2010 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | 2 | B | 3 | C | 4 | B | 5 | C |
| 6 | B | 7 | D | 8 | A | 9 | C | 10 | D |
| 11 | C | 12 | A | 13 | A | 14 | D | 15 | B |
| 16 | A | 17 | D | 18 | C | 19 | B | 20 | D |
| 21 | B | 22 | A | 23 | D | 24 | A | 25 | B |
| 26 | C | 27 | D | 28 | C | 29 | B | 30 | A |
| 31 | B | 32 | D | 33 | A | 34 | C | 35 | C |
| 36 | A | 37 | D | 38 | C | 39 | B | 40 | D |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Text
In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting workers’ productivity. Instead,the studies ended giving their name to the “Hawthome efect”‘he rteml funiai ia tah r o being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.
The idea arose because of the behavior of the women in the plant. According to of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not what was done in the experiment; something was changed, productivity rose.A (n) that they were being experimented upon seemed to be to alter workers’ behavior itself.
After several decades, the same data were to econometric analysis. The Hawthorme experiments had another suprise in tore. the descriprions on recor, no stemati was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting
It turs out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to interpretations of what happened. , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output rose compared with the previous Saturday and to rise for the next couple of days. ,a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case,before a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effet’ is hard to pin down.
1
解析:
句意理解
原文说:“他们希望了解车间照明如何______工人的生产效率。”
这里要表达的是“照明对生产效率的影响”,所以需要一个表示“影响”的动词。选项分析
- A. affected(影响)—— 符合句意,表示照明可能对生产效率产生影响。
- B. achieved(达到,完成)—— 主语一般是人或计划,不能是“lighting”去“achieve”生产效率,逻辑不通。
- C. extracted(提取,取出)—— 与生产效率搭配不当。
- D. restored(恢复)—— 原文没有提到生产效率曾经下降需要恢复,所以不合适。
语法与搭配
“affect productivity”是常见搭配,表示“影响生产效率”。
因此,正确答案是 A. affected。
2
解析:
固定搭配:
“end up doing sth.” 是一个固定短语,意思是“最终(意外地)成为/处于某种状态”。
文中表示:这些研究最终被命名为“霍桑效应”。上下文逻辑:
原文说“本来希望研究灯光如何影响工人效率,结果这些研究却 ended up 给了‘霍桑效应’这个名字”,
说明结果与初衷不同,带有“最终演变成……”的含义。选项分析:
- A. end at:后接地点或时间点,不接 doing,不符合语境。
- B. end up:后接 doing,符合文意。
- C. end with:后接名词,表示“以……结束”,但这里强调的是“最终结果变成……”,不是单纯“伴随”。
- D. end off:后接 with sth.,表示“结束某事”,不符合此处结构。
因此,正确答案是 B. up。
3
好的,我们先看第 3 题所在的句子和上下文。
原文是:
Instead, the studies ended $\underline{2}$ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the $\underline{3}$ idea that the very act of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.
这里 “the very act of being experimented upon” 是一个固定表达,意思是“被实验这一行为本身”改变了受试者的行为。
选项分析:
- A. truth —— “the truth idea” 不通顺,且与 “very” 搭配不当。
- B. sight —— “the sight idea” 不通。
- C. act —— “the very act of being experimented upon” 是常见的同位语解释 Hawthorne effect,符合语法和语义。
- D. proof —— “the proof idea” 不通。
因此,第 3 题选 C. act,构成 “the very act of being experimented upon” 这一短语,解释霍桑效应的含义。
4
解析:
该题要求填入一个形容词,描述工厂里女工的行为特点。
根据上下文,实验发现无论灯光变亮还是变暗,女工的生产效率都会提高,这种现象不符合常理,让研究人员感到困惑。
- A. controversial(有争议的)—— 文中没有提到有人争论女工的行为,只是描述现象令人不解。
- B. perplexing(令人困惑的)—— 符合语境,因为无论灯光如何变化,产量都上升,这确实令人费解。
- C. mischievous(调皮的、恶作剧的)—— 与生产效率的客观变化无关,且不用于形容“行为”在此语境下的特征。
- D. ambiguous(模糊不清的、歧义的)—— 一般指表达或意义不明确,不直接用于形容让人困惑的现象本身。
因此,B. perplexing 最符合文意,说明女工的生产效率变化让研究人员感到不解,从而引出“霍桑效应”的概念。
5
解析:
第 5 题空格所在的句子是:
According to $\underline{\quad5\quad}$ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed.
这里的意思是:根据对实验的 ______, 她们每小时的产出在照明增强时上升,但在照明减弱时也上升。
四个选项的含义:
- A. requirements(要求)
- B. explanations(解释)
- C. accounts(描述,报告,叙述)
- D. assessments(评估)
从上下文来看,这里指的是“根据实验的记录/描述”,即实验报告或实验记录中记载的情况。
accounts 在这里指“叙述、报告”,符合“根据实验记录/报告”的意思。
其他选项:
- requirements(要求)与实验数据记录无关;
- explanations(解释)是试图说明原因,但这里只是客观陈述实验现象,并非解释;
- assessments(评估)带有判断性,而这里只是引用实验记录的事实。
因此,正确答案是 C. accounts。
6
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文说:“their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not ______ what was done in the experiment…”
意思是:无论灯光变亮还是变暗,产量都上升。所以,实验中的具体操作“不重要”。固定搭配
“It does not matter” 是一个固定表达,意思是“无关紧要”。
这里正是说“实验中做了什么并不重要”,只要改变发生,产量就会上升。选项分析
- A. conclude(得出结论)—— 主语一般是人,且意思不符。
- B. matter(要紧、重要)—— 符合句意和搭配。
- C. indicate(表明)—— 主语一般是证据或现象,此处不适用。
- D. work(起作用)—— 虽然可以搭配,但“It did not work”意思是“它没起作用”,与原文逻辑不符,因为原文强调的是“无论怎样产量都上升”,所以不是实验操作无效,而是操作内容不重要。
因此,正确答案是 B. matter。
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子为:
It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose.
