2012 年真题

选择题答案速对
No.AnsNo.AnsNo.AnsNo.AnsNo.Ans
1B2A3B4D5C
6B7D8B9A10B
11A12C13C14D15A
16C17A18C19D20D
21D22B23A24C25D
26C27D28A29D30A
31A32B33B34D35C
36C37D38B39C40A

完形填空

Directions

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Text

The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.

Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself to the code of conduct that to the rest of the federal judiciary.

This and other cases the question of whether there is still a between the court and politics.

The framers of the Constitution envisioned law having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions they would be free to those in power and have no need to political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely .

Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily as unjust.

The justices must doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, , convincing as law.

1
正确答案:B

解析:

第 1 题空格所在的句子是:

The court cannot ______ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law ______ justices behave like politicians.

意思是:如果法官表现得像政客一样,那么最高法院就无法 保持 其作为法治守护者的合法性。

  • A. emphasize(强调)—— 逻辑不符,这里不是说“强调合法性”,而是“保持合法性”。
  • B. maintain(维持,保持)—— 符合语境,即“无法保持其合法性”。
  • C. modify(修改)—— 与“legitimacy”搭配不当。
  • D. recognize(承认)—— 主语是法院自己,不能说“法院无法承认自己的合法性”,逻辑不通。

因此正确答案是 B. maintain

2
正确答案:A

解析:

第 2 题句子为:

The court cannot maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law ______ justices behave like politicians.

逻辑关系分析:

  • 主句说“法院无法保持其作为法治守护者的正当性”,从句说“法官表现得像政客一样”。
  • 这里需要填入一个连接词,表示“在……情况下”主句的情况会发生。
  • “当法官表现得像政客时,法院就无法保持其正当性”是符合逻辑的。

选项分析:

  • A. when(当……时)—— 表示一种条件或时间,符合句意。
  • B. best(最好的)—— 语法和逻辑都不通。
  • C. before(在……之前)—— 逻辑上不通,因为“在法官像政客之前就无法保持正当性”不合理。
  • D. unless(除非)—— 代入后意为“除非法官像政客一样行事,否则法院无法保持正当性”,这与原文想表达的因果逻辑相反。

因此,正确答案是 A. when

3
正确答案:B

解析:

第 3 题所在句子为:

Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that ______ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.

逻辑分析:

  • 前文提到“法院不能保持其作为法治守护者的正当性,如果法官表现得像政客一样”。
  • 接着用“Yet”表示转折,指出“在几个例子中,法官的行为确实……法院独立公正的声誉”。
  • 既然前文说“表现得像政客会损害正当性”,那么这里举的例子应当是负面行为,因此该行为对法院声誉的影响是负面的

选项分析:

  • A. restored(恢复)→ 与文意相反,这里不是恢复声誉,而是损害。
  • B. weakened(削弱)→ 符合逻辑,法官参与政治活动会削弱法院独立公正的形象。
  • C. established(建立)→ 与文意不符,法院的独立公正声誉原本就有,不是现在才建立。
  • D. eliminated(消除)→ 语气过重,完全消除声誉不符合现实,且与下文“使人们不太可能视判决为公正”的程度不符。

因此,B. weakened 最符合上下文逻辑。

4
正确答案:D

解析:

第 4 题所在句子为:

That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be $\underline{\text{4}}$ as impartial judgments.

逻辑分析:

  • 前文提到,法官参加政治活动会损害法院的独立和公正形象。
  • 如果法官行为像政客,那么法院的判决就不太可能 被公众/外界接受 为公正的判决。
  • 空格处需要填入一个表示“被接受、被认可”含义的词。

选项分析:

  • A. challenged(被挑战)—— 与逻辑不符,这里不是强调判决被质疑,而是强调不被接受为公正判决。
  • B. compromised(被妥协/损害)—— 虽然“compromised”可以表示“损害”,但此处是被动语态,搭配“as impartial judgments”不合适,语义不通。
  • C. suspected(被怀疑)—— 虽然意思相关,但“be suspected as”用法不自然,通常用“be suspected of”,且这里强调“不被接受为公正判决”更直接。
  • D. accepted(被接受)—— “be accepted as”是常见搭配,意为“被认为是…”,符合语境:判决不太可能被视为公正判决。

因此正确答案是 D. accepted

5
正确答案:C

解析:

第 5 题题干为:

Part of the problem is that the justices are not ______ by an ethics code.

