都 ______ 特定的信号来告诉它们何时打开。”
选项分析:
A. adapting to(适应)
强调适应环境或变化,而这里说的是“依赖信号来触发开门”,不是“适应信号”,逻辑不符。B. deriving from(来源于)
自动门并不是“从信号中衍生出来”,而是依赖信号工作,所以语义不对。C. relying on(依赖,依靠)
自动门需要依靠特定信号(如运动、光线等)来触发开门,符合上下文逻辑。D. pointing at(指向)
自动门不会“指向”信号,搭配不当。
因此正确答案是 C. relying on。
句子意为“每一种自动门都依赖特定的信号来告知它们何时打开”。
14
解析:
上下文逻辑关系
前一句说“自动门有多种类型,每种都响应特定信号来开门”,后一句说“这些方法不同,但主要____是相同的”。
这里明显是转折关系:尽管开门方式不同,但基本原理相同。选项分析
- A. Once(一旦)→ 表示条件或时间,不符合转折逻辑。
- B. Since(因为/既然)→ 表示因果关系,不符合句意。
- C. Unless(除非)→ 表示条件,不符合。
- D. Although(尽管)→ 表示让步转折,符合“尽管方法不同,但原理相同”的逻辑。
语法与搭配
“Although these methods differ, the main … remain the same.” 是典型的让步状语从句结构,语义通顺。
答案:D
15
解析:
第 15 题所在句子为:
______ these methods differ, the main ______ remain the same.
前半句说“尽管这些方法不同”,后半句说“主要的 ______ 仍然相同”。
逻辑上,这里需要一个表示“原理、原则、基本要素”的词,因为自动门虽然感应方式不同(光、声音、重量、运动等),但基本工作原理是相似的。
- A. records(记录)—— 与句意不符。
- B. positions(位置)—— 与工作原理无关。
- C. principles(原理、原则)—— 符合语境,表示基本工作原理相同。
- D. resources(资源)—— 不适用。
因此正确答案是 C. principles。
16
好的,我们先看第 16 题的句子:
Each automatic door system ______ the light, sound, weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal.
句子分析
- 这里说自动门系统把“光线、声音、重量或运动”作为信号。
- 逻辑上,系统需要先“检测、分析”这些信号,才能做出开门动作。
- 选项:
- A. controls(控制) — 系统不是控制光、声音等,而是感知它们。
- B. analyses(分析) — 系统检测并分析这些信号,判断是否要开门,符合语境。
- C. produces(产生) — 系统不会产生光、声音等作为信号,而是接收它们。
- D. mixes(混合) — 不符合自动门工作原理。
因此,B. analyses 正确,表示系统分析周围的光、声音、重量或运动这些信号。
17
好的,我们先看第 17 题的上下文。
原文相关句子是:
Sensor-types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.
选项分析
- A. decorate(装饰) → 传感器类型不是为了“装饰”环境,不符合逻辑。
- B. compare(比较) → 选传感器不是为了“比较”环境,语义不通。
- C. protect(保护) → 传感器可以用于保护,但这里说的是“适应不同环境”,不是主要目的。
- D. complement(补充;与…相配) → 可以引申为“配合、适应”,即选择不同类型的传感器来配合不同环境的需求,符合语境。
逻辑验证
前文说自动门系统通过感知光线、声音、重量或运动来作为信号,不同环境需要不同的传感器类型,所以选择传感器是为了 complement(适应/配合)不同环境。
因此正确答案是 D. complement。
18
解析:
第 18 题位于最后一段的中间部分,前一句说 “Sensor-types are chosen to suit the different environments they are needed in.”(选择不同类型的传感器是为了适应它们所需的不同环境),接着就举了一个例子:在繁忙的路边,如果安装运动感应门,它会因为感应到路人而频繁开启,因此不适合。
这里明显是在用具体情境来举例说明“不同环境需要不同传感器”的观点,所以逻辑上应该填入 For example(例如)。
其他选项分析:
- A. In conclusion(总之)→ 用于总结,但这里不是总结段落。
- B. By contrast(相比之下)→ 用于对比不同情况,但这里没有对比,只是举例。
- D. Above all(最重要的是)→ 用于强调重要性,不符合语境。
因此正确答案是 C. For example。
19
解析:
第 19 题所在句子为:
A busy road might not ______ a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.
句意理解:
这句话的意思是“繁忙的道路可能不适合使用动作感应门,因为它会一直为路人打开”。
这里强调的是“环境不适合某种类型的门”,而不是“识别”“保护”或“包括”。
选项分析:
- A. identify(识别) → 不符合句意,主语是“a busy road”,不能与“identify”合理搭配。
- B. suit(适合) → “might not suit” 意为“可能不适合”,符合逻辑与语境。
- C. secure(保护,获得) → 语义不通。
- D. include(包含) → 不合逻辑。
因此,正确答案是 B. suit。
20
解析:
第 20 题空格所在句为:
A pressure-sensitive mat would be more ______ to limit the surveyed area.
语境分析:
前文提到,在繁忙的路边,使用运动感应门会因频繁感应到路人而不断开启,这显然不合适。因此,这里提出使用压力感应垫来限制检测区域,只有有人踩上去才会开门。
这种方案更合适、更恰当。
选项分析:
- A. appropriate → 合适的,恰当的,符合语境。
- B. obvious → 明显的,不符合“更适合”的逻辑。
- C. impressive → 令人印象深刻的,与功能需求无关。
- D. delicate → 精密的,易碎的,不贴合“更适合限制检测区域”的意思。
因此,A. appropriate 是正确答案。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four- metre- deep pit covered by two metres of gravel. Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapons grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia. Later civilizations would value the skilled blacksmith’s labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was. The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails. Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven’t changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695, but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense. I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of everyday objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I’ve learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it’s the cheap technologies that change the world. The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost—and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had a few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.
21
Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of .
解析:
题目问:罗马人埋藏这些钉子很可能是因为什么目的?
根据原文信息:
Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapons grade iron.
关键句是 they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on(他们不想让当地的 Caledonians 人得到这些铁)。
- A(为将来使用而保存)—— 原文没有提到将来要挖出来用,而是匆忙撤退时埋藏。
- B(防止生锈)—— 未提及。
- C(让它们增值)—— 未提及。
- D(不让当地人得到)—— 与原文“不想让当地人得到这些可用于武器的铁”一致。
因此正确答案是 D。
22
The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to
解析:
题目问的是“17 世纪初弗吉尼亚人的例子”在文中的作用。
原文提到:
early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.
这里的关键是作者在例子后面直接给出了解释——为了强调钉子在当时是多么稀缺、昂贵和有价值。
选项分析:
- A(突出早期美洲殖民者的节俭):虽然烧房子回收钉子看似节俭,但作者重点不是赞扬他们的节俭品质,而是强调钉子的价值。
- B(说明当时铁匠地位高):文中没有直接讨论铁匠的社会地位。
- C(对比不同文明对钉子的态度):文中虽有提到罗马人和后来文明对钉子的重视,但弗吉尼亚人的例子并不是为了对比,而是为了说明钉子的珍贵。
- D(显示当时制钉技术的珍贵):与原文主旨一致,因为钉子制作技术在当时成本高、工艺难,所以钉子很宝贵。
因此正确答案是 D。
23
What played the major role in lowering the price of nail after the late 1700?
解析:
题目问的是“18世纪末之后,钉子的价格下降主要归因于什么?”
文章中提到:
The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.
关键信息是:
- 价格下降部分原因是 更便宜的铁(原材料) 和 更便宜的能源;
- 但 主要的功劳(most of the credit) 属于制造商找到了 更高效的方法 将钢材制成钉子。
“更高效的方法”意味着 生产效率提高,对应选项 A. Increased productivity。
B 项“新能源的广泛使用”只是部分原因,不是主要因素;
C 项“激烈的市场竞争”文中未提及;
D 项“原材料成本降低”虽有提及,但不是主要原因。
因此正确答案是 A。
24
It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nails .
解析:
题目要求从第5段推断关于钉子的信息。我们来看第5段的关键句:
Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven’t changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails.
- 这句话明确说明,虽然钉子在历史上有所变化,但变化不大(haven’t changed much),而且罗马时期的钉子和今天的钉子在本质上仍然是同一种东西(still clearly nails)。
- 作者特意将钉子与罗马灯具、战车等物品对比,强调其他物品技术变化巨大,而钉子的基本形态和功能保持稳定。
因此,B 项“自罗马时代以来基本保持不变” 是符合段落内容的正确推断。
A 项“经历了许多技术改进”虽然部分正确,但段落重点在于强调变化不大,而不是强调改进。
C 项“比其他日常产品研究得少”在段落中未提及。
D 项“是世界上最重要的发明之一”虽然文章整体可能暗示钉子的重要性,但第5段并未直接表达这一点。
答案:B
25
Which of the following one best summaries the last 2 paragraphs?
好的,我们先来梳理最后两段的核心内容。
倒数第二段要点
- 作者是经济学家,关注日常用品的价格变化。
- 从发明史中学到:虽然精巧复杂的技术得到大量宣传,但真正改变世界的是便宜的技术。
- 举例:古腾堡印刷机改变文明,不是因为改变了写作的本质,而是因为降低了成本;同时纸张价格下降也很关键。
最后一段要点
- 太阳能电池板在便宜之前只有小众用途,便宜之后改变了全球能源系统。
- 再次强调价格下降使技术产生大规模影响。
选项分析
A. cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change
→ 与原文主旨一致,强调“便宜”带来的革命性变化。
B. technological innovation is integral to economic success
→ 原文重点不是“技术创新对经济成功必不可少”,而是“便宜的技术改变世界”,侧重点不同。
C. technology defines people’s understanding of the world
→ 文中未讨论“技术定义人们对世界的理解”,偏离主题。
D. Sophisticated technology developed small inventions
→ 原文说精巧技术得到宣传,但改变世界的是便宜技术,不是精巧技术发展了小发明。
因此,最后两段的核心是:便宜技术(价格大幅下降)带来革命性变化。
答案:A
Text 2
Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.
According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.
Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years to mimic the supervised mixed-age play groups in hunter-gatherer communities.
In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an “intensive mothering narrative” which suggests that mothers should manage child care alone, was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,” they wrote.
By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care. One previous study looked at the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.
Chaudhary said that parents now had less child care support from family and social networks than during most of humans evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to child’s wellbeing. And infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers—this contrasts starkly to nursery setting in the UK where regulation can for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.
While hunter-gatherer children learn from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents might also enhance their own social development.
26
According to the first two paragraphs, alloparenting refers to the practice of .
解析:
题目问的是根据前两段,“alloparenting” 指的是什么做法。
第一段提到:
- 非洲狩猎采集部落(如博茨瓦纳的 Kung 族)中,每个孩子由许多成年人照顾。
- 四岁的孩子会帮忙照顾更小的孩子。
- “baby-wearing”(用背带背婴儿)是常态。
第二段提到:
- 这些做法被称为 alloparenting,可能减少孩子和父母的焦虑。
从这些信息可以归纳出:
- alloparenting 的核心是 多个成年人共同照顾孩子,而不是只有父母。
- 选项分析:
- A. sharing childcare among community members(社区成员之间分担育儿) → 符合原文“每个孩子由许多成年人照顾”的描述。
- B. assigning babies to specific adult categories → 原文未提及按类别分配婴儿。
- C. teaching parenting skills to older children → 虽然提到大孩子帮忙照顾,但 alloparenting 本身不是教技能,而是分担育儿。
- D. carrying infants around by their parents → 这只是其中一个具体做法,不是 alloparenting 的定义。
因此正确答案是 A。
27
The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate .
解析:
题目问的是“文中提到德国的方案是为了说明什么”,我们需要根据上下文判断作者的写作目的。
定位原文:
第三段提到:“In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting.”
这个例子紧跟在“Dr Annie Swanepoel believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life”之后。逻辑关系:
文章先提出“非洲狩猎采集社会的育儿方式(alloparenting)可能有助于减轻父母和孩子的焦虑”,然后说“有办法把这些做法融入西方生活”,接着举了德国的例子。
因此,德国的方案是作为将 alloparenting 引入西方社会的一个实际例子。选项分析:
- A:促进代际交流——虽然这个方案确实涉及老人与小孩互动,但这不是作者举例的主要目的,而是为了说明如何将非洲的育儿方式引入西方。
- B:融入西方社会的一种方法——这与原文“incorporate them into western life”一致。
- C:西方传统育儿方式——错误,这是新的尝试,不是传统的。
- D:西方与非洲生活方式的差异——错误,这里强调的是借鉴与融合,不是对比差异。
因此正确答案是 B。
28
According to paragraph 4, the “intensive mothering narrative .
解析:
题目要求根据第4段判断关于“密集母职叙事”(intensive mothering narrative)的正确描述。
第4段原文关键句:
… the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an “intensive mothering narrative” which suggests that mothers should manage child care alone, was likely to have been harmful.
这里明确提到:
- 西方核心家庭是近期才出现的,打破了进化历史(broke with evolutionary history)。
- 突然转向“密集母职叙事”可能是有害的。
因此,“intensive mothering narrative”是背离进化历程的,对应选项 D. departs from the course of evolution。
其他选项分析:
- A(减轻育儿压力)—— 与原文相反,原文说它导致母亲精疲力竭。
- B(巩固家庭关系)—— 未提及。
- C(导致以孩子为中心的家庭)—— 原文未强调这一点,且与段落主旨不符。
正确答案:D
29
what can be inferred about the nurseries in the UK?
解析:
题目要求推断关于英国托儿所的信息。原文中与英国托儿所有关的关键信息出现在第六段末尾:
“…this contrasts starkly to nursery setting in the UK where regulation can for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.”