(实验中做了什么并不重要;______ 有某个因素被改变,生产效率就会提高。)
- A. as far as 表示“就…而言”,不符合逻辑。
- B. for fear that 表示“唯恐,以免”,是表目的或担心,不符合语境。
- C. in case that 表示“以防,万一”,通常用于预防措施,也不符合。
- D. so long as 表示“只要”,引导条件状语从句,符合文意:只要有改变,生产率就会提高。
因此正确答案是 D. so long as。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在的句子是:
A(n) ______ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ______ to alter workers’ behavior ______ itself.
意思是:
“她们意识到自己正在被实验,这件事本身就______改变她们的行为。”
1. 上下文逻辑
前文说,无论灯光变亮还是变暗,女工的生产率都会提高,唯一不变的是“有某种变化发生”。
这里给出的解释是:工人知道自己正在被做实验这一事实改变了她们的行为,而不是灯光本身。
所以空格处应填入表示“知道、意识到”的词。
2. 选项分析
- A. awareness(意识、知道) → 符合“知道自己在被实验”的意思。
- B. expectation(期望) → 强调期待某事发生,不如“awareness”直接对应“意识到”这一事实。
- C. sentiment(情绪、观点) → 与“知道”无关,偏情感态度。
- D. illusion(幻觉) → 不符合语境,实验是真实发生的,不是幻觉。
3. 固定搭配与语义
“awareness that…” 是常见结构,表示“对…的知晓/意识”。
而且“awareness of being experimented upon”正是霍桑效应的核心——被试知道自己被研究时,行为会改变。
因此正确答案是 A. awareness。
9
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文提到:A(n) ___ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ___ to alter workers’ behavior ___ itself.
意思是:意识到自己正在被实验这件事,似乎就 足以 改变工人的行为。语义搭配
- enough to do sth 是一个固定搭配,表示“足够做某事”。
- 这里说“仅仅是意识到在被实验这件事本身就足以改变行为”,符合“Hawthorne effect”的核心定义——受试者因为知道自己被研究而改变行为,而不是因为实验变量(如灯光亮度)。
其他选项分析
- A. suitable(合适的):语义上不通,不能说“合适的去改变行为”。
- B. excessive(过多的):与文意相反,这里不是强调“过度”。
- D. abundant(丰富的):常指数量多,不用于“足够去做某事”的结构。
结论
只有 C. enough 在语法和语义上都正确,构成“enough to alter”表示“足以改变”。
答案:C
10
好的,我们先看第 10 题的上下文句子:
A(n) $\underline{\quad8\quad}$ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be $\underline{\quad9\quad}$ to alter workers’ behavior $\underline{\quad10\quad}$ itself.
第 8 题根据文意填的是 awareness(意识到)之类的词,第 9 题根据搭配是 enough(seemed to be enough to alter…),那么第 10 题的结构是:
… to alter workers’ behavior ______ itself.
解析:
- 这里的意思是“仅仅是意识到在被实验这件事本身,就足以改变工人的行为”。
- by itself 是一个固定短语,意思是“本身,独自”,在这里相当于“仅仅因为这个原因(而不需要其他因素)”。
- 其他选项:
- about itself 无此搭配且意思不通
- for itself 意为“为自己”,不符合
- on itself 一般不这样用(偶尔有 upon itself,但这里不是)
因此正确答案是 D. by。
11
解析:
第 11 题所在句子是:
After several decades, the same data were ______ to econometric analysis.
选项:
A. compared
B. shown
C. subjected
D. conveyed
解题思路:
- 句意是“几十年后,同样的数据 ______ 计量经济学分析”。
- 固定搭配 be subjected to 在这里表示“接受…分析/处理”,是学术或研究文献中常见的表达,意为“对数据进行某种分析”。
- 其他选项:
- compared 后面一般接 with/to,且意思上应是数据与数据比较,不是数据与“分析”比较。
- shown 不符合搭配,数据不能“被展示给分析”。
- conveyed 是“传达”,不符合语境。
因此,C. subjected 是正确答案,构成 be subjected to econometric analysis(接受计量经济学分析)。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在句子是:
“The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. $\underline{\quad12\quad}$ the descriptions on record, no systematic $\underline{\quad13\quad}$ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.”
意思是:霍桑实验还有另一个意外发现。与记录中的描述相反,没有发现系统性的证据表明生产力水平与照明变化有关。
A. Contrary to(与…相反)
符合上下文逻辑,因为前文说“记录中描述的现象”是“改变照明会提高生产力”,而这里的新分析结果是“没有发现这种关联”,所以是相反的结论。B. Consistent with(与…一致)
逻辑相反,这里说的是新发现与旧描述不一致。C. Parallel with(与…平行)
语义不符,不用于表达对比关系。D. Peculiar to(特有的)
意思不符,这里不是强调“独特性”,而是“对比、相反”。
因此正确答案是 A. Contrary to。
13
好的,我们先定位第 13 题的上下文。
原文相关句子是:
After several decades, the same data were $\underline{\text{11}}$ to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. $\underline{\text{12}}$ the descriptions on record, no systematic $\underline{\text{13}}$ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
解析:
- 这句话的意思是:根据记录中的描述,没有发现系统的______ 表明生产率和照明变化有关。
- 空格后面是 “was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting”,这是一个同位语从句,说明这个名词的内容。
- 从逻辑上看,这里是在说“没有找到证据证明生产率与照明变化有关”。
- 选项分析:
- A. evidence(证据) → 符合句意:没有系统的证据。
- B. guidance(指导) → 意思不通,没有系统的指导?不符合语境。
- C. implication(暗示) → 语法上可接同位语从句,但意思上“没有系统的暗示”不如“没有系统的证据”自然,且原文强调的是数据分析结果没有支持相关性,所以“证据”更直接。
- D. source(来源) → “没有系统的来源” 意思不通。
因此,正确答案是 A. evidence。
14
解析:
上下文逻辑
前文提到,几十年后对同一数据进行了计量经济学分析,发现生产力水平与照明变化之间没有系统性关联。这说明最初的实验结论可能是错误的。关键句分析
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to ___ interpretations of what happened.