选项:
A. advanced(推进;促进)
B. caught(抓住)
C. bound(受约束)
D. founded(建立)

逻辑与语义分析:

  1. 前文提到法官参与政治活动会损害法院的独立公正形象,这里说“部分问题在于,法官并不受道德准则的______”。
  2. “受道德准则约束”是常见搭配,即 be bound by a code/rules。
  3. 其他选项:
    • A. advanced by an ethics code(被道德准则推进)——语义不通。
    • B. caught by an ethics code(被道德准则抓住)——不合逻辑。
    • D. founded by an ethics code(由道德准则建立)——主语是法官,不是机构,不适用。

因此,正确答案是 C. bound,意为“受……约束”,符合上下文“法官不受道德规范约束”的意思。

6
正确答案:B

解析:

第 6 题所在句子为:

At the very least, the court should make itself ______ to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary.

选项含义:

  • A. resistant(抵抗的)—— 与文意相反,这里应是“遵守”行为准则,而不是抵制。
  • B. subject(受…支配的,服从于)—— “be subject to” 是固定搭配,表示“受…约束,遵守”。
  • C. immune(免疫的,免除的)—— 与文意相反,作者认为法院现在不受 ethics code 约束,这是问题,所以应受约束,而不是豁免。
  • D. prone(易于…的)—— “be prone to” 表示“倾向于(发生不好的事)”,与“code of conduct”搭配不当。

逻辑分析:
上文提到“justices are not bound by an ethics code”,所以作者建议最高法院至少应让自己服从于(subject to)其他联邦司法系统遵守的行为准则。

因此正确答案是 B. subject

7
正确答案:D

解析:

  1. 上下文理解
    该句意思是:“至少,最高法院应当使自己______适用于联邦司法系统其他部门的行为准则。”
    这里说的是法院应当遵守(或受约束于)其他联邦司法机构同样遵守的行为准则。

  2. 选项分析

    • A. resorts (to) 表示“诉诸于,求助于”,主语一般是人或机构,resort to something 是固定搭配,但这里空格后是 to the rest of…,且主语是 code of conduct,逻辑不对。
    • B. sticks (to) 表示“坚持”,主语一般是人,stick to rules(遵守规则),但这里主语是 code of conduct(行为准则),不能说“行为准则坚持于其他司法系统”,语义不通。
    • C. leads (to) 表示“导致”,意思不符。
    • D. applies (to) 表示“适用于”,即“该行为准则适用于联邦司法系统的其他部门”,完全符合句意。
  3. 语法与搭配

    • “the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary” 是定语从句,修饰 the code of conduct,意为“适用于联邦司法系统其他部门的行为准则”。
    • 这是常见的法律与规章语境用法。

答案:D

8
正确答案:B

解析:

第 8 题所在句子为:

This and other cases ______ the question of whether there is still a ______ between the court and politics.

1. 上下文逻辑
前文提到最高法院法官参与政治活动的例子,这些行为引发了对法院独立性和公正性的质疑。
“This and other cases” 指的是这些引发争议的事件,它们自然会把某个问题“提出来”让大家关注和讨论。

2. 选项含义与搭配

  • A. evade(逃避)—— 这些案例并没有“逃避”问题,而是恰恰相反,使问题凸显。
  • B. raise(提出,引起)—— “raise the question” 是固定搭配,意为“提出问题”,符合语境。
  • C. deny(否认)—— 与“question”搭配时,语义不通,逻辑不符。
  • D. settle(解决)—— 这些案例并没有“解决”问题,而是引出问题。

3. 句意确定
整句意思是:“这类以及其他案例提出了一个问题:法院与政治之间是否还存在界限。”
因此 B. raise 为正确选项。

9
正确答案:A

解析:

第 9 题所在句子为:

This and other cases ______ the question of whether there is still a ______ between the court and politics.