这句话的意思是:这与英国托儿所的情况形成鲜明对比,英国的规定是一名看护人照看四名2-3岁的儿童。
这个信息是在与非洲狩猎采集社会的育儿方式进行对比的语境中提出的。作者之前详细描述了狩猎采集社会中有大量的“共同父母”参与育儿(例如,一个婴儿每天有14个共同父母,每小时被传递8次),并指出这种模式能减少父母压力、有益儿童健康。
因此,将英国的1:4的看护比例与狩猎采集社会的高比例、多看护人模式进行对比,其隐含的推论是:英国的托儿所看护比例相对较高(即每个看护人照看的孩子较多),这不如狩猎采集社会的模式理想。为了更接近那种有益的模式,英国托儿所应该改善(即降低)看护人与儿童的比例。
让我们分析选项:
A. They tend to fall short of official requirements. (它们往往达不到官方要求。)
原文只提到了官方的规定比例,并没有说托儿所普遍达不到这个规定。属于无中生有。B. They have difficulty finding enough caregivers. (他们难以找到足够的看护人。)
原文没有讨论招聘看护人的难度问题。属于无中生有。C. They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio. (他们应该改善其看护人与儿童的比例。)
这与原文的逻辑一致。通过将英国现状与更优模式对比,可以合理推断出“应该改善比例”的建议。改善比例通常意味着降低比例,即让每个看护人照顾更少的孩子。D. They should try to prevent parental depression. (他们应该努力预防父母抑郁。)
虽然文章提到引入额外看护人可以减少母亲抑郁,但这是针对整个育儿支持体系的建议,并非直接、具体地推断出“英国托儿所应该预防父母抑郁”。托儿所的主要职责是照看孩子,预防父母抑郁是一个更间接和宏观的目标。
因此,最直接、最合理的推断是 C。
30
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
好的,我们来逐步分析这道题。
1. 文章主旨概括
文章开头提出:来自非洲狩猎采集部落的育儿经验可能有助于养育出更快乐的孩子。
接着介绍了“alloparenting”(多位成人共同育儿)的概念,并举例说明这种模式在狩猎采集社会很常见。
然后指出西方核心家庭是近期产物,母亲独自承担育儿责任容易导致疲惫和不良后果。
文章还对比了西方教育方式与狩猎采集社会中混龄游戏、观察模仿学习的不同,并建议西方社会可以借鉴这些做法来减轻父母压力、促进孩子发展。
2. 选项分析
A. Instructive teaching: a dilemma for anxious parents
文中虽然提到西方“教导式教学”可能不利于某些孩子,但这只是文章的一个细节,不是全文核心。B. For a happier family learn from the hunter gatherers
这与文章主旨一致:借鉴狩猎采集部落的育儿方式,让家庭更快乐、孩子更满足。C. Mixed-aged playgroup: a better choice for lonely children
混龄游戏组是文中提到的一个具体做法,但只是建议之一,不能概括全文。D. Tracing the history of parenting: from Africa to Europe
文章并非按时间顺序追溯育儿史,而是对比两种模式并提出建议。
3. 结论
文章核心是:狩猎采集部落的育儿方式(多位成人照顾、混龄互动、观察学习)可以给西方家庭带来启发,以减轻父母压力、促进孩子幸福感。
因此最佳标题是 B。
Text 3
Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes. He has made illustrations for games such as Sony’s Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft’s Anno, Dungeons & Dragons, and Magic: The Gathering. And he’s become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.
His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion, which was launched late last month. The tool, along with other popular image-generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts. For example, type in “Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski.” and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski’s style.
But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.
According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion, Rutkowski’s name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times. Some of the world’s most famous artists, such as Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso, and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less. Rutkowski’s name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator, Midjourney. Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences. Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn’t his.
“It’s been just a month. What about in a year? I probably won’t be able to find my work out there because [the internet] will be flooded with AI art,” Rutkowski says. “That’s concerning.”
“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,” says Ortiz. The group is in its early days of mobilization, which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation. One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says.
31
what can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?
解析:
题目要求根据前两段内容判断关于 Rutkowski 的正确信息。
第一段提到:
- Rutkowski 是波兰数字艺术家,用古典绘画风格创作奇幻场景。
- 他为多个游戏做过插画。
- 他在“文本生成图像 AI”领域突然走红。
第二段提到:
- 他的独特风格是 Stable Diffusion(开源 AI 艺术生成器)中最常用的提示词之一。
- 输入包含他名字的提示词,AI 就能生成类似他风格的作品。
选项分析:
A. 他对使用 AI 模型很热情。
→ 前两段没有提到他本人对 AI 的态度,只说了别人用他的名字在 AI 里生成图像。
B. 他在 AI 艺术生成器用户中很受欢迎。
→ 第二段明确说他的风格是“最常用的提示词之一”,说明用户经常用他的名字生成图像,因此他在这些用户中很受欢迎。✅
C. 他吸引了其他插画师的钦佩。
→ 文中没有提到其他插画师对他的看法。
D. 他专门从事古典绘画数字化。
→ 他使用古典风格创作数字艺术,但不是把古典绘画数字化,而是创作新的奇幻作品。
因此正确答案是 B。
32
The problem with open - source AI art generators is that they
解析:
题目问的是开源AI艺术生成器的问题所在。
文章第三段明确提到:
But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.
这句话的意思是:这些开源程序是通过从互联网上抓取图像来构建的,通常未经艺术家许可,也没有正确署名。因此,它们引发了关于道德和版权的棘手问题。
选项分析:
- A. lack flexibility in responding to prompts(缺乏响应提示的灵活性)—— 文中没有提到灵活性不足,反而说它们能生成令人印象深刻的图像。
- B. produce artworks in unpredictable styles(生成风格不可预测的作品)—— 这不是问题所在,而且用户可以通过指定艺术家风格来控制输出。
- C. make unauthorized use of online images(未经授权使用网络图像)—— 与原文“scraping images … without permission”完全对应。
- D. collect user information without consent(未经同意收集用户信息)—— 文中未提及收集用户信息的问题。
因此,正确答案是 C。
33
After searching online, Rutkowski found
解析:
题目问的是“在网上搜索后,Rutkowski 发现了什么”。
原文第四段最后两句提到:
Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn’t his.
(然后他尝试搜索他的名字,想看看他参与的作品是否已经发布。搜索结果中出现了带有他的名字但不是他的作品。)这些“带有他的名字但不是他的作品”实际上就是 AI 根据他的名字生成的图像,因此对应选项 C. AI-generated work bearing his name(带有他名字的 AI 生成作品)。
其他选项分析:
- A:他最初以为这是接触新观众的好方法,但搜索后发现的是问题,不是“独特方式”。
- B:文中没有提到他发现了识别 AI 图像的新方法。
- D:虽然有版权争议,但搜索后直接发现的是冒用他名字的 AI 作品,不是“heated disputes”。
因此正确答案是 C。
34
According to Ortiz, AI companies are advised to
解析:
定位 Ortiz 的观点:
文章最后一段提到 Ortiz 说:“One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists.”
意思是:一个建议是 AI 模型可以只使用公共领域的图像进行训练,并且 AI 公司可以与博物馆和艺术家建立合作关系。选项分析:
- A. campaign for new policies or regulation
这是艺术家群体可能推动的事情,而不是 Ortiz 对 AI 公司的建议。 - B. offer their services to public institutions
文中没有提到 AI 公司向公共机构提供服务,而是建议他们与博物馆等合作。 - C. strengthen their relationship with AI users
文中未提及与 AI 用户的关系。 - D. adopt a different strategy for AI model training
“在公共领域图像上训练”就是改变训练策略,并且与博物馆和艺术家合作也是策略的一部分,因此这是对 AI 公司的建议。
- A. campaign for new policies or regulation
结论:
Ortiz 的建议核心是改变 AI 训练数据的来源与方式,因此 D 正确。
答案:D
35
What is the text mainly about?
解析:
题目要求判断文章主旨。文章结构如下:
- 引入波兰数字艺术家 Rutkowski 及其在 AI 图像生成中的突然走红现象。
- 说明 Stable Diffusion 等开源 AI 工具如何使用他的风格和名字生成图像,且这些工具通常未经授权使用网络图片。
- 指出这种做法引发了伦理和版权问题,Rutkowski 等艺术家感到担忧。
- 举例说明 Rutkowski 的名字被使用的频率远高于历史上著名艺术家,并描述他个人对搜索结果被 AI 作品淹没的忧虑。
- 最后提到艺术家群体正在组织起来,探讨如何应对或减轻这一问题,并提出了可能的解决方案(如使用公共领域图像、与博物馆和艺术家合作)。
关键点:文章虽然涉及 AI 艺术生成的技术和现象,但重点在于艺术家对此的反应、担忧以及他们可能的集体行动。因此,文章的主旨是 艺术家对 AI 艺术生成的回应。
选项分析:
A. Artists’ responses to AI art generation
正确。文章重点描述了艺术家(以 Rutkowski 为例)对 AI 使用其风格和姓名的担忧、搜索被影响的实际情况,以及他们正在组织起来寻求解决方案。B. AI’s expanded role in artistic creation
片面。文章提到 AI 在艺术创作中的应用,但这只是背景信息,不是主旨。C. Privacy issues in the application of AI
偏离。文章讨论的是版权和伦理问题,而不是隐私问题。D. Opposing views on AI development
不准确。文章并未系统呈现对立观点,而是聚焦艺术家一方的立场和反应。
答案:A
Text 4
The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths, but in the complexity of its natural construction—the interaction of fresh and saline waters, and the mix of land and water. The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters, filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.
All this was put at great risk late last month, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically, a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a “continuous surface connection to bodies of water.” This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders, mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules. And it carries “significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,” as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.
In Maryland, the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections. But that’s a very shortsighted view, particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water, and the pollutants that so often come with it, don’t respect state boundaries. The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware. Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett v. EPA? Perhaps some, but all? That seems unlikely. It is too easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors. And it’s a reminder that the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states. Pennsylvania farmers, to use one telling example, aren’t thinking about next year’s blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their field, yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.
And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved. We can offer them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teeming with aquatic life. It’s worth the scenic drive.
36
The Chesapeake Bay is described in paragraph 1 as .
解析:
第一段描述了切萨皮克湾的自然构造复杂性,并强调了其生态功能:
- 浅水区为数百种物种提供家园(生态价值)
- 储存洪水、过滤污染物(环境服务功能)
- 保护附近社区免受风暴潮破坏(防护功能)
这些描述突出了切萨皮克湾作为一个具有重要生态和环境价值的自然系统,因此选项 A. a valuable natural environment(宝贵的自然环境) 最符合第一段的内容。
其他选项分析:
- B. 有争议的保护区域:第一段未提及争议。
- C. 具有商业潜力的地方:第一段未讨论商业开发。
- D. 附近社区的头痛问题:相反,第一段指出它保护社区,而非带来问题。
因此,正确答案是 A。
37
The U. S. Supreme Court’s ruling in the Idaho case
解析:
题干定位:题目问的是“美国最高法院在爱达荷州案件中的裁决”带来的影响。
原文对应部分在第二段,尤其是这一句:a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a “continuous surface connection to bodies of water.”
关键信息理解:
- 裁决要求受保护湿地必须与水域有“连续地表连接”,这实际上缩小了 EPA 的管辖范围。
- 原文明确说这是 “narrowing of the regulatory scope”,并且是 “victory for builders, mining operators … often at odds with environmental rules”,说明 EPA 的权力被削弱了。
选项分析:
- A. reinforces water pollution control(加强水污染控制) → 与原文相反,裁决削弱了 EPA 的监管能力。
- B. weakens the EPA’s regulatory power(削弱 EPA 的监管权力) → 与原文意思一致。
- C. will end conflicts among local residents(将结束当地居民之间的冲突) → 原文未提及,裁决反而可能加剧环保与开发的矛盾。
- D. may face opposition from mining operators(可能面临采矿运营者的反对) → 原文说采矿等行业是这一裁决的受益者,不会反对。
因此正确答案是 B。
38
How does the author feel about future of the Chesapeake Bay?
解析:
文章主旨与作者态度
文章主要讨论美国最高法院的一项裁决削弱了联邦环保署(EPA)对湿地的保护权限,并指出这对切萨皮克湾的生态环境构成严重威胁。作者认为,尽管马里兰州有州内法律保护湿地,但切萨皮克湾的水域和污染物不受州界限制,因此其他州若未能提供同等保护,将危及整个流域的生态环境。关键段落分析
- 第二段提到最高法院的裁决“carries significant repercussions for water quality and flood control”(对水质和洪水控制有重大影响),并指出这是商业利益的胜利,但对环境不利。
- 第三段强调“water, and the pollutants that so often come with it, don’t respect state boundaries”(水和污染物不尊重州界),并质疑其他州是否会提供同等保护,结论是“That seems unlikely”(这似乎不太可能)。
- 第四段指出法院裁决的后果“can be so dire for their neighbors”(对邻居可能非常可怕),并强调跨州合作的重要性。
情感倾向判断
作者多次使用负面词汇(如“at great risk”“shortsighted”“unlikely”“dire”)表达对切萨皮克湾未来的担忧,并呼吁各州加强保护。整体语气是忧虑的,而非困惑、宽慰或鼓舞。选项匹配
- A. worried(担忧)→ 符合作者态度
- B. Puzzled(困惑)→ 作者立场明确,并未表达困惑
- C. Relieved(宽慰)→ 与文章负面基调相反
- D. Encouraged(鼓舞)→ 文中无积极信号
结论: 作者对切萨皮克湾的未来感到担忧,故选 A。
39
What can be inferred about the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?
解析:
题目问的是关于 EPA(美国环境保护局)在切萨皮克湾项目中的参与,我们可以从文章中推断出什么。
定位关键信息:
文章第四段提到:“the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.”
(EPA 参与切萨皮克湾项目长期以来至关重要,因为它是超越邻州财大气粗的特殊利益集团影响的手段。)理解上下文逻辑:
前文提到,水污染不受州界限制,切萨皮克湾的水域来自多个州。如果各州各自为政,保护标准不一,就会影响整体治理效果。
因此,EPA 的跨州协调作用非常关键,可以确保不同州之间在环境保护上协调一致。选项分析:
- A:它恢复了相邻司法管辖区之间的平衡 → 文章没有明确说“恢复了平衡”,而是强调 EPA 的作用是“超越特殊利益”,确保协调。
- B:它引发了商业渔业的彻底改革 → 文章未提及。
- C:它树立了尊重州当局的榜样 → 文章强调的是 EPA 跨州协调,而不是尊重各州权力。
- D:它确保了保护工作的协调 → 与文章主旨一致,EPA 的参与是为了跨州统一保护标准,避免因州界分割导致保护不力。
因此,正确答案是 D。
40
The author holds that the state lawmakers should
解析:
文章最后一段明确呼吁各州立法者重新审视和加强湿地保护:
“And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.”
作者在整篇文章中强调湿地对水质、防洪和生态的重要性,并指出最高法院的判决削弱了联邦对湿地的保护,因此各州必须自己承担起保护责任。
最后一段的呼吁正是要立法者重视湿地保护,因此选项 B. attach due importance to wetlands protections 正确。
其他选项分析:
- A:虽然提到土地所有者权利不能以损害邻居为代价,但这不是对立法者的直接呼吁重点。
- C:虽然提到野生动物保护区,但目的是举例说明湿地的重要性,并非呼吁扩大保护区。
- D:文中未直接强调改善濒危物种的福祉,而是整体生态保护。
因此正确答案是 B。
Part B
Directions
Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name (41-45). There are two extra choices which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
- Hannah
Simply there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes. These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride. These is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left. They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects. They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place by purchase.
- Buck
We know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities. The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2000 years old or 2 months old. In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery. Again, the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters. The monetary value of the object on display is a distant second place in importance.
- Sara
When visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art, I came across a magnificent 15th-century Chinese sculpture. It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented. Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire, and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators. Having said that, I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museum should, in fact, be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan, legally purchased or obtained by treaty. Stealing artifacts from other peoples’ cultures is obscene; it robs not only the physical objects, but the dignity and spirit of their creators.
- Victor
Ancient art that is displayed in foreign countries by all means should be returned to the original country. The foreign countries have no right to hold back returning the items. I would ask that the foreign nations and the original country discuss the terms of transfer. Yes, there is the risk that the original will not have as good security as do the foreign-countries. But look at what happened to Boston’s Gardner Museum theft in 1990, including the loss of Rembrandt Vermeer, Manet and other masterpiece. Nothing is absolutely safe nowhere, and now Climate Change agitators are attacking publicly displayed work in European museum.
- Julia
To those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain and returned to their countries of origin, I would ask you to consider: why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than people of Nigeria? Why are people who live within a days drive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles wherever they want, but the people of Athens aren’t? What intrinsic factors make the West a suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being preserved and displayed by their countries of origin? If your conclusion is that the West is better able to preserve these artifacts, think about why you’re assuming that to be true.