这句话意思是“原来,进行实验的特殊方式可能导致对已发生现象的______解释”。后续信息支持
后文举例说明:照明总是在周日改变,而周一开始生产量上升,其实是因为工人每周前几天本来就比较努力,和照明变化无关。
这说明最初的解释是不符合事实的,是误导性的。选项辨析
- A. disputable(有争议的)—— 虽然也可说结论有争议,但这里强调的是实验方式导致错误结论,不仅仅是争议。
- B. enlightening(有启发性的)—— 与文意相反。
- C. reliable(可靠的)—— 与文意相反。
- D. misleading(误导性的)—— 最符合,因为实验设计缺陷导致人们得出错误因果结论。
因此正确答案是 D. misleading。
15
解析:
第 15 题位于第三段开头,该段在说明实验进行方式的特殊之处可能导致了误导性解释。
空格后紧接着说:“例如,灯光总是在周日改变。当周一重新开工时,产出相对于前一个周六上升,并在接下来的几天持续上升。”
这里是在用具体的例子(周日改灯光,周一产出上升)说明上句提到的“实验进行方式的特殊之处”,因此空格处应填入表示举例的连接词。
- A. In contrast(相比之下)→ 表示对比,不符合逻辑。
- B. For example(例如)→ 符合上下文,引出具体例子。
- C. In consequence(因此)→ 表示结果,但这里不是因果关系。
- D. As usual(像往常一样)→ 与文意不符,这里是在举例说明特殊情况。
因此正确答案是 B. For example。
16
好的,我们先来看第 16 题所在的句子和上下文。
lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output ___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and ___ to rise for the next couple of days.
解析:
时间逻辑:
灯光在周日改变,周一复工时,产量与上周六相比“按时地、照常地”上升。
后文又说“在接下来的几天里持续上升”,说明这是一种有规律的、符合预期的现象。词义辨析:
- A. duly 表示“按时地,适时地,照例地”,含有“按照预期或安排发生”的意思。
- B. accidentally 偶然地,不符合语境,因为这里描述的是一个规律性现象。
- C. unpredictably 不可预测地,与文意相反,因为这种现象是每周一都发生的。
- D. suddenly 突然地,虽然产量上升可能看起来突然,但这里强调的是“按以往规律发生”,而不是强调突然性。
上下文支持:
后文提到“与没有做实验的几周数据对比,发现周一产量总是会上升”,说明这是常规现象,所以用 duly 最合适,表示“果然如往常一样上升”。
因此,第 16 题选 A. duly。
17
我们先看第 17 题所在的句子和上下文:
When work started again on Monday, output $\underline{\text{16}}$ rose compared with the previous Saturday and $\underline{\text{17}}$ to rise for the next couple of days.
第 16 题根据上下文可知是**“适当地/果然/如期地”**上升(比如填 duly 或 accordingly 等,不过这里不是我们分析重点)。
第 17 题要填一个动词,表示“继续上升”还是“开始上升”还是“停止上升”。
逻辑分析:
- 前面说周一复工时产量比上周六上升。
- 然后说“并且在接下来的几天里 ______ 上升”。
- 如果周一已经上升了,那么“接下来的几天”若是继续上升,就是 continued to rise;
- 如果是“开始上升”,逻辑不对,因为周一已经上升了,不是等到之后几天才开始。
- 如果是“停止上升”或“未能上升”,就与后面发现的“霍桑效应”解释不符,因为原文这里是在描述现象:周一升,之后几天还持续升,然后才发现其实周一上升是常态,与灯光无关。
结合选项:
A. failed(未能)→ 与文意相反
B. ceased(停止)→ 与文意相反
C. started(开始)→ 时间不对,周一已开始上升
D. continued(继续)→ 符合“周一已升,之后几天还接着升”
所以正确答案是 D. continued。
18
解析:
第 18 题的空格位于段落开头,需要判断与上文的逻辑关系。
前文说:
- 当周一复工时,产量比上周六上升,并且接下来几天持续上升。
- 空格后面说:与没有进行实验的几周数据对比发现,周一产量总是会上升。
这说明,前面观察到的产量上升现象,其实不是因为实验条件(如灯光)改变造成的,而是因为周一本身产量就会上升。
因此,这里是一个转折关系,指出实际情况与表面现象相反。
C. However 表示转折,符合上下文逻辑。
A. Therefore(因此)表示因果
B. Furthermore(此外)表示递进
D. Meanwhile(同时)表示并列的时间关系
所以正确答案是 C。
19
好的,我们先看第 19 题所在的句子和上下文。
原文相关部分:
Workers ___ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before hitting a plateau and then slackening off.