前半句意思是“这件事和其他案件提出了一个问题”,即“法院与政治之间是否仍然存在______”。
根据上下文,文章在讨论法院是否还能保持独立于政治之外,即是否还有界限分界线

  • A. line(界限、分界线)—— 符合语境,指法院与政治之间应当有一条分界线。
  • B. barrier(障碍)—— 虽然也有“隔阂”之意,但更强调物理或抽象障碍,不如 line 常用在“界限、分界”这种抽象概念中。
  • C. similarity(相似性)—— 与文意相反。
  • D. conflict(冲突)—— 不符合语境,这里不是讨论两者之间的冲突,而是讨论是否还有区分。

在英文中,“a line between A and B”是常见搭配,表示“A 与 B 之间的界限”,因此 A. line 是正确答案。

10
正确答案:B

解析:

第 10 题所在句子为:

The framers of the Constitution envisioned law ______ having authority apart from politics.

1. 句意理解
这句话的意思是:“宪法的制定者设想法律拥有独立于政治的权威。”
“envision” 意为“设想、想象”,后面常接“as”表示“将……视为 / 设想为……”。

2. 固定搭配
“envision … as …” 是常见的搭配,表示“将……设想为……”。
例如:He envisioned himself as a successful writer.(他设想自己成为一名成功的作家。)

3. 选项分析

  • A. by:表示方式,但“envision law by having authority” 逻辑不通。
  • B. as:符合“envision … as …”的搭配,意为“将法律设想为拥有独立于政治的权威”。
  • C. through:表示通过某种手段,不符合句意。
  • D. towards:表示方向,不用于 envision 的搭配。

因此,正确答案是 B. as

11
正确答案:A

解析:

第 11 题所在句子为:

They gave justices permanent positions ______ they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support.

1. 逻辑关系分析
前半句说“给予法官终身职位”,后半句说“他们就能自由地触怒当权者,且无需培植政治支持”。显然,前后是目的结果关系——给予终身职位,是为了让他们能够独立、无惧地司法。

2. 选项辨析

  • A. so:可以引导目的或结果状语从句,相当于“so that”(为了,以便)。
  • B. since:表示“因为”或“自从”,这里不是因果关系,也不是时间关系。
  • C. provided:表示条件“只要”,不符合逻辑(不是“只要他们能自由触怒当权者,就给他们终身职位”,这颠倒了意图)。
  • D. though:表示让步“虽然”,不符合语义。

3. 确定答案
这里需要一个表示“以便”或“为了”的连接词,so 可以引导目的状语从句(口语或非正式中常省略 that),符合句意。
因此正确答案是 A. so

12
正确答案:C

解析:

第 12 题位于这句话中:

They gave justices permanent positions so that they would be free to ___ those in power and have no need to cultivate political support.

逻辑分析:

  • 前面说“给予法官终身职位”,目的是让他们“自由地去 ___ 当权者”。
  • 后半句说“不需要培养政治支持”,说明他们不必讨好当权者,甚至可以做出与当权者意愿相悖的决定。
  • 因此,这里需要一个表示“敢于对抗 / 得罪 / 不迎合”的词。

选项分析:

  • A. serve(服务)—— 与“不需要培养政治支持”逻辑不符,因为“服务当权者”意味着迎合。
  • B. satisfy(使满意)—— 同样与“不需要讨好”矛盾。
  • C. upset(使不安 / 得罪)—— 符合语境,表示法官可以自由地作出可能触怒当权者的裁决。
  • D. replace(取代)—— 不合逻辑,法官的职责不是取代当权者。

因此,C. upset 是正确答案。

13
正确答案:C

我们先看第 13 题的上下文:

They gave justices permanent positions so that they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to ______ political support.