[A] It is clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolen artifacts.
[B] It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.
[C] Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts’ copies after the originals.
[D] Reproductions, even if perfectly made, cannot take the place of the authentic object.
[E] The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else.
[F] Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.
[G] Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin.
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
46-50
“Elephants never forget”-or so they say-and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.
The African savanna elephants, also known as the Africa bush elephants, is distributed across 37 African counties. They move between a variety of habitats, including forests, grassland, woodlands, wetlands. (46) They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are-even when they are out of sight. Using tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have “remarkable spatial acuity.” When finding their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more, they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole. (47) The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources the need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.
Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood, smell may well play a part.
Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selected their food.
(48) One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.
(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more, they can be detected even where they are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants-and probably other herbivores-to the best food resources.
The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely. They then set up a food station experiment, in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell. (50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat. And secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch. Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.
Their well-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants, like rats and people, to construct cognitive maps.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Read the following email from an international student and write a reply.
Dear Li Ming.
I’ve got a class assignment to make an oral report on an ancient Chinese scientist, but I’m not sure how to prepare for it. Can you give me some advice? Thank you for your help.
Yours.
Paul
Write your answer in about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay based on the picture below. In your essay. you should
describe the picture and the chart briefly.
interpret the implied meaning. and
give your comments.
Write your answer in 160-200 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
注:图片本身包含的漫画对话文字"家门口新修的公园真不错!“和柱状图标题"某市近三年公园数量(单位/座)“及其数据(2020:406/2021:532/2022:670)

16 - 2025 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | B | 2 | C | 3 | B | 4 | C | 5 | B |
| 6 | A | 7 | D | 8 | A | 9 | A | 10 | D |
| 11 | D | 12 | A | 13 | D | 14 | C | 15 | D |
| 16 | C | 17 | B | 18 | B | 19 | B | 20 | A |
| 21 | C | 22 | A | 23 | A | 24 | B | 25 | A |
| 26 | B | 27 | D | 28 | C | 29 | A | 30 | C |
| 31 | D | 32 | A | 33 | A | 34 | C | 35 | D |
| 36 | C | 37 | B | 38 | B | 39 | C | 40 | D |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Located in the southern Peloponnesian peninsula, Pavlopetri (the modern name of the site) emerged as a Neolithic settlement around 3500 B.C. and became an important trading center for Mycenaean Greece (1650 - 1180 B.C.). This area of the Aegean Sea is to earthquakes and tsunamis, which caused the city to sink. The slow sea level rise in the Mediterranean the city more than 3,000 years ago.
For millennia, the city’s lay unseen below some 13 feet of water. They were covered by a thick layer of sand the island of Laconia. In recent decades, shifting and climate change have eroded a natural barrier that Pavlopetri. In 1967 a scientific survey of the Peloponnesian coast was data to analyze changes in sea levels British oceanographer Nicholas Flemming first spotted the submerged . A year later, he returned with a few students to the location and map the site. The team identified some 15 buildings, courtyards, a network of streets, and two chamber tombs. the exciting initial finds, the site would lie for decades before archaeologists would return.
In 2009 archaeologists Chrysanthi Gallou and Jon Henderson the excavation of Pavlopetri in cooperation with the Greek Ministry of Culture. Since the 1960s, underwater archaeology and tools had made huge advances. The team robotics, sonar mapping, and state - of - the - art graphics to survey the site. From 2009 to 2013 they were able to bring the underwater town to . Covering about two and a half acres, Pavlopetri’s three main roads some 50 rectangular buildings, all of which had open courtyards. Excavations revealed a large number of Minoan - style loom weights, Pavlopetri was a thriving trade center with a textile industry.
1
解析:
第 1 题题干为:
This area of the Aegean Sea is ______ to earthquakes and tsunamis, which caused the city to sink.
选项:
A. relevant(相关的)
B. prone(易遭受…的)
C. available(可用的)
D. alien(陌生的,外国的)
解题思路:
- 句子意思是“爱琴海的这个区域 ______ 地震和海啸,这导致城市下沉”。
- 从逻辑上看,地震和海啸是造成城市下沉的原因,所以这个区域应该是“容易发生”地震和海啸。
- be prone to 是固定搭配,表示“易于…的,有…倾向的”,尤其用于自然灾害、问题等。
- 其他选项:
- A. relevant to(与…相关),语义不够强烈,不强调“易遭受”的含义。
- C. available to(可被…利用),不符合语境。
- D. alien to(与…不相容,陌生的),意思完全不符。
因此,正确答案是 B. prone。
2
解析:
上下文逻辑
前文提到该地区容易发生地震和海啸,后文又提到“缓慢的海平面上升”(slow sea level rise),说明城市的下沉是一个长期、缓慢的过程,而不是突然或偶然发生的。词义辨析
- A. accidentally(偶然地)
- B. frequently(频繁地)
- C. gradually(逐渐地)
- D. temporarily(暂时地)
与“slow sea level rise”以及“over 3,000 years ago”对应的是“逐渐地”下沉。
句意连贯
整句意为:“这座城市逐渐下沉,而地中海海平面的缓慢上升在三千多年前淹没了它。”
“逐渐下沉”与“海平面缓慢上升”在语义上形成呼应。
因此,正确答案是 C. gradually。
3
解析:
上下文线索:
前文提到该城因地震和海啸而“逐渐下沉”(sink),并且位于水下数千年。因此,此处应表示“地中海海平面上升”导致该城被淹没。词义辨析:
- disguised(伪装) → 与海平面上升无关。
- submerged(淹没) → 符合“海平面上升导致城市沉入水下”的语境。
- relocated(搬迁) → 文中无搬迁迹象。
- isolated(隔离) → 与海平面上升的逻辑不符。
逻辑与搭配:
“The slow sea level rise … submerged the city” 是直接且合理的因果关系,说明城市被海水覆盖。
因此正确答案是 B. submerged。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在的句子是:
For millennia, the city’s ______ lay unseen below some 13 feet of water.
- A. legends(传说)—— 传说不是“沉在水下看不见”的物理实体,不符合语境。
- B. programs(计划/项目)—— 城市沉没后留下的不会是“项目”,逻辑不通。
- C. remains(遗迹/遗址)—— 符合考古学语境,指城市沉没后留下的建筑、街道等物理遗迹。
- D. surroundings(周围环境)—— 周围环境是外部的东西,不是“城市的”且“沉在水下”的主体。
根据上下文,这里说的是城市沉没后,它的“遗迹”在水下数千年未被发现,因此 C. remains 正确。
5
解析:
第 5 题原文为:
They were covered by a thick layer of sand ______ the island of Laconia.
四个选项:
A. across
B. off
C. under
D. via
解题思路:
- 这句话的意思是:它们(城市遗迹)被厚厚的沙子覆盖,位于 拉科尼亚岛附近(离岸) 的水下。
- 这里描述的是 Pavlopetri 的地理位置——它是在拉科尼亚岛 近海 的水下。
- “off + 地点” 表示“在…附近的海域”或“离…不远的海上”,常用于表示离岸的位置,如“off the coast of…”。
- 其他选项分析:
- A. across 表示“横跨”,不符合“被沙子覆盖”与岛屿之间的位置关系。
- C. under 虽然可以表示“在…下方”,但这里 sand 不是在岛的下方,而是在岛附近的海底。
- D. via 表示“经由”,逻辑不通。
因此,B. off 最符合“在拉科尼亚岛近海”的语境。
答案:B
6
解析:
上下文线索:
句子提到“In recent decades, shifting ______ and climate change have eroded a natural barrier that protected Pavlopetri.”
这里“shifting ______”与“climate change”并列,都是导致自然屏障被侵蚀的原因。
自然屏障(可能指沙洲或水下地形)最可能受到水流长期作用的影响。词义与搭配:
- A. currents(水流、海流)—— 海洋环境中常见,会改变海底地形。
- B. rivers(河流)—— 该遗址位于海中,不是河流。
- C. seasons(季节)—— “shifting seasons” 一般指季节更替,但季节变化本身不直接侵蚀水下屏障,而是通过风、浪等间接作用。
- D. winds(风)—— 风会影响海浪,但此处更直接相关的是水下或沿岸的海流。
逻辑与常识:
水下考古遗址周围的沙层或屏障,长期受到海流冲刷而改变,这是海洋地理的常见现象。
而且“shifting currents”是固定搭配,指“变化的水流”。
因此,A. currents 是最符合海洋环境与侵蚀机制的选项。
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子为:
In recent decades, shifting sediments and climate change have eroded a natural barrier that protected Pavlopetri.
逻辑分析:
- 前文提到该地区容易发生地震和海啸,并且城市因海平面上升而沉没。
- 这里说“近几十年来,沉积物迁移和气候变化侵蚀了一个自然屏障”,这个屏障原本的作用应该是保护 Pavlopetri 免受侵蚀或海浪冲击。
- 如果屏障被侵蚀,那么遗址就会更容易受到破坏,这与后文提到遗址被发现、需要现代技术来发掘相呼应。
选项分析:
- A. elevated(抬高)——不符合“屏障”的功能逻辑。
- B. separated(分隔)——屏障可能是分隔陆地与海,但这里强调保护作用更合理。
- C. comprised(构成)——意思不符,屏障不会“构成” Pavlopetri。
- D. protected(保护)——符合“自然屏障”的功能,且与“eroded(侵蚀)”形成因果关系。
因此正确答案是 D. protected。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句子为:
In 1967 a scientific survey of the Peloponnesian coast was ______ data to analyze changes in sea levels ______ British oceanographer Nicholas Flemming first spotted the submerged ______.
句子结构分析:
- 主语是 “a scientific survey”,后面是被动语态 “was ______ data”,表示“这项调查正在……数据”。
- 逻辑上,科学调查的目的是收集数据来分析海平面变化。
- 选项含义:
- A. gathering(收集)—— 符合“调查收集数据”的语义。
- B. restoring(恢复)—— 数据不是被“恢复”,而是被收集。
- C. updating(更新)—— 上下文未提到已有数据需要更新。
- D. supplying(提供)—— 调查本身是“收集”数据,而不是“提供”数据给别人。
因此,A. gathering 最符合句意,表示“1967 年对伯罗奔尼撒海岸进行的一项科学调查正在收集数据,以分析海平面变化”。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在的句子是:
In 1967 a scientific survey of the Peloponnesian coast was ______ data to analyze changes in sea levels ______ British oceanographer Nicholas Flemming first spotted the submerged ______.
空格 9 前面是 “analyze changes in sea levels”,后面是 “British oceanographer Nicholas Flemming first spotted…”,这是一个时间状语从句,表示 “当……的时候”。
- A. when 可以引导时间状语从句,意为“当……时”,符合语境:在 1967 年的那次调查中,当 Flemming 第一次发现水下遗迹时。
- B. until 表示“直到”,逻辑上不通,因为不是“直到他发现”才做调查,而是“在调查时他发现了”。
- C. after 表示“在……之后”,但原文强调的是在调查过程中“第一次发现”,不是调查之后才发现。
- D. once 表示“一旦”,带有条件意味,不符合这里单纯的时间背景描述。
结合上下文,1967 年的调查是 Flemming 首次发现遗址的时间背景,所以用 when 最自然。
因此正确答案是 A。
10
解析:
第 10 题所在句子为:
British oceanographer Nicholas Flemming first spotted the submerged ______.
选项:
A. belongings(个人物品)
B. resources(资源)
C. products(产品)
D. structures(建筑物、结构)
解题思路:
- 上下文提示:上文提到 Pavlopetri 是一座沉没的城市,并且下文提到“一年后他带学生回来测绘该地点,识别出 15 座建筑、庭院、街道网络和墓室”。
- 逻辑对应:Flemming 在 1967 年首次发现的是“被淹没的建筑物/城市结构”,而不是零散的物品、资源或产品。
- 语义搭配:submerged structures(被淹没的建筑物)是考古学中描述水下遗址的常用表达,符合文意。
因此,正确答案是 D. structures。
11
解析:
上下文逻辑
第 10 空提到英国海洋学家 Nicholas Flemming 在 1967 年首次发现了被淹没的遗址(submerged site)。
第 11 空说“一年后,他带着几个学生回来……位置并绘制地图”。
既然已经发现遗址,再次回来的目的应该是仔细考察、勘测或研究这个地点,而不是“保存”“选择”或“展示”。动词搭配与含义
- A. preserve(保护)—— 当时只是刚发现,还没有到保护阶段。
- B. select(选择)—— 地点已经确定,不需要再“选择”。
- C. display(展示)—— 不符合初期考古工作的实际步骤。
- D. examine(检查、考察)—— 符合“回来进一步调查、测绘”的语境。
与后文呼应
后文说他们“识别出大约 15 座建筑、庭院、街道网络和两座墓室”,这正说明他们进行了仔细的考察(examine)。
因此,正确答案是 D. examine。
12
解析:
第 12 题空格前后的意思是:
- 前面说 1968 年团队发现了 15 座建筑、街道网络等 → 这是“令人兴奋的初步发现”。
- 后面说 “该遗址在几十年里无人问津,直到考古学家再次回来”。
- 逻辑上,虽然有这些令人兴奋的发现,但后来几十年却无人继续研究,这是一种转折关系。
A. Despite(尽管)表示让步转折,符合“尽管有这些令人兴奋的初步发现,但遗址几十年无人问津”的逻辑。
B. Unlike(与…不同)用于比较两者不同,这里没有比较对象。
C. Besides(除了…还)表示递进,不符合转折含义。
D. Among(在…之中)表示范围,也不符合。
因此正确答案是 A. Despite。
13
解析:
第 13 题空格所在的句子是:
“______ the exciting initial finds, the site would lie ______ for decades before archaeologists would return.”
前半句说“尽管有了激动人心的初步发现”,后半句说“这个地方会保持 ______ 几十年,直到考古学家再次回来”。
- A. unchallenged(未受挑战的)—— 与考古遗址的语境不符,这里不是指挑战。
- B. unknown(未知的)—— 矛盾,因为 1967 年已经发现并初步调查过,不是未知。
- C. unorganized(无组织的)—— 不用于描述遗址的状态,且与上下文逻辑不搭。
- D. undisturbed(未受打扰的)—— 符合逻辑:虽然发现了,但之后几十年没有人去挖掘或干扰它,直到 2009 年考古学家才回来。
因此,正确答案是 D. undisturbed。
14
解析:
上下文逻辑
文章提到,1967 年 Nicholas Flemming 发现了 Pavlopetri 遗址,1968 年进行了初步测绘,但之后几十年“the site would lie … for decades before archaeologists would return”。这说明在 1968 年之后,考古工作暂停了很长时间,直到 2009 年才再次开始。动词辨析
- A. suspended(暂停)—— 如果他们已经暂停了发掘,就不符合“2009 年他们……”的语境,因为暂停是之前发生的事。
- B. transferred(转移)—— 没有提到转移发掘地点。
- C. resumed(恢复)—— 符合“中断后重新开始”的语境。
- D. canceled(取消)—— 如果取消了,就不会在 2009 年再次进行发掘。
句意判断
2009 年,两位考古学家与希腊文化部合作,重新开始了对 Pavlopetri 的发掘。
因此 C. resumed 正确。
15
解析:
第 15 题所在句子为:
Since the 1960s, underwater archaeology ______ and tools had made huge advances.