选项:
A. attempted
B. tended
C. chose
D. intended
解析:
上下文含义
这段话是在解释为什么产量在周一总是上升:不是因为灯光变化,而是因为工人在一周前几天通常(规律性地)更勤奋,然后达到稳定期,再松懈下来。
这里描述的是一种反复出现的规律,而不是工人“试图”或“打算”或“选择”去勤奋(这些带有主观意图或一次性努力的意思)。词义辨析
- A. attempted:试图(强调努力去做,但不一定经常发生或成功)
- B. tended:倾向于,往往会(表示一种常见的趋势或规律)
- C. chose:选择(强调主动决定,但这里不是每周都“选择”,而是自然趋势)
- D. intended:打算(强调意图、计划,但未强调实际上一再发生)
搭配与逻辑
“tend to do” 表示一种惯常倾向,与后面的 “in any case”(无论如何,总是这样)以及 “before hitting a plateau…” 描述的规律过程非常匹配。
而其他选项带有更多主观意愿,但原文是在客观描述观察到的现象,不是工人的主观计划。
因此正确答案是 B. tended。
20
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文提到工人在一周前几天会努力工作,之后达到一个稳定水平(plateau),然后松懈下来。
“达到稳定水平” 在英语中常用 hit a plateau 表示,这是一个固定搭配,意为“达到稳定期/停滞期”。选项分析
- A. breaking(打破)—— 与 plateau 搭配意为“打破停滞”,但这里上下文是“达到稳定”,不是“打破”。
- B. climbing(爬升)—— 与 plateau 搭配不太自然,plateau 是平顶,climbing 表示还在上升,不符合“达到稳定”的意思。
- C. surpassing(超过)—— 与 plateau 搭配意为“超过稳定水平”,但这里只是到达稳定水平,不是超过。
- D. hitting(达到)—— hit a plateau 是固定搭配,符合语境。
句意验证
“Workers tended to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before hitting a plateau and then slackening off.”
(工人在一周的头几天往往比较勤奋,然后达到稳定水平,接着松懈下来。)
这符合生产效率先升后平再降的变化规律。
因此正确答案是 D. hitting。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
21
It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
好的,我们来一步步分析这道题。
题干:
It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that …
(第 1、2 段表明……)
第 1 段 说:
Of all the changes … the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
(在过去 25 年英文报纸发生的变化中,影响最深远的或许是艺术报道在范围和严肃性上的持续下降。)
这里的关键词是 decline(下降),说明以前艺术报道更多、更严肃。
第 2 段 说:
It is difficult … for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
(40 岁以下的普通读者很难想象,曾经在大多数大城市的报纸上可以读到高质量的艺术评论。)
Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.
(然而 20 世纪出版的许多重要评论集,很大部分内容是由报纸评论组成的。)
这里强调 以前报纸上有很多高质量艺术评论,现在年轻读者无法想象,暗示 过去报纸刊登的艺术评论比现在多得多。
选项分析:
A. arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers
(艺术评论已从大报上消失)
- 错,原文只说 decline(减少),不是完全消失。
B. English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews
(英文报纸过去刊登更多艺术评论)
- 对,第 1 段 decline 和第 2 段 “过去在大多数大报上有高质量艺术评论” 可推出。
C. high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers
(高质量报纸保留了大量读者)
- 未提及,无关信息。
D. young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies
(年轻读者怀疑日报上刊登评论是否合适)
- 曲解,原文说年轻读者难以想象(难以想象 ≠ 怀疑其合适性)。
答案:B
22
Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
解析:
题目问的是“二战前英国报纸评论的特点是什么”。原文中明确提到:
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II…
这里的 unfocused 是关键线索,意为“不聚焦于单一主题的”“内容广泛的”,也就是说这些评论的主题是自由的、多样的,并不局限于特定领域。
因此,选项 A. free themes(自由的主题) 与此对应。
其他选项分析:
- B. casual style(随意风格):原文提到这些评论是严肃的(serious business),并且是详细深入的(in detail and at length),所以风格并不是 casual。
- C. elaborate layout(精心的版面设计):原文未重点讨论版面设计,而是强调内容和体裁。
- D. radical viewpoints(激进观点):文中没有证据表明这些评论以激进观点为特征。
答案:A
23
Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
我们先分析题目涉及的原文段落:
“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
这句话的意思是:
很少有作家有足够的智慧和文学天赋能在新闻业中表现出色,因此 Newman 想把“新闻业”定义为“不受欢迎的作家对那些受欢迎的作家的蔑称”。
选项分析:
A. It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
- 原文没有提到“作家的责任”,只提到他们把新闻业视为一种使命(calling),但不是强调“职责”,更不是 Shaw 和 Newman 共同明确主张的。
B. It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
- 曲解。原文说有些作家用“新闻业”这个词来贬低别人,但 Newman 本人是新闻业的一员,并以此为荣,所以并不是说当记者可鄙。
C. Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
- 原文没有说作家容易被吸引进新闻业,而是说能做好新闻写作的作家很少。
D. Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
- 与原文“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism”对应,即“很少有作家有足够的头脑或文学天赋在新闻业中立足”,也就是说不是所有作家都能胜任新闻写作。
因此,D 是 Shaw 和 Newman 最可能同意的观点。
24
What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
解析:
题目要求根据最后两段内容,判断关于卡达斯(Cardus)的正确描述。最后两段指出:
- 卡达斯已被遗忘:尽管他生前是英国顶尖的古典音乐评论家,但现在他的音乐评论著作几乎绝版,只有专业人士才知晓。
- 复兴的可能性很低:原因包括:
- 新闻业的品味在他去世前早已改变;
- 后现代读者对他擅长的华丽文风不太感兴趣(postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized)。
由此可知,他的音乐评论可能对今天的读者缺乏吸引力,这与选项 A 完全一致。
其他选项分析:
- B:文中未提及他的声誉长期存在争议,只强调他已被遗忘。
- C:文中说他的作品只有专业人士才知道,但这并不代表他的风格主要迎合现代专家;相反,专家可能只是少数还在阅读他作品的人。
- D:文中提到业余传统在衰退,但并未说他的作品未能遵循该传统;事实上,卡达斯是专业评论家。
因此,正确答案是 A。
25
What would be the best title for the text?