逻辑分析

  • 前面说“法官有终身职位”,目的是让他们可以无惧得罪当权者
  • 因此,他们不需要去“培养/寻求/维持”政治支持。
  • 四个选项:
    • A. confirm(确认) → 与“政治支持”搭配不当,不符合逻辑。
    • B. express(表达) → 法官不需要“表达”政治支持?意思有点偏,不是最贴切,因为这里强调的是“主动去获取或维持支持”,而不是“表达支持”。
    • C. cultivate(培养,建立关系) → 常与“支持”“关系”搭配,意为“培养政治支持”,符合语境。
    • D. offer(提供) → 一般是提供帮助给别人,而不是“提供支持”给政客?这里主语是法官,他们不需要向别人提供支持,而是不需要去“拉拢、培养”支持。

最佳答案:C. cultivate(培养政治支持),因为法官有终身职位,就不必像政客那样去经营政治人脉或寻求支持。

所以第 13 题选 C

14
正确答案:D

解析:

第 14 题所在句子为:

Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely ______.

句意理解
这句话的意思是“我们的法律体系被设计成将法律与政治分开,正是因为它们本身联系非常紧密”。
逻辑上,这里需要一个表示“紧密联系”的词,因为如果法律与政治本身没有紧密关系,就不需要特意将它们分开。

选项分析

  • A. guarded(被守卫) → 不符合语义
  • B. followed(被跟随) → 不搭配,且不表示“紧密相连”
  • C. studied(被研究) → 不符合语境
  • D. tied(被绑在一起,紧密相关) → 符合逻辑和搭配

因此正确答案是 D. tied,表示法律与政治在现实中紧密相连,所以需要制度设计来使它们分离,以保持司法独立。

15
正确答案:A

解析:

第15题所在句为:

Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property.

句子意思:宪法是政治性的,因为它源于植根于基本社会______的选择,比如自由和财产。

选项分析

  • A. concepts(概念)—— “liberty” 和 “property” 是基本的社会概念,符合“植根于基本社会概念”的语义。
  • B. theories(理论)—— 自由和财产不是“理论”,而是社会理念或概念,不太贴切。
  • C. divisions(划分、部分)—— 自由和财产不是社会的“划分”,语义不通。
  • D. convenience(便利)—— 与自由、财产这类根本价值无关,不合逻辑。

因此正确答案是 A. concepts,指自由和财产这类基本社会概念,是宪法选择的价值根基。

16
正确答案:C

我们来看第 16 题所在的句子:

When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political…

解析:

  1. 句子意思是:当法院处理社会政策方面的决定时,它 塑造/形成 的法律不可避免地带有政治性。
  2. 这里 “the law it shapes” 指的是法院在判决过程中 形成、确立的法律原则或判例法,而不是排除(excludes)、质疑(questions)或控制(controls)法律。
  3. shape the law 是常见的法律英语表达,意为“塑造法律”“对法律的形成起作用”。
  4. 从上下文看,法院通过判决来 塑造 法律,因此选 C. shapes 最符合逻辑和搭配。

所以正确答案是 C

17
正确答案:A

解析:

第 17 题所在句子为:

When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it $\underline{\quad16\quad}$ is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily $\underline{\quad17\quad}$ as unjust.

句意理解
当法院处理社会政策决定时,它(所阐述/制定)的法律不可避免地带有政治性——这就是为什么沿着意识形态路线分裂的判决很容易 ______ 为不公正的

逻辑关系

  • 因为这些判决带有政治色彩,所以容易被认为/指责为不公正
  • 空格处动词短语应为 “______ as unjust”,意思是“被当作不公正的而______”。
  • 常用搭配是 “be dismissed as…” 表示 “被认为(是某种负面评价)而不予理会/不被重视”。

选项分析

  • A. dismissed:be dismissed as… 意为 “被轻视为…/被认为不过是…”,符合语境(人们认为这些判决不公正而不予重视)。
  • B. released:释放,发布,不与 “as unjust” 构成合理搭配。
  • C. ranked:被排名为…,语义不通。
  • D. distorted:被扭曲为…,虽然语法可能成立,但逻辑上不是“被扭曲成不公正”,而是直接被“当作不公正的而不予重视”。

因此正确答案是 A. dismissed

18
正确答案:C

解析:

第 18 题所在句子为:

The justices must ______ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves ______ to the code of conduct.