- A. policies(政策)—— 与“水下考古”的进步有关,但一般不说“政策和工具”取得巨大进步,政策是管理层面的,不是技术层面的。
- B. theories(理论)—— 理论可以进步,但“理论和工具”并列时,更常见的是“方法和技术”,这里强调考古实践中的具体操作手段。
- C. documents(文件)—— 与“工具”并列不合适,且不是推动考古调查技术进步的核心要素。
- D. techniques(技术)—— 与“tools”(工具)并列非常自然,指“技术和工具”都取得了巨大进步,符合水下考古在 20 世纪后期发展的实际情况。
结合上下文,这里说的是考古方法技术(如探测、测绘、挖掘等)与工具(如潜水设备、机器人、声呐等)的进步,因此 D. techniques 最合适。
16
解析:
上下文分析
第16题所在句子为:
“The team 16 robotics, sonar mapping, and state-of-the-art graphics to survey the site.”
这里描述的是考古队在调查遗址时使用了机器人技术、声纳测绘和先进图形技术。选项词义辨析
- A. ordered:命令;订购(不符合“使用工具”的语境)
- B. provided:提供(主语若是团队,逻辑上应是团队被提供设备,而不是团队提供设备给别人)
- C. employed:使用,利用(符合“使用技术/工具”的意思)
- D. adjusted:调整(与“技术手段”搭配不当,且上下文未提到调整设备)
逻辑与搭配
从语义上看,考古队是使用这些先进技术来勘察遗址,所以 employed 最贴切。
而且“employ + 工具/方法”是常见的正式书面表达,意为“采用、使用”。
因此正确答案是 C. employed。
17
好的,我们先看第 17 题的上下文。
原文:
From 2009 to 2013 they were able to bring the underwater town to ______.
四个选项:
A. effect
B. light
C. reality
D. mind
解析:
- bring to light 是一个固定搭配,意思是“使显露出来,揭示出来”,尤其用于指发现隐藏的、不为人知的事物。
- 这里说的是考古队通过新技术让这座水下城镇“显露”出来,即让它被世人所知、被详细测绘和研究。
- A 项 bring to effect 不是固定搭配,常用的是 bring into effect(使生效),不符合语境。
- C 项 bring to reality 不符合搭配,常用的是 bring to life(使生动)或 make reality(实现),但这里不是“实现”的意思。
- D 项 bring to mind(使想起),不符合文意。
因此,bring to light 最贴合“使水下城镇重见天日”的考古语境。
答案:B. light
18
解析:
第 18 题的句子是:
Pavlopetri’s three main roads ________ some 50 rectangular buildings, all of which had open courtyards.
四个选项:
A. crossed(穿过)
B. connected(连接)
C. blocked(阻挡)
D. altered(改变)
逻辑分析:
- 城市道路的功能是连接建筑物,而不是“穿过”建筑物(crossed 一般指道路交叉或穿过某区域,但这里主语是道路,宾语是建筑物,crossed buildings 不合理)。
- “connected” 表示“连接”,符合道路连接各处建筑物的语义。
- “blocked” 和 “altered” 与道路的正常功能不符,且上下文没有负面或改变的含义。
因此,B. connected 最符合句意:三条主要道路连接了大约 50 座矩形建筑。
正确答案:B
19
解析:
第 19 题空格前的句子是:
Excavations revealed a large number of Minoan - style loom weights, ___ Pavlopetri was a thriving trade center with a ___ textile industry.
这里的意思是:考古发现大量米诺斯风格的织机砣,这些发现暗示/表明Pavlopetri 是一个繁荣的贸易中心,并且有发达的纺织业。
- A. expecting(期望) → 不符合,因为考古发现是客观证据,不是主观期望。
- B. suggesting(表明,暗示) → 符合,指证据表明某个结论。
- C. predicting(预测) → 不符合,因为这是对过去事实的推断,不是对未来的预测。
- D. recalling(回忆) → 不符合,与考古发现的逻辑不符。
因此,正确答案是 B. suggesting。
20
解析:
上下文线索
前文提到“a large number of Minoan-style loom weights”(大量米诺斯风格的织机砣),说明纺织业规模很大、很发达。
“thriving trade center”(繁荣的贸易中心)也暗示这里的产业是兴旺的,而不是弱小或边缘的。词义辨析
- A. robust:强健的,兴旺的,有活力的 → 符合“繁荣的贸易中心”和“大量织机砣”所体现的发达纺织业。
- B. diverse:多样的 → 文中只提到纺织业,没有强调多样性。
- C. marginal:边缘的,不重要的 → 与文意相反。
- D. dependent:依赖的 → 逻辑不通,没有提到依赖外部。
逻辑与搭配
“a robust textile industry” 是常见的搭配,表示“兴旺的纺织业”,与考古发现的证据一致。
因此正确答案是 A. robust。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
The grammar school boy from Stratford - upon - Avon has landed a scholarly punch after ground - breaking research showed that Shakespeare does benefit children’s literacy and emotional development. But only if you act him out.
A study found that a “rehearsal room” approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary and the complexity of their writing as well as their emotional literacy. “The research shows that the way actors work makes a big difference to the way children use language and also how they think about themselves,” Jacqui O’Hanlon of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which commissioned the study, said.
The randomised control trial involved hundreds of year 5 pupils—aged nine and ten—at 45 state primary schools that had not been “previously exposed to RSC pedagogy”. They were split into target and control groups and asked to write, for example, a message in a bottle as Ferdinand after the shipwreck in The Tempest. The target group was given a 30 - minute drama - based activity to accompany the passage.
The peer - reviewed results showed that the target group of pupils drew on a wider vocabulary, used words “classed as more sophisticated or rarer”, and wrote at greater length. They also “appear to be more comfortable writing in role…while [control] group imagine how they themselves would react to being shipwrecked, [target] group put themselves in the shoes of a literary character and express that character’s emotion”.
The Time to Act study also found that while control pupils relied on “desert island clichés” such as palm trees, target pupils were “more expansive [giving] a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions”.
O’Hanlon said she had been most surprised by the “emotional literacy that was evident in the [target] children’s writing” and that they were “more resilient in their writing, more hopeful”. She added: “The emotional understanding was very evident and it is probably related to the [rehearsal room process] where you are used to trying to imagine your way through. They were comfortable in describing different emotional states and part of what you do in drama is put yourself in different shoes.” The study showed the importance of embedding the arts in education, she said.
But could the results be replicated with any old dramatist? O’Hanlon said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a “massive expansion of language into children’s lives”, which was combined with children “using their whole bodies to bring words to life”.
21
The “rehearsal room” approach requires pupils to $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
题目问的是 “rehearsal room” 方法要求学生们做什么。
- 文章第二段提到 “rehearsal room” approach 是一种教学莎士比亚的方法,并且第三段举例说明:目标组学生被要求完成一项与戏剧段落相关的 30 分钟活动,比如扮演《暴风雨》中的 Ferdinand 在船难后写漂流瓶信息。
- 第四段进一步说明,目标组学生更擅长“代入角色写作”,他们把自己放在文学人物的位置上,表达角色的情感。
- 最后一段也提到,这种方法结合了“用整个身体让文字活起来”,即表演和扮演角色。
选项分析:
- A. rewrite the lines from Shakespeare(重写莎士比亚的台词)—— 文中强调的是“表演”和“代入角色”,不是重写。
- B. watch RSC actors’ performances(观看 RSC 演员的表演)—— 文中没有强调观看,而是强调学生自己参与表演。
- C. play the roles in Shakespeare(扮演莎士比亚中的角色)—— 与文中“act him out”、“put themselves in the shoes of a literary character”相符。
- D. study drama under RSC artists(在 RSC 艺术家指导下学习戏剧)—— 虽然研究是 RSC 委托的,但实验中的“rehearsal room”方法核心是学生自己扮演,不一定是直接由艺术家指导。
因此正确答案是 C。
22
The study divided the pupils into two groups to find whether $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
题目问的是“研究将学生分成两组,目的是为了发现______”。
从原文第三段和第四段可以看出:
- 研究采用了随机对照试验,将学生分为 target group(接受 RSC 戏剧教学法)和 control group(没有接受该教学法)。
- 两组学生完成相同的写作任务,但 target group 在写作前进行了 30 分钟的戏剧活动。
- 结果发现 target group 在词汇复杂度、写作长度、情感表达等方面都显著优于 control group。
这实际上是在测试教学方法的改变(即加入戏剧活动)是否对学习成果有促进作用。
选项 A “the change in instruction enhances learning outcomes”(教学方式的改变提升学习效果)准确概括了这一实验目的。
其他选项:
- B 说的是扩大词汇量对阅读流畅度的帮助,但研究重点不是阅读流畅度,而是写作与情感表达。
- C 说的是情绪对理解复杂作品的影响,但研究重点不是情绪如何影响理解,而是戏剧教学法如何影响写作与情感表达。
- D 说课堂活动激发对艺术的兴趣,但研究没有直接测量兴趣,而是测量了写作表现和情感表达。
因此正确答案是 A。
23
Control pupils’ reliance on “desert island clichés” shows their $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
题干问的是:对照组学生依赖“荒岛陈词滥调”表明了他们______。
原文提到:
The Time to Act study also found that while control pupils relied on “desert island clichés” such as palm trees, target pupils were “more expansive [giving] a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions”.
这里的“desert island clichés”指的是描写荒岛时只会用“棕榈树”这类老套、缺乏新意的表达,而实验组学生则能更丰富地描绘天空、海洋和氛围。
这说明对照组学生的描写能力较弱,词汇和表达比较局限、缺乏多样性。
选项分析:
- A. weakness in description(描写能力弱)—— 符合原文,因为他们只会用陈词滥调,描写不够丰富。
- B. omission of small details(忽略小细节)—— 原文强调的是描写内容老套,而不是忽略小细节。
- C. casual style of writing(随意的写作风格)—— 原文没有体现“随意”,而是词汇和表达单一。
- D. preference for big words(偏好大词)—— 与原文相反,他们用的反而是简单、常见的词汇。
因此正确答案是 A。
24
What can promote children’s emotional literacy according to O’Hanlon?
解析:
题目问的是根据 O’Hanlon 的观点,什么可以促进儿童的情感素养(emotional literacy)。
从文中可以找到相关线索:
- 在第四段提到,目标组的孩子“把自己置于文学角色的立场,并表达该角色的情感”(put themselves in the shoes of a literary character and express that character’s emotion)。
- 第六段 O’Hanlon 说:“情感理解非常明显,这可能与排练室过程有关,在那里你习惯于尝试想象自己的处境。他们能自如地描述不同的情绪状态,而在戏剧中你要做的部分就是把自己放在不同的立场上。”
这些信息表明,情感素养的提升与“代入文学角色”密切相关,也就是选项 B 所说的 Identifying with literary characters(与文学角色产生共鸣/认同)。
选项 A(以想象的方式写作)虽然也涉及想象,但文中强调的重点是“扮演角色”和“代入角色情感”,而不仅仅是想象写作。
选项 C(从自然中汲取灵感)和 D(专注于现实生活情境)与文中强调的戏剧排练方法不符。
因此正确答案是 B。
25
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
题干要求从最后一段推断出正确选项。我们先看最后一段的内容:
But could the results be replicated with any old dramatist? O’Hanlon said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a “massive expansion of language into children’s lives”, which was combined with children “using their whole bodies to bring words to life”.
这段话的意思是:
- 是否其他老剧作家也能产生同样效果?还需要更多研究。
- 但莎士比亚的语言使用了 2 万词汇(对比日常 2000 词),这能极大扩展儿童的语言输入。
- 同时配合全身表演,让词语活起来。
这里暗示莎士比亚的词汇量特别丰富,所以这种教学法可能在他身上效果最明显,而不是说其他剧作家完全不行,但莎士比亚有独特的语言优势。
选项分析:
- A. the new teaching method may work best with Shakespeare
符合原文暗示,因为莎士比亚词汇量远超日常,并且文中强调了他的语言对儿童语言发展的巨大帮助,所以推断可能在他身上效果最好。 - B. the language of Shakespeare may be formidable for pupils
文中没有说学生感到害怕或困难,反而强调他们能通过表演理解并运用。 - C. other old dramatists may be included in primary education
最后一段没有提到要把其他老剧作家纳入小学教育,只是说“需要更多研究”。 - D. pupils may be reluctant to work on other old dramatists
没有提到学生不愿意学习其他剧作家。
因此正确选项是 A。
Text 2
I was shocked to learn recently that some scientists want to scale back their research in an effort to decrease carbon emissions. The crisis is here, they said, and we need to cut back on our energy - intensive modelling. At the very least, we need to make our energy use far more sustainable.
It is unarguable that our laboratories, scientific instruments, rockets and satellites—the tools we scientists need to measure the planet’s pulse—demand significant amounts of energy both in their construction and operation. And it is equally true that science’s unrelenting appetite for information has caused a mushrooming of energy - intensive data centres around the world. According to the International Energy Agency, these buildings now consume about 1 per cent of the world’s electricity.
However, this is a price we must pay for understanding the world. How can we inform decision makers about the best ways to bring down carbon emissions if we can’t track the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, where it’s coming from and who’s producing it? The carbon emissions from technological research are well spent: ultimately this research will safeguard the future of our planet.
It can be hard for scientists to make the case because our work is complex, often takes place behind closed doors and does not always lend itself to easy interpretation or explanation. But demonstrating the efficacy of science will be crucial if we are to solve humanity’s greatest challenges.
Recognising the hope that science and engineering can bring was the impetus behind the creation of the Millennium Technology Prize, which is now entering its 20th year as a celebration of human ingenuity. One of the past winners, Professor Martin Green from the University of New South Wales, Australia, is the inventor of the Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell technology which is now found in most of the world’s solar panels. Thanks to his invention, we have a real chance to decrease the world’s carbon emissions.
Every day, scientists, technologists and engineers are discovering new ways to exploit renewable energy sources and develop techniques not just to use power more intelligently but to power our intelligence. A great example of this is Europe’s largest supercomputer, LUMI in Finland, which is astonishingly carbon - negative. Established in an old paper mill, it is powered by a nearby river and its remote heat warms the people who live in the surrounding town of Kajaani.
If the world is to meet its net - zero ambitions, we must think hard about how we can deliver sustainable computing and deliver more LUMIs.
26
The author expressed great surprise at some scientists’ $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
题目问作者对某些科学家的什么行为表示惊讶。
文章第一句:
I was shocked to learn recently that some scientists want to scale back their research in an effort to decrease carbon emissions.