好的,我们来一步步分析。
1. 文章主旨概括
第一段就点出核心:过去 25 年英文报纸发生的最深远的变化,是艺术报道的范围与严肃性不可阻挡的衰退。
第二段说 40 岁以下读者难以想象当年大报上高质量的文艺评论。
第三段讲 20 世纪初到二战前,报纸评论更是广泛而深入,批评家视新闻为志业。
第四段举例卡德斯,说明这类批评家已被遗忘。
第五段指出复兴无望,因为新闻品味变化,业余乐评传统也在消退。
所以全文主题是:报纸中曾经存在的高水平艺术评论已经衰落,并且几乎不可能恢复。
2. 选项分析
A. Newspapers of the Good Old Days
文章并非单纯怀念过去的报纸,而是聚焦在“艺术评论”这一特定领域的衰落,不是整体讲过去的报纸。范围太宽,且带有怀旧标题,但文章重点在“失去”而非介绍旧报纸。B. The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
“Lost Horizon” 是比喻,指失去的视野/境界/理想领域,对应文章说的报纸中曾有的高水准文艺评论这一“地平线”已消失。这很符合文章反复强调的“今昔对比”与“不可逆的衰落”。C. Mournful Decline of Journalism
这个干扰性强,但文章谈的不是整个新闻业的衰落,而是报纸中艺术评论的衰落。Journalism 在这里范围太大,而且文章没有说新闻业整体在衰退,只是艺术报道这块。D. Prominent Critics in Memory
文章提到一些著名批评家,但目的是用他们为例说明艺术评论的衰落,不是主要为了纪念他们。
3. 为什么选 B
“The Lost Horizon” 形象地表达了“曾经达到的高度/视野现在已经看不见了”,紧扣文章关于报纸文艺评论由盛转衰且不可逆的核心论点。
其他选项要么范围失当,要么偏离主旨。
答案:B
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual property lawyers abuzz the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal”, says Dennis Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.
26
Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of
解析:
题目问的是“商业方法专利最近引起关注的原因是什么”。文章的核心线索如下:
第二段开头明确提到:
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents…
(现在,美国最高专利法院似乎已完全准备好缩减商业方法专利的数量)
并且指出联邦巡回上诉法院将利用 Bilski 案对商业方法专利进行广泛审查,此案“有可能彻底取消一整类专利”。第四段也提到:
The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order… and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.
(联邦巡回法院发布了一项不寻常的命令……要评估的一个问题是是否应“重新考虑”其 State Street Bank 案的裁决。)
这说明法院正在考虑限制这类专利的授予。第五段补充说明:
最高法院最近一系列判决已经缩小了对专利持有人的保护范围,联邦巡回法院正在对此作出反应。
综合来看,近期引起关注的原因是可能对商业方法专利的授予进行限制,这与选项 C. the possible restriction on their granting 完全对应。
其他选项分析:
- A:文中未强调其价值有限,反而提到很多公司大量申请这类专利。
- B:资产分配只是早期专利的一个例子,不是近期关注的原因。
- D:这类专利自十年前被授权以来一直有争议,但最近关注点在于法院可能限制授予,不仅仅是争议本身。
27
Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
解析:
题目问的是关于 Bilski 案的正确描述。我们从原文中找相关信息:
第二段提到:
- “In re Bilski, as the case is known, is ‘a very big deal’… It ‘has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.’”
- 这说明 Bilski 案意义重大,可能消除一整类专利(即商业方法专利),因此它可能改变美国的法律实践。
第四段提到:
- 联邦巡回上诉法院要求由全部 12 名法官审理此案(而不是通常的 3 人合议庭),并且要评估是否应当“重新考虑”其在 State Street Bank 案中的裁决。
- 这进一步说明该案可能导致对商业方法专利法律标准的重大改变。
选项分析:
- A:它的裁决符合法院判决 → 错误,因为该案还在审理中,且原文暗示可能要推翻之前的判例。
- B:它涉及一项非常大的商业交易 → 错误,它涉及的是能源市场风险对冲方法的专利,不是交易本身的大小。
- C:它已被联邦巡回法院驳回 → 错误,原文只说法院要全面审理,并未说已驳回。
- D:它可能改变美国的法律实践 → 正确,因为该案可能废除一整类专利,影响深远。
因此正确答案是 D。
28
The word “about-face” (Paragraph 3) most probably means
解析:
定位原文
第三段第一句提到:Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents…
上下文逻辑
- 前面第二段说,美国联邦巡回上诉法院准备大规模缩减商业方法专利的授予。
- 第三段说,这种限制会是一个 dramatic about-face,因为正是该法院在 1998 年 State Street Bank 案中引入了这类专利。
- 所以,从“引入”到“限制”是一个态度或立场上的大转变。
词义推测
- about-face 在军事用语中指“向后转”,引申为“彻底改变立场或态度”。
- 四个选项中:
- A. loss of goodwill(失去善意)—— 文中无此情感色彩。
- B. increase of hostility(增加敌意)—— 文中未涉及敌意。
- C. change of attitude(态度转变)—— 符合逻辑。
- D. enhancement of dignity(尊严提升)—— 与内容无关。
验证
后文提到 1998 年该法院批准了商业方法专利,导致此类专利激增,而现在却要重新考虑,显然是一个态度变化。
因此正确答案是 C。
29
We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents
解析:
题目要求根据最后两段内容,判断关于“商业方法专利”的正确描述。
最后两段分别涉及 Bilski 案 和 最高法院对专利保护范围的限制趋势。
1. 最后两段核心信息概括
倒数第二段:
- Bilski 案涉及能源市场风险对冲方法的专利。
- 联邦巡回上诉法院罕见地要求全院 12 名法官共同审理(而非通常的 3 人合议庭),并且要评估是否应“重新考虑”其 State Street Bank 案裁决(该裁决当初开启了商业方法专利的大门)。
- 这意味着法院可能大幅限制甚至取消商业方法专利的授权。