1. 上下文逻辑
前文提到,最高法院法官因参与政治活动而损害了法院的独立公正形象,并且他们不受道德准则约束。因此,公众对法院的合法性产生怀疑。
后文说,通过遵守行为准则,才能使裁决更可能被视为独立于政治,并令人信服。

2. 选项分析

  • A. suppress(压制、抑制):虽然可以搭配“doubts”,但“压制怀疑”只是不让怀疑表现出来,并没有真正解决问题,不符合通过“遵守行为准则”来解决问题的逻辑。
  • B. exploit(利用、剥削):利用怀疑不符合语境,因为这里不是要利用怀疑做别的事,而是要消除或应对怀疑。
  • C. address(处理、应对):指采取措施解决问题,符合语境——法官通过遵守行为准则来处理/应对公众对合法性的怀疑。
  • D. ignore(忽视):忽视怀疑只会让问题更严重,与后文“使裁决更可信”矛盾。

3. 搭配与语义
“address doubts”是常见搭配,意为“处理/消除疑虑”,符合“通过遵守行为准则来恢复公信力”的逻辑。

因此,正确答案是 C. address

19
正确答案:D

解析:

第 19 题空格所在句为:

The justices must ______ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves ______ to the code of conduct.

这里的意思是:法官必须通过让自己 对行为准则负责 来消除对法院合法性的质疑。

  • A. accessible(可接近的,可使用的)—— 与“对准则负责”意思不符。
  • B. amiable(和蔼可亲的)—— 与语境无关。
  • C. agreeable(令人愉快的,同意的)—— 不符合“受约束、负责任”的语义。
  • D. accountable(负有责任的)—— 符合文意,即“受行为准则约束,为其行为负责”。

因此正确答案是 D. accountable

20
正确答案:D

解析:

第 20 题位于句末,前文提到“通过遵守行为准则来消除对最高法院合法性的质疑”,接着说“那将使他们的裁决更可能被视为独立于政治之外,______,作为法律而令人信服”。

  • A. by all means 意为“无论如何、务必”,表示强调或允许,不符合逻辑关系。
  • B. at all costs 意为“不惜一切代价”,语气强烈,且与上下文无因果或总结关系。
  • C. in a word 意为“总之”,用于总结,但这里不是对上文的总结,而是对前一个分句的结果进一步说明。
  • D. as a result 意为“因此”,表示前一分句的情况导致后一分句的结果。

这里逻辑是:因为裁决被视为独立于政治,所以它们作为法律更令人信服,这是因果关系,因此 D 正确。

答案:D

阅读理解

Part A

Directions

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Come on - Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good - drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.

Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In Soul Carolina, a state sponsored antismoking program aled Rage Agains the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV - prevention initiative known as LoveLif recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many public - health campaigns is spot on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously lawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers - teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut, Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.

There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits - as well as negative ones - spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.

Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better - behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.

21

According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as

正确答案:D

解析:

题目问的是:根据第一段,同伴压力通常表现为______。
第一段的核心内容如下:

“That whispered message… is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good — drinking, drugs and casual sex.”