其中:
- shocked 对应题目中的 surprise
- scale back their research 意思是“减少/缩减他们的研究”
- 目的是为了减少碳排放
四个选项:
A. unwillingness to cut carbon emissions → 不愿意减少碳排放(与原文相反,他们是愿意减排才缩减研究)
B. intention to reduce their research → 缩减研究的意图(与原文一致)
C. suspicions about sustainable energy → 对可持续能源的怀疑(未提及)
D. waste of electricity in their projects → 项目中的电力浪费(未提及)
因此正确答案是 B。
27
The author believes that carbon emissions from research $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
题干关键信息
- 题干问:作者认为科研产生的碳排放是______。
- 原文定位在第三段,尤其是 “The carbon emissions from technological research are well spent: ultimately this research will safeguard the future of our planet.”(科技研究产生的碳排放是值得的,因为最终这些研究将保护地球的未来)。
选项分析
- A. have caused grave consequences(已造成严重后果)
文中作者并未强调科研碳排放已造成严重后果,而是承认其存在但认为值得。 - B. have aroused groundless worries(引起无根据的担忧)
作者没有说这些担忧是无根据的,而是承认有碳排放问题,但认为这是必要的代价。 - C. are hard to handle at present(目前难以处理)
文中没有强调“难以处理”,而是强调其价值。 - D. are justifiable in the long run(长远来看是合理的)
与原文“well spent”“ultimately…safeguard…”对应,即虽然现在有碳排放,但长远看是合理的。
- A. have caused grave consequences(已造成严重后果)
结论
作者的观点是:科研碳排放是必要的代价,因为最终有助于解决气候变化等问题,因此 D 正确。
答案:D
28
The example of Green in Paragraph 5 is used to illustrate $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
题干定位:题目问的是第五段中 Green 的例子被用来说明什么。
第五段开头说:“Recognising the hope that science and engineering can bring was the impetus behind the creation of the Millennium Technology Prize…”(认识到科学和工程能带来的希望,是设立千年技术奖的动力)。
接着举了 Martin Green 的例子,他发明了 PERC 太阳能电池技术,这项技术如今被广泛用于全球大多数太阳能电池板,使人类有机会减少碳排放。例子与论点关系:
- 该段主题句强调科学和工程能带来希望,即科学努力能产生实际、积极的影响。
- Green 的例子表明,科学研究(如他的太阳能技术)带来了实际的环保成果,这是对科学努力的回报。
- 选项 C “the rewards of scientific endeavours”(科学努力的回报)与此完全对应。
排除其他选项:
- A “伟大科学家的成就”:虽然 Green 确实有成就,但段落的重点不是表彰个人,而是说明科学努力带来的实际价值。
- B “应对气候变化的紧迫性”:文中并未用此例强调“紧迫”,而是强调科学带来的解决方案。
- D “培养人类创造力的价值”:原文确实提到该奖项是庆祝人类创造力,但 Green 的例子更具体地展示了科学努力的实际成果,而不仅仅是“培养创造力”这一过程。
结论:该例子是为了说明科学努力会带来实际回报(如减少碳排放的技术),因此正确答案是 C。
29
It can be learned from the last two paragraphs that LUMI $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
题目要求从最后两段推断关于 LUMI 的信息。
最后两段关键信息:
- 第5段提到科学家和工程师在开发可再生能源利用的新方法,并举例 LUMI 是欧洲最大的超级计算机,碳足迹为负。
- LUMI 建在旧造纸厂,由附近河流供电,余热为周围城镇供暖。
- 作者在最后一句说,要实现净零排放,必须“提供更多 LUMI”,说明 LUMI 是可持续计算的典范。
选项分析:
- A. is a model of sustainability efforts(是可持续努力的典范) → 与原文“deliver more LUMIs”及对其描述一致,正确。
- B. is a triumph against energy shortage(是战胜能源短缺的胜利) → 原文重点在“碳负排放”和可持续,不是能源短缺,不准确。
- C. owes much to global net-zero initiatives(很大程度上归功于全球净零倡议) → 文中未提及 LUMI 的建成归因于全球净零倡议,无依据。
- D. aims to explore the power of intelligence(旨在探索智能的力量) → 原文提到“power our intelligence”是指用能源支持我们的智能(计算),不是该超级计算机的目标,而是其功能的一部分,但 LUMI 本身是作为可持续计算例子出现的,并非为了探索智能。
因此正确答案是 A。
30
Which of the following statements would the author agree with? $\underline{\quad\quad}$
解析:
文章主旨
作者在文中明确反驳了“因碳排放问题而缩减科研”的观点,认为虽然科学研究(如实验室、超级计算机等)消耗大量能源,但这是理解世界、解决气候危机所必需的代价。关键段落与语句
- 第三段首句:“However, this is a price we must pay for understanding the world.”
- 第三段结尾:“The carbon emissions from technological research are well spent: ultimately this research will safeguard the future of our planet.”
这些都表明作者认为能源密集型研究是不可避免且必要的。
选项分析
- A:文中未提及“无排放建模需要额外资金”,属于无中生有。
- B:文中提到超级计算机 LUMI 是成功的低碳案例,说明需求可以实现,并非难以满足。
- C:与作者观点一致,即能源密集型研究是不可避免的(inevitable)。
- D:文中未讨论研究人员的目标是否现实,属于无关信息。
结论
作者认为为了理解世界并解决气候危机,能源密集型研究是必须付出的代价,因此 C 正确。
答案:C
Text 3
Ever since taking on Netflix Inc. at its own game, old Hollywood has struggled to turn a profit in streaming, with the likes of Disney+, Peacock and Paramount+ losing billions of dollars each year, sparking concerns on Wall Street that the services will never be as profitable as cable once was. But the age of streaming has been a boon for some unintended winners: pirates that use software to rip a film or television show in seconds from legitimate online video platforms and host the titles on their own, illegitimate services, which rake in about $2 billion annually from ads and subscriptions.
With no video production costs, illegal streaming sites have achieved profit margins approaching 90%, according to the Motion Picture Association (MPA), a trade group representing Hollywood studios that’s working to crack down on the thousands of illegal platforms that have cropped up in recent years.
Initially the rise of legitimate online businesses such as Netflix actually helped curb digital piracy, which had largely been based on file uploads. But now piracy involving illegal streaming services as well as file - sharing costs the US economy about $30 billion in lost revenue a year and some 250,000 jobs, estimates the US Chamber of Commerce’s Global Innovation Policy Center. The global impact is about $71 billion annually.
“The people who are stealing our movies and our television shows and operating piracy sites are not mom and pop operations,” says Charlie Rivkin, chief executive officer of the MPA. “This is organized crime.” Rivkin joined the MPA in 2017 after the organization failed five years earlier to build consensus between Hollywood and Silicon Valley to win passage of legislation in Congress aimed at stopping online piracy. In 2017 the association formed the Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment (ACE), an enforcement task force of about 100 detectives circling the globe to help local authorities arrest streaming pirates.
ACE says it’s helped shrink the number of illegal streaming services in North America to 126, from more than 1,400 in 2018, aided in part by the MPA’s support for a 2020 federal law that made large - scale streaming of copyrighted material a serious crime.
Consulting firm Parks Associates predicts that legitimate US streaming services’ cumulative loss from piracy since 2022 will reach $113 billion in the next two years. “While there is some optimism that emerging countermeasures and best practices may see piracy begin to plateau by 2027, there is no consensus among stakeholders as to when it may begin to decline,” says analyst Steve Hawley.
31
According to Paragraph 1, legitimate streaming services $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
第一段的主要内容是:
- 传统好莱坞公司(如 Disney+、Peacock、Paramount+)在流媒体业务上亏损严重,华尔街担心它们无法像有线电视那样盈利。
- 与此同时,盗版流媒体网站却因此受益,它们从合法平台盗取内容,通过广告和订阅年收入约 20 亿美元。
题目问的是 legitimate streaming services(合法流媒体服务) 的情况。
A 项 “从好莱坞吸取了教训”——文中未提及。
B 项 “收入超过有线电视”——与原文相反,原文说它们可能永远不如有线电视盈利。
C 项 “不受广告商欢迎”——文中未提及广告商对合法流媒体的态度。
D 项 “面临一个真正的威胁”——符合文意,因为盗版网站抢走了它们的收入和用户,构成威胁。
因此正确答案是 D。
32
It can be learned that streamers like Netflix $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
题目问的是:从文中可以得知,像 Netflix 这样的流媒体平台______。
我们来看四个选项:
A. played a part in the fight against illegal file-sharing
(在打击非法文件共享方面发挥了作用)B. reaped benefits from the war with digital pirates
(从与数字盗版的斗争中获益)C. promised to become big job creators in the US
(有望成为美国的大型就业创造者)D. used to collaborate with file-uploading platforms
(曾与文件上传平台合作)
定位原文信息:
Initially the rise of legitimate online businesses such as Netflix actually helped curb digital piracy, which had largely been based on file uploads.
这句话明确说明:像 Netflix 这样的合法在线企业的兴起,最初实际上帮助遏制了数字盗版,而那时的盗版主要基于文件上传。
也就是说,Netflix 这类平台通过提供合法、便捷的流媒体服务,减少了人们通过文件上传方式进行的盗版行为,因此它们在打击非法文件共享方面发挥了作用。
逐一排除其他选项:
- B:文中并未说 Netflix 从与盗版斗争中获益,反而提到合法流媒体因盗版损失巨大。
- C:文中提到盗版导致美国损失大量就业,但并未说 Netflix 等平台承诺成为大型就业创造者。
- D:文中没有说 Netflix 曾与文件上传平台合作,相反它们属于合法平台,与盗版是对立的。
因此正确答案是 A。
33
It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that the MPA $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
第 4 段提到:
Rivkin joined the MPA in 2017 after the organization failed five years earlier to build consensus between Hollywood and Silicon Valley to win passage of legislation in Congress aimed at stopping online piracy.
这句话的意思是:
MPA 在 2017 年之前五年(即 2012 年左右)未能让好莱坞和硅谷达成共识,从而未能推动国会通过反网络盗版法案。
这暗示了 Silicon Valley 当时没有配合合作,因此 MPA 在立法上失败了。
选项分析:
- A. was denied cooperation by Silicon Valley(被硅谷拒绝合作) → 与原文“未能达成共识”对应,可以合理推断出硅谷方面没有给予合作。
- B. led a national protest against online piracy → 原文未提及“全国抗议”。
- C. was urged to form an enforcement task force → ACE 是在 2017 年成立的,但文中未说是外界敦促成立的,而是 MPA 自己的行动。
- D. failed to win support from local authorities → 文中提到 ACE 帮助地方当局抓捕盗版者,说明地方当局是合作的,所以此项与原文相反。
因此正确选项是 A。
34
According to Hawley, digital piracy $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
我们先定位原文中 Hawley 的评论。
原文最后一段:
“While there is some optimism that emerging countermeasures and best practices may see piracy begin to plateau by 2027, there is no consensus among stakeholders as to when it may begin to decline,” says analyst Steve Hawley.
这句话的意思是:
- 虽然有乐观看法认为反盗版措施可能让盗版在 2027 年前进入平台期(不再增长),
- 但利益相关者对于盗版何时开始减少没有共识。
也就是说,近期内盗版不太可能减少,因为“何时开始下降”没有共识,意味着短期内(near future)不会下降。
选项分析:
A. cannot be checked in spite of new legislation
→ 文中提到 2020 年法律和 ACE 的行动已经使北美盗版网站数量大幅减少,说明立法有一定效果,所以“无法遏制”太绝对,不符合 Hawley 的话。
B. will possibly overwhelm legitimate streamers
→ 文中没有说盗版会压倒合法流媒体,只提到盗版造成损失,但没有压倒的趋势预测。
C. is unlikely to diminish in the near future
→ 对应“没有共识何时开始下降”,即近期不太可能减少,正确。
D. has been underestimated by some analysts
→ 文中没有提到分析师低估盗版问题。
答案:C
35
Which of the following is emphasized in the text? $\underline{\quad\quad}$
让我们先梳理文章的核心内容,再分析选项。
文章结构分析:
- 开头:传统好莱坞公司在流媒体上亏损,而盗版网站却因此受益,年收入约 20 亿美元。
- 接着:盗版网站的利润率接近 90%,给美国经济造成约 300 亿美元的收入损失和 25 万工作岗位损失。
- 然后:MPA 指出这是有组织犯罪,并成立了 ACE 来打击盗版。
- 最后:预测合法流媒体因盗版在未来两年累计损失将达 1130 亿美元,且尚无共识何时能下降。
题目问: 文章中强调了以下哪一项?
A. 协调反盗版行动的必要性
文章提到 ACE 的成立和行动,但这不是全文最强调的点,更多是在描述现状和损失之后提到的一个应对措施。B. 侵犯版权的犯罪性质
虽然 MPA 负责人说“这是有组织犯罪”,但这是为了说明盗版的严重性,不是全文核心强调的内容。C. 消除网络盗版的前景
文章最后说“没有共识认为盗版何时会下降”,所以并没有强调消除盗版的前景。D. 非法流媒体造成的经济损失
文章多次提到具体数字:盗版网站年收入 20 亿美元、美国年损失 300 亿美元、全球 710 亿美元、未来两年累计 1130 亿美元损失等,这些数据反复突出经济损失是文章的重点。
因此正确答案是 D,文章主要强调非法流媒体对经济造成的巨大损失。
Text 4
Visit any antiques store and you’ll encounter artifacts from the past: photographs, letters, a brochure detailing the Sinclair dinosaur exhibit from the 1964 - 1965 World’s Fair, the ephemera of history. Yet these objects aren’t truly ephemeral, because they’re still here, decades, even centuries later. Why? Because they’re tangible.
Have you pondered the life cycle of intangible formats, digital information, given that those who produce these artifacts seldom make provision for their long - term preservation? For millennia, we’ve known what we’ve known due to artifacts that have survived, often despite their original creators’ neglect. The thing itself is the medium that delivers the information. At the time of creation, no attempts were made at intentional preservation, yet analog materials have a chance of surviving and serving as the historical record that biographers, historians, and novelists rely on. Libraries and archives have traditionally shouldered the responsibility of organization, preservation, and access to information. One of S.R. Ranganathan’s foundational Laws of Library Science is “Save the time of the reader.” Thus, librarians digitize the tangible so that researchers the world over can quickly search and access their holdings. The result is an embarrassment of historical riches, which brings its own needle - and - haystack problems.
Librarians’ selfless devotion can act against us when users point to universality of access by holding up a cellphone and saying, “it’s all in here” as evidence that libraries are less vital for researchers today. Yet how was that universality of access made possible and, perhaps more importantly, how is it maintained? Who curates what is preserved? When it comes to born - digital information, the terrifying answer can be: if not librarians and archivists, then no one. Digital information requires a great deal more care than analog.
Even when a digital object is preserved, it may only be the carrier that’s saved, not the information itself. As technology advances and a format becomes obsolete, the object is useless. Have you ever stared helplessly at a ZIP disk, thinking: how do I get the files off this? Without constant migration of digital assets, a nightmare about the foreseeable future is what keeps historians up at night: a historical record that abruptly stops when digital replaces analog.
As a librarian whose day job revolves around special collections and digital assets, I share the night terrors of historians, and I’d be lying if I said a comprehensive preservation solution currently exists. Yet researchers can take some comfort in the fact that there are a multitude of librarians devoted to discovering, organizing, and preserving digital information for researchers current and future. Librarians are uniquely positioned to understand how end users seek and use information. Thus we play an integral role in identifying, preserving, and providing accessibility to digital artifacts so that, while future researchers may find the digital realm a challenging place to ply their trade, they won’t find it an impossible one.
36
The author mentions the artifacts from the past to $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
文章开头的作用
文章第一段提到古董店里的旧物(如照片、信件、展览手册等)虽然来自过去,但因为是实物(tangible),所以能够保存至今。
这里并不是为了介绍古董本身(A),也不是为了评论它们的历史价值(D),而是为了引出这些实物之所以能保存下来,是因为它们有物质载体。引出核心问题
第二段开头用了一个问题过渡:Have you pondered the life cycle of intangible formats, digital information…
意思是“你是否思考过数字信息这类无形格式的生命周期?”