最后一段:
- 联邦巡回上诉法院的做法是在 最高法院近年一系列判决 之后发生的,这些判决 缩小了对专利持有人的保护范围。
- 举例:去年 4 月,最高法院认为很多专利所保护的“发明”是显而易见的,因此不应授予专利。
- 专家指出,联邦巡回上诉法院正在“对最高法院的反专利趋势作出反应”。
2. 选项分析
A. are immune to legal challenges(不受法律挑战的影响)
→ 错误。最后两段恰恰说明商业方法专利正受到法律挑战(Bilski 案、最高法院趋势)。B. are often unnecessarily issued(经常被不必要地授予)
→ 正确。最后一段提到最高法院认为“too many patents were being upheld for ‘inventions’ that are obvious”,即很多专利是“显而易见”的,却得到了授权,这等于说这些专利的授予是不必要的。这与商业方法专利有关。C. lower the esteem for patent holders(降低对专利持有人的尊重)
→ 文中未提及“esteem”(尊重)问题,属于无中生有。D. increase the incidence of risks(增加风险的发生率)
→ 错误。虽然 Bilski 案涉及“风险对冲方法”的专利,但文中并未说商业方法专利会增加风险的发生率,这是对细节的曲解。
3. 结论
最后两段的核心是:商业方法专利被过度授予(很多是显而易见的“发明”),现在法院正在重新审查并可能大幅限制。因此 B 选项正确。
30
Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
好的,我们来一步步分析这道题。
1. 文章主旨梳理
- 第一段:介绍过去十年商业方法专利很多,举了几个例子。
- 第二段:现在美国最高专利法院(联邦巡回上诉法院)似乎准备缩减(scale back) 商业方法专利,并要通过 Bilski 案进行全面审查,可能消除一整类专利。
- 第三段:这种限制是一个巨大的转变(dramatic about-face),因为正是该法院在 1998 年 State Street Bank 案中引入了这类专利,导致申请激增。
- 第四段:Bilski 案的具体情况,法院要借它重新考虑 State Street Bank 案的判决。
- 第五段:联邦巡回法院的行动是在最高法院近年缩小专利保护范围的趋势下发生的。
核心主线:商业方法专利可能面临被大规模限制甚至取消的威胁,法院态度正在转变。
2. 选项分析
A. A looming threat to business-method patents
“looming threat” 意为“逼近的威胁”,对应文中 “scale back”, “potential to eliminate an entire class of patents”, “dramatic about-face”, “reconsider its State Street Bank ruling” 等,符合全文核心——商业方法专利前景不妙,可能被大幅限制。B. Protection for business-method patent holders
与文章相反,文章讲的是削弱保护,不是加强保护。C. A legal case regarding business-method patents
Bilski 案是文章的重要引子,但文章重点不是介绍该案本身,而是借该案说明对商业方法专利的司法态度转变,因此它只是细节,不是全文主题。D. A prevailing trend against business-method patents
“prevailing trend” 意为“盛行的趋势”,但文中说联邦巡回法院正准备行动(appears completely ready),最高法院已有反专利趋势,但对商业方法专利的大规模限制还未发生,只是“即将来临”,所以用 prevailing 程度过重,与 “looming” 不同。
3. 为什么选 A 不选 D
- A (looming threat):强调威胁正在逼近但尚未完全成为现实,与文中“appears completely ready to scale back”、“has the potential to eliminate” 等将来时/可能性语气一致。
- D (prevailing trend):意为已经盛行、普遍存在的趋势,但商业方法专利目前仍然大量存在,法院只是准备动手,还没有形成最终的普遍趋势,因此用 prevailing 过于强烈。
最终答案:A
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.
The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
31
By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to
解析:
题目问的是作者引用《引爆点》这本书的意图。
文章第一段先介绍了《引爆点》的观点:社会流行潮主要由少数有影响力的人推动。但紧接着作者说“这个观点直觉上很吸引人,但它没有解释思想实际上是如何传播的”。
这表明作者引用这本书并不是为了赞同它的观点,而是为了引出自己要讨论的话题——有影响力的人在思想传播中到底起什么作用。
后文进一步提到,传统“两级传播理论”认为信息从媒体到有影响力的人,再到大众,但最新研究发现有影响力的人的作用被高估了。
因此,作者引用这本书的意图是以它作为讨论的起点,进而探讨有影响力的人在传播思想中的作用,并最终提出不同看法。
选项分析:
- A:分析社会流行潮的后果 → 文章重点不在后果,而在传播机制。
- B:讨论有影响力的人在传播思想中的作用 → 符合全文主旨和引用意图。
- C:举例说明人们对社会流行潮的直觉反应 → 直觉反应只是第一段提到的细节,不是主要意图。
- D:描述有影响力的人的基本特征 → 文中并未详细描述他们的特征,而是讨论其作用大小。
答案:B
32
The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”
好的,我们来逐步分析这道题。
1. 题干定位
题干问的是作者对 “two-step-flow theory” 的看法。
原文主要在第二段和第三段讨论这个理论。
2. 原文信息回顾
- 第二段开头:
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”
这里的关键词是 “plausible-sounding but largely untested”(听起来合理但基本上未经检验)。
作者一开始就表明这个理论缺乏实证支持。
- 第二段后面:
Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them.
The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity…
Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea…
这里说明营销人员喜欢这个理论,并且**传闻证据(anecdotal evidence)**似乎符合它,但传闻证据不等于科学验证。
3. 作者态度
作者在第三段引入研究结果:
some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.
这进一步说明,原先的 two-step-flow theory 所假定的 influentials 的重要性可能被高估,暗示该理论缺乏充分证据。
4. 选项分析
A. serves as a solution to marketing problems.
→ 文中只说营销人员接受这个理论,但没说它真的是有效的解决方案;作者态度是怀疑的。
B. has helped explain certain prevalent trends.
→ 文中说它“似乎解释”(seems to explain)某些现象,但这是别人认为的,作者在后面用研究反驳了它,所以不是作者的观点。
C. has won support from influentials.
→ 文中没有提到 influentials 支持这个理论,无关信息。
D. requires solid evidence for its validity.
→ 与 “largely untested” 和后面研究结果相呼应,作者认为该理论缺乏实证,需要更多证据来证实其有效性。
5. 结论
作者对 two-step-flow theory 的主要批评就是它缺乏可靠证据,因此 D 正确。
最终答案:D
33
What the researchers have observed recently shows that
让我们一步步分析。
1. 题干定位
题干问的是:“研究者最近的观察表明了什么”。
原文中对应部分是第三段和第四段。
第三段说:
研究发现,有影响力的人在社会流行潮中起的作用比通常认为的要小得多,事实上,他们似乎根本就不是必需的。
第四段解释原因:
除了少数像奥普拉那样的名人(她的巨大影响力主要来自媒体,而不是人际影响),即使最有影响力的人也并不会与那么多人互动。
而根据两级流动传播理论,正是这些非名人的有影响力的人直接影响他们的朋友和同事,从而推动社会流行潮。
但要让一个社会流行潮发生,每个受影响的人必须再去影响他的熟人,这些人再影响他们的熟人,如此继续。
如果网络中与最初有影响力的人只隔两度的人抵制影响,那么传播就不会走得太远。
2. 关键逻辑
这里强调的是:
- 影响力不是靠少数 influentials 直接辐射很多人,而是靠人与人的相互影响链(social network interactions)传播。
- 传播能否扩大,取决于网络中易受影响的人是否足够多,而不是最初的影响者多强大。
3. 选项分析
A. the power of influence goes with social interactions.
(影响力的大小与社会互动有关。)
这正是第四段的核心:传播依赖人际互动链,而不是最初影响者的直接影响力。
B. interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.
(人际联系可以通过媒体加强。)
原文没有讨论用媒体加强人际联系,只提到奥普拉是媒体影响的特例,不是普通人际影响。
C. influentials have more channels to reach the public.
(有影响力的人有更多渠道接触公众。)
原文恰恰说 influentials 接触的人并不特别多,所以这不是研究者的发现。
D. most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.
(大多数名人享有广泛的媒体关注。)
这是常识,但不是本文研究者的核心发现,且文中只提了奥普拉等少数名人,不是重点。
4. 结论
研究者的观察是:影响力传播依赖于社会网络中的互动过程,而不是少数 influentials 的直接作用。
因此 A 正确。
最终答案:A
34
The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
解析:
定位原文
第 4 段中画线短语 “these people” 所在的句子是:For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.
分析指代关系
这句话描述的是一个连锁影响的过程:- 初始有影响力的人影响了一些人(第一层受影响者)。
- 这些受影响的人再去影响他们的熟人(第二层受影响者)。
- 这些熟人再去影响他们的熟人(第三层受影响者),依此类推。
“these people” 出现在 “each of these people” 中,往前找它的指代对象,就是前面 “his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs” 所描述的人,即被影响后又去影响别人的人。
选项比对
- A:错,这些人是在影响网络内部,不是外部。
- B:错,他们与源头可能间接联系,并非 little contact。
- C:对,符合“被影响并进而影响他人”的描述。
- D:不完整,只提到“被初始影响者影响”,没有体现他们再去影响别人的过程,而原文强调的是传播链上的中间节点。
因此正确答案是 C。
35
What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
让我们一步步分析这道题。
1. 定位关键段落
题干问的是“在社会影响的动态过程中,关键要素是什么”,这指向文章最后一段的研究发现。
最后一段提到:
They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades” … is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
2. 关键信息提取
- 研究结论:全球级传播(global cascades)的主要条件不是少数有影响力的人,而是大量容易被影响的人。
- “easily influenced people” 对应选项中的 the readiness to be influenced(准备好被影响/易受影响)。
3. 排除干扰项
- A. The eagerness to be accepted(渴望被接受)—— 文中未强调这是主要因素。
- B. The impulse to influence others(影响他人的冲动)—— 这是 influentials 的特征,但研究发现这不是关键。
- D. The inclination to rely on others(依赖他人的倾向)—— 与“易受影响”不完全相同,且文中未重点提。
4. 确定答案
研究明确说,关键是 a critical mass of easily influenced people,即 the readiness to be influenced,对应 C。
答案:C
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.