这说明作者提到过去的实物,是为了对比数字信息难以长期保存的问题,从而引出保存(preservation) 这一议题。与选项对应
- A 项“介绍古董的到来” → 太表面,不是主旨。
- B 项“与日常物品对比” → 文中没有强调“日常物品”。
- C 项“引出保存问题” → 符合从实物保存过渡到数字保存困境的逻辑。
- D 项“评论其历史价值” → 文中未深入讨论历史价值。
因此,作者提到过去的文物,是为了引出数字时代信息保存的难题,答案是 C。
37
Compared with digital objects, tangible artifacts $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
题干问的是“与数字对象相比,实物文物(tangible artifacts)……”,即要找出实物文物相对于数字对象的优势或特点。
1. 定位原文关键信息
- 第一段提到实物文物(如照片、信件等)虽然看似短暂(ephemera),但因为它们是有形的(tangible),所以几十年甚至几百年后仍然存在。
- 第二段提到:“The thing itself is the medium that delivers the information.”(物体本身就是传递信息的媒介。)
- 第三、四段则说明数字信息需要持续维护、迁移,否则会因技术过时无法读取,而模拟材料(analog materials)即使没有刻意保存也有机会留存下来。
2. 选项分析
A. are less subject to their creators’ neglect(更少受到创造者忽视的影响)
- 原文第二段说“At the time of creation, no attempts were made at intentional preservation, yet analog materials have a chance of surviving…”,说明实物文物也常被创造者忽视,但仍有留存可能。但这不是与数字对象相比的核心差异,数字对象同样可能被忽视,但后果更严重。
B. convey information in a more direct way(以更直接的方式传递信息)
- 原文说“物体本身就是传递信息的媒介”,即实物文物不需要依赖特定技术设备来读取,信息直接存在于物体上,而数字对象需要软硬件才能读取,因此更直接。
C. require more intentional preservation(需要更多的刻意保存)
- 与原文相反,数字对象才需要更多刻意保存(迁移、格式更新等)。
D. are less likely to suffer serious damage(更不容易遭受严重损坏)
- 原文没有直接比较损坏概率,而是强调数字对象一旦损坏或过时就完全无法读取,而实物文物即使损坏也可能部分保留信息。但“更不容易遭受严重损坏”不是原文明确比较的重点。
3. 确定答案
原文强调实物文物本身就是信息的媒介,不需要依赖技术解码,因此信息传递更直接,对应 B 选项。
38
According to Paragraph 3, librarians’ work may result in $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
第 3 段提到,图书馆员通过数字化使全球研究者能快速检索和获取馆藏,这带来了“历史资源的窘境”(an embarrassment of historical riches),但也带来了“大海捞针”的问题。接着,作者指出,这种“普遍获取”的便利性,反而让用户错误地认为图书馆在今天对研究者不那么重要了——他们拿着手机说“一切都在这里了”。
也就是说,图书馆员的努力(使资料数字化并易于获取)反而导致用户低估图书馆的价值,因为他们误以为信息本来就随处可得,而忽视了图书馆在背后所做的保存与整理工作。
因此,正确选项是 B. undervaluation of libraries。
39
The “ZIP disk” is cited as an example to show $\underline{\quad\quad}$.
解析:
定位例子上下文
原文提到 ZIP 磁盘是在讨论数字信息保存的脆弱性时出现的。前面说:“Even when a digital object is preserved, it may only be the carrier that’s saved, not the information itself. As technology advances and a format becomes obsolete, the object is useless.”
然后才举 ZIP disk 的例子:“Have you ever stared helplessly at a ZIP disk, thinking: how do I get the files off this?”例子说明的问题
ZIP 磁盘是一种已经过时的存储介质,虽然磁盘本身还在,但如果没有对应的驱动器或软件,里面的信息就无法读取。
这说明:即使载体保存完好,如果格式过时,信息仍可能丢失。选项分析
- A 选项:提到“通过不寻常手段获取文件的困难”,但这只是表面现象,不是作者举例的根本目的。
- B 选项:“不断迁移数字资产的不可行性”,原文强调必须不断迁移(constant migration),否则会有噩梦,但并没有说不可行,只是说如果不做就会出问题。
- C 选项:“过时格式中丢失信息的可能性”,这正是 ZIP 磁盘例子要说明的核心——格式过时导致信息无法读取,即信息丢失的风险。
- D 选项:“在模拟设备上存储信息的不便”,ZIP 磁盘是数字设备,不是模拟设备,所以错误。
因此正确答案是 C,它准确概括了作者举 ZIP 磁盘例子所要说明的数字信息保存风险。
40
Which of the following statements best summarizes the text? $\underline{\quad\quad}$
好的,我们一步步分析。
1. 文章主旨梳理
- 开头提到实体文物(如照片、信件)容易保存,因为是有形的。
- 接着引出数字信息的保存问题:生产这些数字内容的人很少考虑长期保存。
- 传统上,图书馆和档案馆负责保存和提供访问,但数字信息需要更多主动维护。
- 数字信息不仅可能丢失,还可能因为格式过时而无法读取(如 ZIP 磁盘的例子)。
- 作者作为图书馆员,指出目前没有完美的数字保存方案,但图书馆员正在努力应对这一挑战。
2. 选项分析
A. Hard work should be done to preserve artifacts.
范围太宽,“artifacts” 既包括实体也包括数字,但文章重点在数字保存的挑战,而不是泛泛说“要努力保存文物”。B. Contributions of librarians should be recognized.
虽然文中提到图书馆员的作用,但这是支持主旨的细节,不是核心总结。C. Accessing databases is essential to researchers.
文章没有强调“访问数据库”对研究者的重要性,而是强调数字保存的困难。D. Keeping digital historical records is a challenge.
这直接对应文中反复强调的数字信息易丢失、格式过时、需要持续迁移等核心问题,是全文最准确的总结。
3. 结论
文章主要讨论数字历史记录的保存难题,因此 D 选项最符合。
最终答案:
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41 - 45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A - H and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph A, C and H have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
A. Peters likes to photograph butterflies in a landscape, celebrating the beauty of their surroundings as well as the insects themselves. His pictures of a Glanville fritillary rising from the sea - pinks beside the chalk cliffs of Compton Bay on the Isle of Wight are particularly glorious. These take - off shots are even more challenging because they require a wide - angle lens, which means he must be less than 2cm from the butterfly. It’s incredibly difficult to get that close to a skittish, sun - warmed insect. Unlike some photographers, who “cheat” by keeping insects in a fridge to slow them down, Peters refuses to tamper with wild butterflies.
B. Peters’ signature shot is a butterfly “take - off”, showing the multiple wing - beats of one butterfly in one frame as it lifts off from a flower. How does he capture it? Technology helps. A typical digital SLR camera shoots 20 frames a second. He uses a high - speed OM System which shoots 120 frames a second.
C. Britain has relatively few butterfly species compared with mainland Europe and 80% are in decline, mostly because intensive chemical farming has reduced many species to tiny fragments of habitat and small nature reserves. Global heating is benefiting some species but others are too isolated to find suitable new habitat, and gardening habits—paving over gardens and using pesticides—aren’t helping either. Butterflies may not pollinate as many plants as wild bees and hoverflies, but because British butterflies are the best - studied group of insects in the world, they are an extremely useful indicator of the wider declines in flying insects.
D. Five years ago, at summer’s end, Andrew Fusek Peters was diagnosed with bowel cancer. “I was waiting for surgery, feeling really ill, sitting in my garden. It was amazing weather and there were painted lady butterflies everywhere,” he says. “They were a symbol of fragile life, of hope and defiance, and something appealed to my soul.”
E. That makes it sound easy, and artificial, but Peters insists it is still a massive challenge. He typically takes between 10,000 and 20,000 shots to get one butterfly take - off sequence in focus. At such high shutter speeds, the depth of field is tiny, and as butterflies do not fly in a straight line they swiftly flutter out of focus. As well as thousands of attempts, it takes patience and fieldcraft to anticipate a butterfly’s likely flight - line—and catch it—in focus.
F. So what’s the appeal of a long, sweaty day in pursuit of an elusive, fast - moving wild animal? “It just feels bloody brilliant,” says Peters. “If I’ve had a full day of good encounters with butterflies, met interesting butterfly people and I’ve got some good shots, that becomes a vault in my spiritual bank. It’s a happy feeling.”
G. A children’s author and poet who had become a keen amateur photographer, Peters watched the butterflies and idly wondered if he could capture them in flight. It swiftly became an obsession as he recovered from a successful operation to remove the cancer. In recent summers, he has travelled the length and breadth of Britain to photograph all 58 native species of butterfly. Now the fruits of those summers have been published in a beautiful new book.
H. A butterfly takes off so quickly it is still impossible to react quickly enough to capture that take - off but if he half - presses the shutter, the camera saves the 70 previous frames before the moment he actually takes the picture. “It’s time travel, so I don’t miss the moment of take - off,” he says. After he’s captured the butterfly taking off, he layers 10 to 15 frames together in Photoshop.
41 ________ → 42 ________ → C → 43 ________ → H → 44 ________ → A → 45 ________
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
Innovation and research have relied on public participation in science for centuries. It was a musician who discovered the planet Uranus in the 18th century by making his own telescope with mirrors composed of copper and tin. (46) Recent decades have seen science move into a convention where engagement in the subject can only be done through institutions such as a university. Citizen science provides an opportunity for greater public engagement and the democratisation of science.
In the information era, large data sets, small teams and financial restrictions have slowed scientific process. (47) But by utilising the natural curiosity of the general public it is possible to overcome many of these challenges by engaging non-scientists directly in the research process. Anyone can be a citizen scientist, regardless of age, nationality or academic experience. You don’t even need any formal training, just an inquisitive mind and the enthusiasm to join one of the thousands of citizen science projects to generate new knowledge and the means to understand a genuine scientific outcome.
(48) Scientists have employed a variety of ways to engage the general public in their research, such as making data analysis into an online game or sample collection into a smartphone application. They’ve implored citizen scientists to help with bug counting and image categorizing cancer cells, and even identifying distant galaxies.
This form of accessible science means that great minds are able to join the race to create and develop projects with the potential to change the world. A citizen science-based approach can extend the field of vision and include more ideas and different brains to problem-solve and create, making innovation faster and more effective.
The rise of citizen science has grown alongside the rise of do-it-yourself biology laboratories around the world. (49) These groups of people are part of a rapidly expanding biotechnological social movement of citizen scientists and professional scientists seeking to take discovery out of institutions and put it into the hands of anyone with the enthusiasm.
There are around 40 official do-it-yourself biology centres across the globe in locations including Paris, London, Sydney, and Tel Aviv. (50) They pool resources, collaborate, think outside the box, and find solutions and ways around obstacles to explore science for the sake of science without the traditional boundaries of working inside a formal setting. So is it time to take the Petri dish out of the laboratory and into the garage?
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Read the following email from your classmate Paul and write him a reply.
Dear Li Ming,
I was really excited to hear that you’d invite some young craftsmen to demonstrate their innovative craft - making on campus. May I know more about what they’ll show? Also, I’d like to help with your preparation work. Please let me know what I can do.
Yours,
Paul
Write your answer in about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay based on the table below. In your essay, you should
describe the table briefly,
interpret the table, and
give your comments.
Write your essay in 160 - 200 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
近年来全国居民平均每百户年末主要耐用消费品拥有量

17 - 2026 年真题
完形填空
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are rapidly changing every aspect of human life. The world of AI is buzzing with an exciting potential to improve and enrich our lives. AI also has the potential hazard of our experiences in ways we might find difficult to control. One such is how we understand and experience beauty.
AI can be a collaborative tool in a wide range of creative endeavors. the creation of human creativity and AI algorithms can lead to unique artistic , that are beautiful to the human eye. These collaborations are likely to become increasingly common.
as convenient and provocative, AI can enable virtual try-on experiences where you can makeup, hairstyles, clothing and even cosmetic procedures that make any physical changes. Individuals can now experiment with different looks and their preferences potentially expanding the range of beauty ideals. AI algorithms can facial features and skin conditions to provide personalized beauty recommendations. This approach aims to cater to individual preferences and enhance the concept of beauty tailored to each person’s unique characteristics. , AI can be a fun vehicle for self-discovery.
While AI offers exciting possibilities, it also raises ethical . There is a risk of deepening social beauty and perpetuating unattainable beauty standards. AI-powered beauty filters and editing tools can lead to distorted self-perception and body dissatisfaction. As summarized in a recent post “The Hidden Dangers of Online Beauty Filters”, on this technology for social comparison can cause body image issues, low self-esteem and social anxiety.
It is important to note that while AI can enhance our of beauty, it should not genuine human experience: the emotional connections we derive from seeing the beauty in each other.
1
【解析】 原文前两句论述人工智能(AI)改善和丰富生活的积极潜力,第三句则指出AI也存在难以控制的潜在危险。两句之间为转折关系,需填入表转折的衔接词。选项A“Still”可表示“然而”或“尽管如此”,用于引出对比或补充信息,符合语境;B“Therefore”表因果,C“Afterward”表时间顺序,D“Instead”表替代关系,均与逻辑不符。
2
【解析】 根据上下文,原文指出AI在改善生活的同时也有潜在危险,即“以我们可能难以控制的方式____我们的体验”。选项D“dominating”(主导、支配)最符合语境,因为AI过度控制或主导人类体验是一种常见的担忧,与后文“难以控制”形成直接呼应。其他选项如A“reviewing”(回顾)、B“narrating”(叙述)和C“ignoring”(忽略)均无法表达AI对体验的强势影响,且与上下文讨论的AI潜在危害不符。
3
【解析】 原文中提到AI有潜在危险,第3题所在句“One such ___ is how we understand and experience beauty”意为“其中一个这样的___是我们如何理解和体验美丽”,此处需填入一个词来指代前文“危险”的具体表现范畴。选项B“area”意为“领域”或“方面”,能准确表示AI影响的一个具体范围,符合语境。选项A“reason”(原因)、C“clue”(线索)和D“belief”(信念)均与上下文逻辑不符。
4
【解析】 原文中AI被描述为创造性努力的协作工具,因此将人类创造力与AI算法相结合(Combining)能产生独特的艺术成果,这符合上下文语义。其他选项中,“Balancing”强调平衡,但此处更侧重融合;“Distinguishing”表示区分,与协作意图不符;“Introducing”意为引入,但结合两者更为准确。
5
【解析】 原文句子“the creation of human creativity and AI algorithms can lead to unique artistic _____, that are beautiful to the human eye.” 强调人类创造力与AI算法结合能够产生独特的艺术产物,这些产物对人类视觉而言是美丽的。选项B “outcomes” 意为“结果”或“成果”,指代具体产生的艺术作品,与上下文逻辑一致。选项A “prospect” 指前景或可能性,不符合此处指代具体产物的语境;选项C “ambitions” 意为抱负或雄心,与艺术创作结果无关;选项D “sentiments” 指情感或情绪,虽与艺术相关,但此处强调客观产物而非主观感受,因此不合适。
6
【解析】 第6题位于段落开头,其后描述AI如何实现虚拟试穿体验,这是对前文“AI在创造性努力中作为协作工具”的具体举例说明。选项C“For instance”意为“例如”,用于引入例子,与上下文逻辑一致。其他选项均不契合:A“At first”表示时间顺序,B“By comparison”表示对比,D“In general”表示概括,而此处需要举例过渡,故C正确。
7
【解析】 第7题所在句子描述AI支持的虚拟试穿体验,用户可以在其中尝试化妆、发型等而不进行实际改变。“test”意为测试或试用,与“virtual try-on”语境契合,表示在虚拟环境中尝试不同外观。其他选项“copy”(复制)、“link”(链接)和“save”(保存)均不符合虚拟试穿的核心含义。
8
【解析】 第8题所在句子描述了AI虚拟试穿体验,允许用户尝试化妆、发型、服装甚至整容手术,而无需进行任何物理改变。选项D“before”表示“在…之前”,在这里意为“在做出任何物理改变之前尝试整容手术”,这符合虚拟试穿让用户预先模拟效果、避免直接物理改变的逻辑。其他选项均不匹配:A“upon”通常表示“在…之上”或“之后”,B“beyond”表示“超出”,C“through”表示“通过”,三者都无法准确表达“在不进行物理改变的情况下尝试”的含义,且与“that make any physical changes”结合时语法或语义不通顺。因此,D为正确答案。
9
【解析】 原文描述AI虚拟试妆体验允许个人尝试不同外观,从而“explore their preferences”(探索其偏好),这自然引出“potentially expanding the range of beauty ideals”(可能扩大美的理想范围)的结果。其他选项B“recall”(回忆)、C“simplify”(简化)和D“cherish”(珍惜)均不符合上下文逻辑,因为这里强调的是通过实验发现新偏好,而非回顾、简化或珍视现有偏好。
10
【解析】 此处上下文描述AI算法通过处理面部特征和皮肤状况来提供个性化的美容建议。选项D“analyze”(分析)最符合语义,表示AI对这些特征进行评估以生成推荐。其他选项如recover(恢复)、arrange(安排)、reserve(保留)均不符合语境。
11
【解析】 空格所在句的前一句提到“提供个性化的美容推荐”,后一句强调“针对每个人的独特特征量身定制”,因此此处需要一个表示个性化或定制化的词。选项D“customized”意为“定制的”,与上下文中的“personalized”和“tailored”相呼应,而其他选项A“localized”(本地化的)、B“normalized”(标准化的)和C“randomized”(随机化的)均不符合语境。
12
【解析】 第12题所在句子的前文描述了AI通过分析面部特征和皮肤状况提供个性化美容推荐,这种方法旨在迎合个人偏好并增强针对个人特点的美容概念。接着,句子指出“AI can be a fun vehicle for self-discovery”,这表示前文描述的方式使得AI能够成为自我发现的有趣工具。选项D“In this way”意为“以这种方式”,用于表示通过前文描述的方法或途径导致某种结果,符合上下文的逻辑衔接。其他选项中,A“At best”表示“充其量”,带有限制意味;B“To the contrary”表示“相反地”,用于对比;C“By definition”表示“根据定义”,用于引入定义;均与上下文语境不符。因此,D是最佳选择。
13
【解析】 句子意为“虽然AI提供了令人兴奋的可能性,但它也引发了伦理___。” 根据上下文,AI在带来好处的同时也带来了负面影响,因此空白处应填入表示伦理问题或担忧的词。选项C“concerns”意为“担忧、关切”,常与“ethical”搭配使用,指伦理方面的忧虑,符合语境。选项A“divisions”(分割)不符合语义;选项B“expectations”(期望)虽可搭配,但通常不用于负面语境;选项D“values”(价值观)可能表示积极意义,与“raises”搭配时更倾向于提升价值观,但此处强调AI引发的伦理问题,因此C最合适。
14
【解析】 原文中提到AI在美容领域的应用可能带来伦理问题,具体风险是“加深社会美容______和延续不可达到的美容标准”。根据上下文,这里应填入一个表示负面社会影响的词。选项A“pressures”(压力)符合语境,指社会对个人外貌的期望和压力,与“unattainable beauty standards”(不可达到的美容标准)相呼应,共同描述AI可能加剧的负面现象。其他选项B“mysteries”(神秘)、C“understandings”(理解)和D“suspicions”(怀疑)均与上下文语义不符,无法体现风险或负面后果。
15
【解析】 第15题所在的句子进一步阐述了AI工具可能导致的负面后果,即AI驱动的美颜滤镜和编辑工具可能导致扭曲的自我认知和身体不满。前文已经提到AI带来伦理风险和加深社会 beauty 标准,此处是补充另一个相关点,因此需要表示添加信息的过渡词。“Additionally"意为“此外”,符合语境。其他选项中,“Approximately"表示估计,与语境不符;“Alternatively"表示替代选项,但这里不是提供选择;“Accidentally"表示偶然,而这些问题是有意或潜在的后果,并非偶然。
16
【解析】 在原文语境中,句子旨在说明AI美容滤镜和编辑工具可能带来的负面后果,即“导致扭曲的自我感知并______身体不满意”。空格处需填入一个表示“导致”或“加剧”的动词短语,以与前半句的“lead to”形成并列,共同描述AI工具的危害。选项C“contribute to”意为“促成、导致”,恰当地表达了AI工具对身体不满意问题的促进作用,符合句意逻辑。选项A“deal with”意为“处理”,与负面结果的描述不符;选项B“result from”意为“由……引起”,但此处空格后是“body dissatisfaction”,若使用则语义矛盾(不能是“导致扭曲自我感知并由身体不满意引起”);选项D“focus on”意为“专注于”,无法体现因果关系。因此,C为正确答案。
17
【解析】 第17题所在的句子讨论的是依赖AI技术进行社会比较可能带来的危害。选项C“relying”与介词“on”构成固定搭配“rely on”,意为“依赖、依靠”,符合上下文语义,即“依赖这种技术进行社会比较”会导致身体形象问题等负面后果。其他选项均不贴合:A“starting”与“on”搭配时通常表示“开始做某事”,但在此处逻辑不通;B“checking”与“on”搭配多指“检查、核实”,与“社会比较”的语境不符;D“working”与“on”搭配常表示“致力于、从事”,不能准确表达“依赖技术”的含义。因此,C为正确答案。
18
【解析】 句子中“body image issues, low self-esteem and social anxiety”是并列的负面后果,其中“low self-esteem and social anxiety”是“body image issues”的具体例子。因此,使用“such as”来引入例子,表示“诸如身体形象问题,例如低自尊和社交焦虑”。其他选项不符合语境:A“apart from”表示除外,C“regardless of”表示不管不顾,D“prior to”表示在…之前,均不适用于举例。
19
【解析】 第19题所在句子为“AI can enhance our ______ of beauty”,意为“AI可以增强我们对美丽的______”。根据上下文,文章主要讨论AI如何影响人们对美的理解和体验,前文提到AI能提供个性化美容推荐、虚拟试妆等,这些功能旨在帮助人们更好地欣赏美。选项B“appreciation”(欣赏)符合语境,表示AI可以提升人们对美的欣赏能力。其他选项A“imitation”(模仿)、C“preservation”(保存)和D“consumption”(消费)均与上下文逻辑不符,且“enhance appreciation of beauty”是常见表达,与后文“真实的人类体验”中情感连接相呼应。因此,B为正确答案。
20
【解析】 根据上下文,原文指出人工智能(AI)可以增强我们对美的感知,但用“while”表示转折,强调AI不应该替代真实的人类体验,特别是从彼此身上看到美时所产生的情感连接。选项A“replace”意为“替换、取代”,符合语境;其他选项B“seize”(夺取)、C“share”(分享)、D“reflect”(反映)均与文意不符,因为这里强调的是避免AI取代人类独特的情感体验。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
For thousands of years, donkeys have been critical for propelling human civilizations forward. They’ve helped pull wheeled vehicles, carry travelers and move goods across the world. But where and when these animals first became intertwined with humans has been a mystery. Now, researchers have used genomes of over 200 donkeys to trace their domestication back to a single event around 7,000 years ago in East Africa – about 3,000 years before humans tamed horses. The team published their findings in the journal Science this month.
“Through their DNA, the animals are telling their history themselves,” co-author Samantha Brooks, an equine researcher at the University of Florida, says in a statement. “We usually only get the human’s side of history through written accounts, but of course written history does not always record exactly how something happened. Looking at these DNA sequences, we get a biological testimony to the environment these animals lived in and the experiences they survived.”
The researchers examined 207 genomes from modern donkeys living in 31 countries across the globe. They also looked at genomes from 15 wild equids and 31 earlier donkeys that lived between about 4,000 and 100 years ago. The team reconstructed the animals’ evolutionary tree and used computer models to pinpoint the domestication event: when herders in Kenya and the Horn of Africa tamed wild asses. They then traced how the animals spread across the rest of the continent into Europe and Asia about 2,500 years later.
Though it’s still unclear why the original domestication happened, Science News’ Freda Kreier reports that the event coincided with the Sahara growing larger and drier. “Donkeys are champions when it comes to carrying stuff and are good at going at Paul Sabin deserts,” co-author Ludovic Orlando, an evolutionary biologist at Paul Sabin University in France, tells the publication. Prehistoric humans may have tamed donkeys’ help navigate the expanding Sahara.
Researchers say these findings could help put donkeys in the spotlight. The animals could benefit from more research: Currently, there are no published genomes from donkeys located south of the Equator in Africa. But understanding where the animals were first domesticated could guide archaeologists to a narrow region to search for insights about the original tamed donkeys.
Not only does human understanding of the equines’ genetic makeup help reveal their contribution to human history, but it also might improve their management in the future, as climate change alters the planet’s environment, write the authors.
21
What can be learned about donkeys from paragraph 1?
【解析】 第一段明确指出,研究人员通过基因组分析将驴的驯化追溯至大约7000年前东非的一个单一事件,并强调这一时间比人类驯化马早了约3000年。因此,选项C“they were tamed at an earlier time than horses”(它们比马更早被驯化)与原文信息一致。选项A错误,因为原文说驴与人类首次交织的时机和地点一直是个谜,但并未提及对人类祖先显得神秘;选项B错误,因为原文强调驯化是“a single event”(单一事件),而非多次;选项D错误,因为第一段未提及古代旅行者对驴的生动描绘。
22
What message is conveyed in Brooks’ statement?
【解析】 在Brooks的陈述中,她强调通过DNA分析,动物可以直接“讲述”自身历史,而书面记录往往不完整或不准确;DNA序列提供了生物学证据,揭示动物生活的环境和经历。因此,她的核心观点是遗传分析能帮助理解驴的历史,与选项D“遗传分析提供了对驴历史的洞察”完全一致。选项A、B、C均未准确反映Brocks陈述的重点。
23
In their study, the researchers investigated how donkeys ______?
【解析】 研究人员在研究中通过分析驴的基因组,重建了进化树并追踪了驯化事件,特别指出驴在驯化后约2500年传播到非洲其他地区、欧洲和亚洲。这直接对应选项A“在世界范围内广泛分散”。其他选项:B(在牧民帮助下生存)虽提及驯化,但非研究调查重点;C(发展特定行为特征)和D(适应环境变化)在原文中未作为研究核心内容被探讨。
24
As to why the original domestication of donkeys happened, Orlando?
【解析】 原文中,Orlando指出驴子擅长负重和在沙漠中行走,并推测史前人类可能为了应对撒哈拉沙漠扩张而驯化驴子,这为驯化原因提供了一个可能的解释。选项A、C和D在文中均无依据:Orlando并未挑战传统观念、未呼吁撒哈拉证据,也未与Kreier观点相左,反而其说法与Kreier报道的撒哈拉环境变化相呼应。
25
The authors think that their research could help with ____.
【解析】 根据原文最后一段,作者明确指出对驴子基因组成的研究不仅揭示其历史贡献,还可能改善未来的管理,特别是在气候变化背景下,因此研究有助于更好地管理驴子。选项A(保护野生动物)、C(恢复早期驴种)和D(提高气候变化意识)均未在作者观点中直接体现,故B为正确答案。
Text 2
There’s no business like show business – but in Los Angeles, it feels like there’s no business at all.
If that sounds melodramatic, consider this: The Art Directors Guild, a labor union representing about 3,000 film workers, has suspended a training program and issued a statement explaining that “we cannot in good conscience encourage you to pursue our profession is a reaction to Hollywood’s decline, which is reaching a critical point for the industry and Southern California.
Production has been slipping away from Hollywood since the 1950s, but the effects have never been more apparent than at present. Other regions in the United States, Canada and Europe have steadily increased incentives to attract TV shows and movies, leaving California in the dust. Georgia offers up to 30% in transferable tax credits on film and TV production costs, plus an additional 10% increase on the base tax credit if the project includes a Georgia promotional logo.
Even as California lost a huge volume of production to other locations, there was still plenty of film production taking place in Los Angeles before this year. We were kept afloat by “peak TV”, the glut of content that was required by the explosion of streaming services.
If productions in Southern California dip below a critical level for too long, the industry’s essential talent will drift away along with enormous sums of revenue. Persuading studios to film here would become much more challenging if we couldn’t after a deep bench of local film workers, on-screen talent and local businesses that support the entertainment industry.
That’s why the California Film Commission and its Los Angeles counterpart, Film LA, now should act now, before it’s too late. These agencies and other government bodies should dramatically improve incentives to keep our current shows and attract new productions to Los Angeles. Let’s go on with the show … and make sure the show doesn’t go on without us.
26
The Art Directors Guild’s statement reveals ________.
【解析】 Art Directors Guild 的声明中提到“我们无法良心鼓励你追求我们的职业”,并明确指出这是对好莱坞衰退的反应,好莱坞的衰退正达到对行业和南加州的关键点。这直接揭示了 Hollywood 面临的黯淡形势,与选项 D 相符。其他选项未在声明中体现:A 未提及兴趣减少;B 未表达对过去的怀念;C 与声明内容相反,声明反映的是南加州吸引力的下降。
27
The example of Georgia is used to illustrate the efforts to ________.
【解析】 原文中提到乔治亚州提供高达30%的可转让税收抵免,并在项目中包含乔治亚州推广标识时额外增加10%的税收抵免,这一例子紧接在“其他地区通过增加激励措施吸引影视制作”的论述之后,旨在具体说明这些地区如何利用税收优惠吸引影视制作,因此选项A“以税收优惠吸引制作”正确。其他选项在原文中均未涉及。
28
Peak TV passed its peak as ________.
【解析】 原文中提到“peak TV”是指流媒体服务爆炸式增长所需的内容过剩,这曾支撑了洛杉矶的电影生产。问题询问“peak TV”过了峰值的原因,结合上下文和行业背景,流媒体平台可能因战略调整(如从追求内容数量转向注重盈利或质量)而减少制作,导致内容过剩状况不再持续。选项B“流媒体改变了战略重点”与此推断相符;其他选项在原文中均未体现。
29
According to paragraph 6, California’s entertainment industry might face ________.
【解析】 第六段明确指出,如果南加州的影视制作长期低于临界水平,行业的关键人才将流失,同时大额收入也会随之消失。这直接对应了“人才流失到其他地方”(brain drain to other places)的风险。选项A(产品质量下降)、B(对外国人才的需求)和D(劳动力成本急剧上升)均未在段落中提及或暗示,因此C为正确答案。
30
The author concludes the text by emphasizing that California should strive to ________.