36
Bankers complained that they were forced to
解析:
题目问的是“银行家们抱怨他们被迫……”,这对应文章第一段的内容。
定位原文:
第一段提到:Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
(银行抱怨说,这些规则迫使他们报告巨额损失,这不公平。这些规则要求他们必须按第三方愿意支付的价格来评估某些资产,而不是经理和监管者希望卖到的价格。)分析选项:
- A. follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules(遵循不利的资产评估规则)
这与原文意思一致,银行抱怨会计准则迫使他们以第三方愿意支付的价格(通常较低)来评估资产,导致报告巨额损失,这对他们不利。 - B. collect payments from third parties(向第三方收款)
原文没有提到银行要向第三方收款,只是说按第三方愿意支付的价格估值。 - C. cooperate with the price managers(与价格管理者合作)
原文并未提及银行被迫与价格管理者合作,而是说会计准则不允许他们按经理希望的价格估值。 - D. re-evaluate some of their assets(重新评估他们的一些资产)
虽然银行确实在重新评估资产,但这不是他们抱怨的核心,他们抱怨的是按不利的规则评估资产。
- A. follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules(遵循不利的资产评估规则)
正确答案:
银行抱怨的核心是会计准则迫使他们采用不利的资产估值方式,因此 A 是正确答案。
37
According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in
解析:
题目问的是“根据作者的观点,FASB(美国财务会计准则委员会)的规则变更可能导致什么结果”。
定位原文:
第二段提到银行游说似乎起了作用,随后指出:“…the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.”(准则制定者的独立性正在受到损害)。紧接着就说到 FASB 在国会压力下匆忙修改规则,给予银行更多自由。
这说明 FASB 的规则变更是在外界压力下进行的,损害了其独立性。选项分析:
- A. the diminishing role of management(管理层作用减弱)—— 与原文相反,第二段末尾说“changes enhance … the use of judgment by management”(增强了管理层判断的使用)。
- B. the revival of the banking system(银行系统的复苏)—— 原文提到银行系统复苏需要处理不良资产,但 FASB 规则变更只是让银行更容易掩盖损失,并未真正解决复苏问题。
- C. the banks’ long-term asset losses(银行的长期资产损失)—— 这是银行已有的问题,不是规则变更导致的结果。
- D. the weakening of its independence(其独立性被削弱)—— 与原文“independence … is being compromised”直接对应,且 FASB 迫于压力修改规则正是独立性被削弱的表现。
作者态度:
作者在全文批评银行和政客对会计准则制定机构的施压,认为这损害了准则制定者的独立性,不利于资本市场健康。因此 FASB 规则变更的结果就是其独立性被削弱。
答案:D
38
According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to
解析:
根据题干要求,定位到文章第 4 段(实际是第 3 段,因为文章第 1 段是引子,第 2 段讲 FASB 修改规则,第 3 段讲 IASB 面临压力)。
第 3 段原文:
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
关键信息:
- IASB 表示不想在没有全面规划的情况下行动(即希望保持独立制定规则)。
- McCreevy 警告 IASB:你们“并非生活在政治真空中”,而是“在现实世界”,欧洲可能制定不同的规则。
逻辑分析: McCreevy 的警告是在对 IASB 的独立性表示反对,他认为 IASB 不能脱离政治和现实压力独自决定规则,也就是反对 IASB 在规则制定上自行其是(act on their own in rule-setting)。
选项分析:
- A 项“远离政治影响”是 IASB 试图做的,但 McCreevy 反对它这样做。
- B 项“逃避同行压力”文中未明确提及。
- C 项“在规则制定中独立行动”符合 McCreevy 反对的内容。
- D 项“逐步改革”并非 McCreevy 直接反对的焦点。
因此正确答案是 C。
39
The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they
解析:
题干问作者为什么认为银行“on the wrong planet”(想法完全错误)。
定位原文:
“It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.”
这句话直接说明,银行错误在于其账目严重高估了资产。选项分析:
- A. misinterpreted market price indicators(曲解市场价格指标)
文中银行确实认为市场价格夸大了损失,但作者指出这是银行在为自己高估资产找理由,并不是作者批评它们的核心原因。 - B. exaggerated the real value of their assets(夸大资产的实际价值)
与原文 “vastly overvalued assets” 完全对应,是作者批评的直接原因。 - C. neglected the likely existence of bad debts(忽视了坏账存在的可能性)
文中银行提到市场价格反映的是暂时流动性问题而非坏账程度,但这是银行的观点,不是作者批评它们“on the wrong planet”的直接原因。 - D. denied booking losses in their sales of assets(否认在资产销售中确认损失)
文中确实提到银行不愿出售资产以免确认损失,但这是“on the wrong planet”的结果之一,不是作者直接给出的原因。
- A. misinterpreted market price indicators(曲解市场价格指标)
结论:
作者认为银行“完全搞错了”的根本原因是它们在账面上高估了资产价值,因此正确答案是 B。
40
The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of
解析:
文章主旨与作者立场
文章主要讨论银行将自身问题归咎于会计准则制定者(standard-setters),并游说他们修改规则,导致准则制定者的独立性受到损害。作者在文中多次表现出对准则制定者处境的理解和支持,认为他们本应独立、强硬,但现在却被迫妥协。关键句子分析
- 第二段提到:
“the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.”
作者认为独立性对资本市场很重要,但现在受到损害——隐含对准则制定者被迫让步的遗憾。 - 第三段提到 FASB 在国会压力下匆匆修改规则,银行股价随之上涨,但作者暗示这是迫于游说压力,并非出于正确动机。
- 第五段强调:
“Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that… But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.”
作者明确指出准则制定者本该保持独立强硬,但现在屈服于压力,未来可能被迫做更多让步——这里明显透露出对准则制定者处境的理解和同情。
- 第二段提到:
态度判断
- A. satisfaction(满意) ❌ 作者对现状并不满意。
- B. skepticism(怀疑) ❌ 作者并不怀疑准则制定者的作用,而是支持他们。
- C. objectiveness(客观) ❌ 作者有明显倾向,不是完全中立。
- D. sympathy(同情) ✅ 作者认为准则制定者本应保持独立,却因银行和政界压力而妥协,字里行间流露出同情。
答案:D
Part B
Directions
For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
41-45
[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. But before they can get down to business, big retailers must understand these differences, the competitive dynamics of each market, and the nature of what they must do.
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”—hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41 ______ → 42 ______ → 43 ______ → 44 ______ → E → 45 ______
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
46-50
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish - eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.
Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics - minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self - interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead.
(10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
describe the drawing briefly,
explain its intended meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
(下方是一幅画,画的是一个火锅,火锅里有标有“佛”“儒”“科学”“启蒙”等不同文化元素的食材,火锅下方有文字:文化“火锅”,既美味又营养)