【解析】 原文最后一段明确指出,加州电影委员会及相关机构应立即行动,大幅提高激励措施,以留住现有节目并吸引新制作到洛杉矶,确保“演出不会在没有我们的情况下继续”。这强调了加州需要努力维持其在电影产业中的地位,防止因制作流失而导致的行业衰退。选项A“维持其在行业中的地位”准确反映了这一结论;其他选项如B“吸引比以往更多的投资”未明确提及,C“追求更高的制作标准”和D“加强与其他州的协调”均与原文焦点不符。
Text 3
The pioneers of wireless saw it as a gift to all the people. Sir John Reith said that it would end “isolation of the spirit” and rejoiced: “It does not matter how many thousand may be listening, there is always enough for others… the genius and the fool, the wealthy and the poor listen simultaneously.”
Between two great wars this technological innovation built a new kind of national consciousness. Opening this week, a book and exhibition curated by Beatty Rubens at the Bodleian in Oxford records how radio changed everyday life from 1922 to 1939. She draws on letters, diaries and fiction, and a 1939 field notebook of verbatim audience research by Winifred Gill.
There’s fun in testimonies of people enjoying the sheer newness. A cartoon mocks a group failing to converse because they’re all in headphones. People report that broad music made workmen whistle new tunes. A woman says there have been fewer street fights since the arrival of the wireless but also less stopping and “talking on the brush handle”.
By and large the wireless was welcome. I loved the man from the Thirties research who found that wireless suddenly offered “a lot of variety … things I thought I’d never be interested in … ice hockey, perhaps”. True: for more than 80 pre-digital years, linear speech broadcasting brought the gift of serendipity, random enlivening of a car journey or dull manual task. In my own book about radio I recorded how, on one drive: “I caught up with the news, learnt some 17th-century history, and was startlingly educated by an unpretentious programme on the history of the stethoscope.”
But radio’s enriching serendipity is ebbing. With multiple networks and countless podcasts, a smartphone user selects what to hear and when. And while it is wonderful to take a walk with anything in your headphones, infinite choice encourages us to shrink into niche interests and sympathetic beliefs.
31
What can be learnt about wireless from Reith? _______.
【解析】 从原文中Sir John Reith的话可以看出,他强调无线广播能够结束“精神的隔离”,并指出无论听众数量多少,天才与傻瓜、富人与穷人都能同时收听,这突出了无线广播的普及性和可及性,即它对所有人都是开放的。选项A“它对每个人都可及”准确反映了这一含义;其他选项中,B未直接提及人际关系改善,C未涉及人类智慧奇迹,D则与Reith所说的结束隔离相反,因此A为正确答案。
32
What is the theme of the exhibition at the Bodleian in Oxford? ________.
【解析】 根据原文第二段,牛津大学博德利图书馆的展览由Beatty Rubens策划,记录了收音机如何从1922年到1939年改变日常生活,并引用了信件、日记、小说以及听众研究的资料。这表明展览主题聚焦于收音机对其早期听众的影响,与选项A“收音机对早期听众的影响”直接相符。其他选项如B强调音乐教育,原文虽提及音乐但仅为例子;C涉及技术创新过程,展览关注生活改变而非技术本身;D关于广播先驱,原文开头提到但非展览核心。
33
It is indicated in Paragraph 4 that ________.
【解析】 第四段主要描述了无线电广播在前数字时代为听众带来的意外收获和偶然发现。文中提到,线性语音广播带来了“serendipity”(意外之喜),例如让听众在无意中接触到冰球等原本不感兴趣的内容,或在一次驾驶中意外学到新闻、历史等知识。这些例子均体现了听众可能获得意想不到的收益,与选项C“radio listeners could make unexpected gains”相符。其他选项在第四段中未得到体现:A项未提及研究不足;B项强调数字时代的魅力,但第四段聚焦前数字时代,且第五段指出这种魅力正在消退;D项未讨论节目变化。
34
The expression “talking on the brush handle” in Paragraphs 3 and 6 refers to the act of ________.
【解析】 在原文第三段中,一位女士提到无线收音机的出现使街头打架减少,但同时“stopping and ’talking on the brush handle’”也减少了。结合上下文,这里描述的是人们日常社交行为的变化;“talking on the brush handle”是一种比喻说法,很可能指在劳动或闲暇时依靠扫帚柄进行的随意闲聊,与选项B“having a casual chat”(随意聊天)含义相符。其他选项与上下文不符:A“制造噪音”未体现社交互动;C“引发琐碎争吵”与街头打架减少的积极描述矛盾;D“哼唱流行歌曲”与前文“吹口哨”相关但“talking”强调的是交谈而非哼唱。第六段虽未直接重复该短语,但讨论了无线技术如何削弱偶然社交,进一步支持“闲聊”减少的主题。
35
In the last paragraph, the author intends to express the opinion that ________.
【解析】 最后一段中,作者通过对比广播时代偶然性带来的丰富体验与现代技术无限选择导致的局限,指出无线广播的随意启蒙性正逐渐消失,而智能手机和播客等创新虽提供自由选择,却可能使人陷入狭隘兴趣和相似信念的窠臼。作者并未直接呼吁技术应以人类福祉为目标(A),也未明确主张复兴聆听艺术(B),更未特指青少年或社交媒体习惯(C),而是反思技术创新的双重影响,强调人们应对创新持明智态度,平衡其便利与潜在弊端。因此,选项D最契合作者的意图。
Text 4
When Tom Swetnam joined the U.S. Forest Service in the 1970s, his mandate was to “put everything out,” he recalled. But when Swetnam enrolled in graduate school at the University of Arizona’s Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, he was surprised to find a record of repeated blazes dating back hundreds of years before European colonists arrived on the continent. Some of the trees he analyzed bore more than 20 fire scars among their rings.
The fact that fires happened so often meant they couldn’t have been severe enough to kill most trees. Instead, a growing body of research showed that frequent, low-severity fires made many ecosystems healthier. They rid the forest of dead and sick trees, reducing competition and curbing the spread of disease. Because flammable material couldn’t build up on the landscape, blazes tended to move slowly and peter out when they reached the footprints of previous burns.
In 2022, Swetnam and other scientists teamed up to compile a database of fire-scarred trees from across the continent. Their North American tree-ring fire-scar network (NAFSN) provided the basis for a study published last month. In the study, the researchers compared the historical fire cadence with the wildfires recorded over the past few decades, and uncovered a striking shortfall. The NAFSN sites experienced less than a quarter of the number of fires that would have been expected without fire suppression.
This deficit is a testament to the effectiveness of modern firefighting, said Kelly Martin, a past president of the International Association of Wildland Fire. “Yet the combined consequences of suppression and climate change have eroded humanity’s ability to suppress fires, particularly those that ignite under the most dangerous weather conditions.
To prevent entire ecosystems from going up in smoke, Martin said, people must bring healthy fire back to places that need it. At Yosemite National Park, Martin oversaw the use of what is known as prescribed burns to make the landscape more “resilient.” These fires were carefully planned and intentionally ignited during periods when weather kept the blazes easy to control, and helped eliminate some of the fuel that had built up around the important park’s facilities. Research shows that these prescribed burns make subsequent wildfires less severe, even if later fires happen under the most dangerous weather conditions.
Yet even as scientists and public officials increasingly agree on the need for more fires in our forests, climate change is making this tactic more challenging, experts said. “It’s a double-edged sword because wildfires are getting more severe and larger under climate change and we need this work even more, but then the work gets more challenging,” said Susan Prichard, a fire ecologist at the University of Washington.
36
According to Paragraph 1, Swetnam was surprised by ________.
【解析】 第一段指出,Swetnam在亚利桑那大学树轮研究实验室读研时,惊讶地发现了一个记录,显示在欧洲殖民者到达之前数百年来反复发生的火灾,且分析的树木年轮上有多处火痕,这直接对应了precolonial times(殖民前时期)野火的数量,因此选项D正确。其他选项未在段落中提及或与惊讶的原因不符。
37
Paragraph 2 mainly focuses on ________.
【解析】 第二段的核心内容是阐述频繁发生的低强度火灾对生态系统的积极影响。文中明确指出,这类火灾通过清除枯死和病弱的树木、减少竞争和抑制疾病传播来促进森林健康,同时由于可燃物无法积累,火灾蔓延缓慢且容易自然熄灭。整个段落围绕低强度火灾的益处展开,未涉及先前火灾的成因、树木治疗的具体方法或森林生态系统的重要性本身,因此选项C准确概括了段落主旨。
38
What did the study find about the wildfires over the past few decades? ________.
【解析】 根据原文第三段,研究比较了历史火灾节奏与过去几十年的野火记录,发现NAFSN站点经历的火灾数量不到预期数量(若无火灾扑救)的四分之一,这表明过去几十年野火的频率显著下降。选项A、C、D在原文中均未提及或支持,因此B是正确答案。
39
What can be inferred about modern firefighting? _______.
【解析】 原文指出,现代消防通过火灾压制减少了火灾频率,证明了其有效性;但同时也提到,压制与气候变化的共同作用削弱了人类抑制火灾的能力,尤其是在危险天气条件下发生的火灾更难扑灭。这暗示了现代消防可能导致易燃物积累,从而加剧严重火灾的扑救难度,与选项D的推断相符。其他选项在原文中缺乏直接依据。
40
Both Martin and Prichard would agree that ________.
【解析】 从原文中可以看出,Kelly Martin 明确指出为了防止生态系统被毁灭,人们必须将健康的火灾带回需要的地方,并监督了 prescribed burns(计划烧除)的实施,认为这能增强景观的韧性。Susan Prichard 则提到在气候变化下野火变得更严重和更大,因此更需要进行 prescribed burns 这类工作,尽管实施起来更具挑战性。两人都强调了 prescribed burns 的必要性和重要性,因此他们都会同意引入计划烧除是必要的。其他选项(如预测野火、评估计划烧除的紧迫性或加倍火灾探测努力)在原文中未得到他们的直接支持。
Part B
Directions: In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
[A] And just read a single poem. In his Oxford lectures, Seamus Heaney argued that a poem draws a picture of reality, a “glimpsed alternative” that sets up a contradiction with your own, in ways little and large. The negotiation, between you and it, is the heart of the matter. What does the poet see that you don’t? What does the difference mean? It could be one of the best conversations you ever have. Forget self-help books; reading is self-help in action.
[B] But for the most part, this isn’t what the business community does. I have yet to meet a chief executive who reads regularly. Many skip newspapers, and magazines are a stretch. They don’t have time, they say. It’s inefficient; they can get the information they need from those around them. At a pinch, they might pick up a business book before a long flight, in the hope that, like a cookbook, it will provide a foolproof recipe. Some are drawn to what I think of as “business car crash” books – the stories of Theranos, Purdue, or WeWork. But outside those narrow pools of interest, a vast ocean awaits, bountiful with simmering ideas, mental adventure and imaginative refreshment.
[C] Neuroscientists have been at pains to demonstrate that the pleasure a book provides isn’t indulgence; it’s good for you. Reading will keep you better informed about the world but it can also improve our tech-shattered ability to concentrate. Standing in the shoes of others fine tunes our social understanding, useful as we struggle to understand friends, neighbours, customers and co-workers. Different parts of our brain engage as we simulate scenes, characters and mental states. Our imagination – remember that? – is rekindled.
[D] It is undoubtedly true that all work and no play really does make Jack, or Jill, dull. The cure is right at hand, reading is cheap, easy and, most important, it’s fun. Liberate your imagination this year.
[E] We are living through a golden age of science writing. So lucid and accessible that even lay readers can relish the unpredictability of discovery. Daunted by uncertainty? Stand in the shoes of scientists and witness the degree to which breakthroughs emerge from accidents, conflict and sheer mental stamina. “We are never sure of anything,” says the physicist (and writer) Carlo Rovelli.
[F] You don’t need to get out more. If, like most business people, you spend your life dashing from office to plane, train to home, boardroom to washroom, what you really need to do is stay in more. Sit down – and read a book.
[G] Reading has also been found to make us more helpful, to reduce bias, and even to increase longevity – something we will enjoy all the more if we have a good book in our hands. (And yes, all these benefits are more closely associated with physical books than digital ones.)
[H] Read fiction. Any fiction. Free yourself from algorithms and choose anything you don’t need technology for an immersive experience just surrender to narratives across time and place. Modern (Sebastian Barry or Olga Tokarczuk), classic (Virginia Woolf or James Baldwin) or genre (Stephen King, Margaret Atwood, Georges Simenon) – it doesn’t matter. Fiction invites you to loiter the unseen. In the lives of others. We are living through a golden age of translation too, so you can go anywhere in time or place.
F → 41. ______ → 42. ______ → H → 43. ______ → C → 44. ______ → 45. ______
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
Science education today revolves around the idea of scientific literacy – the base-level knowledge about science that nonscientists require to effectively get on in the world. This concept has served as a central goal for curriculum developers, local school boards, business and community leaders, and policymakers ever since its introduction nearly 80 years ago.
(46) Tracing the history of the term, we can see how the definition of scientific literacy has shifted over time, muddying the waters when it comes to determining the goals of science education. And that’s a shame, because there is much to recommend in the idea of scientific literacy as it was originally articulated in 1945, a time when science appeared to be the key to progress and scientists seemingly held the fate of the world in their hands. (47) A return to that version of scientific literacy, which focused more on teaching what science is and how it works and less on memorizing scientific facts, seems like something society today desperately needs.
In the United States, the desire to provide the public with a general, nontechnical education in science originated as far back as the late 1800s. (48) Educators advanced the idea of having students complete detailed laboratory exercises in high schools in the belief that such work was beneficial primarily as a way to enhance logical reasoning and observational skills. The development in 1915 of the popular new subject “general science” was another effort to train students to apply the principles of science to everyday, nonscience problems.
Although these efforts were aimed at the nonscience-bound student, they never really made their way into mainstream thought and public discourse as a means to rally widespread support for the importance of science teaching in schools. (49) It wasn’t until the phrase “scientific literacy” came along in the 1940s that science had the formidable slogan it needed to command public attention and make improving science education an important national goal.
(50) The intense focus on scientific literacy in the United States originally grew out of the critical role of science and technology during World War II, as well as the perceived deficiencies of American soldiers. As the war unfolded, science rapidly assumed a central role. Battles increasingly depended on new military technologies such as radar and the proximity fuze. Science-based analytical approaches proved remarkably successful in the hunt for German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean. And there was the (then-secret) work building the world’s first atomic bomb. As a result, scientists—physicists in particular—found themselves in high demand.
写作
Part A
51
Directions: Read the following email from your friend Paul and write him a reply.
Hi Li Ming,
I was really moved by the Chinese families’ handwritten letters you posted yesterday. They are priceless! Could you please tell me a bit more about them? And are they currently on public display somewhere? I’m very keen to see them in person. Thanks.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions: Write an essay based on the charts below. In your essay you should
- describe the drawing briefly,
- interpret the charts, and
- give your comments.

左侧饼图:
该饼图显示了人们对某项事物的接受程度分布,分为三个部分: 完全接受:占39.3% 部分接受:占32.8% 不接受:占27.9% 这表明大多数人(约72.1%)对该项目持接受态度,其中“完全接受”占比最高。 右侧柱状图:
该柱状图展示了人们在选择某项服务或产品时关注的三大因素及其重要性排序: 安全:46.3%(占比最高) 价格:24.9% 便利:10.7% 可见,“安全”是最重要的考量因素,其次是“价格”,而“便利”相对最不被重视。
Write your answers in 160–200 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)