这句话明确说明,当我们听到“同伴压力”时,大多数人想到的是它通常导致不好的结果,比如喝酒、吸毒、随意性行为。
这些都属于 undesirable behaviors(不良行为)。

因此,同伴压力在这里被描述为不良行为的一个原因

选项分析:

  • A. a supplement to the social cure(社会治疗的一种补充)—— 这是 Rosenberg 提出的新观点,但并不是“通常”人们对 peer pressure 的看法。
  • B. a stimulus to group dynamics(群体动力的刺激)—— 这是社会治疗的原理,不是通常对同伴压力的普遍认知。
  • C. an obstacle to school progress(学校进步的障碍)—— 文中未提及。
  • D. a cause of undesirable behaviors(不良行为的原因)—— 与原文“leads to no good — drinking, drugs and casual sex”对应。

所以正确答案是 D

22

Rosenberg holds that public advocates should

正确答案:B

解析:

根据文章第三段最后一句:

Rosenberg argues convincingly that public health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

其中 take a page from 是一个习语,意思是“向……学习”或“借鉴……的经验”。
这句话的意思是:Rosenberg 认为公共卫生倡导者应该向善于运用同侪压力的广告商学习。

因此,Rosenberg 的观点是 public advocates 应该学习广告商的经验,对应选项 B. learn from advertisers’ experience

其他选项分析:

  • A:招募专业广告人员(文中未提招募,而是强调学习其方法)
  • C:远离商业广告商(与原文意思相反)
  • D:认识到广告的局限性(文中未提广告的局限性,而是强调其成功运用同侪压力)

正确答案:B

23

In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to

正确答案:A

解析:

题目问的是“在作者看来,罗森伯格的书未能……”,即从文章作者的角度评价罗森伯格的书《加入俱乐部》的不足之处。


定位关键段落:
文章第四段提到:

Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.

这里明确指出罗森伯格的书没有充分探究社会和生物因素,而这些因素正是使同侪压力如此强大的原因。


选项分析:

  • A. adequately probe social and biological factors
    与原文完全对应,是作者明确指出的缺点。

  • B. effectively evade the laws of the social cure
    文中没有提到“规避社会治疗的法则”,属于无中生有。

  • C. illustrate the functions of state funding
    虽然提到“Rage Against the Haze”项目在州政府资金削减后失败,但这只是一个例子,并非作者批评罗森伯格书的主要缺陷。

  • D. produce a long - lasting social effect
    文章确实提到社会治疗的效果不持久,但这是社会治疗本身的问题,不是罗森伯格的书“未能做到”的事情,而是罗森伯格所举的案例本身效果不持久。


因此正确答案是 A,因为这是作者在文中直接指出的罗森伯格书的不足。

24

Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors

正确答案:C

解析:

题目问的是第 5 段(Paragraph 5)表明我们对行为的模仿具有什么特点。
我们定位到原文第 5 段:

There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits - as well as negative ones - spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.

关键句是最后一句:
This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
(这是一种微妙的同侪压力形式:我们会无意识地模仿我们每天看到的行为。)

  • unconsciously 对应 without our realizing it(我们没有意识到的情况下)。
  • 因此,我们对行为的模仿是在无意识中发生的,这正是 C 选项的含义。

其他选项分析:

  • A. is harmful to our networks of friends
    文中只说行为通过朋友网络传播,并未说模仿行为对朋友网络有害,错误。
  • B. will mislead behavioral studies
    该段未提及对行为研究的误导,错误。
  • D. can produce negative health habits
    虽然提到负面健康习惯也会传播,但题干问的是“第 5 段表明模仿行为的特点”,核心特点是 无意识,而不是强调会产生负面健康习惯,因此 D 不是最佳答案。

答案:C

25

The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is

正确答案:D

解析:

题目问的是:作者在最后一段暗示同伴压力的效果是______。
四个选项:A. 有害的;B. 可取的;C. 深刻的;D. 可疑的。


1. 定位到最后一段内容:
最后一段第一句说“同伴群体对我们的行为有巨大影响”是确定的,但第二句开始转折:

Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.

意思是:专家和官员能否成功选择我们的同伴群体并引导其向好的方向发展,这一点远不确定。
接着作者用教师调座位的类比,说这种方法并不真正管用,并指出问题在于“从外部设计的社会治疗”——在现实世界,我们坚持自己选择朋友。


2. 逻辑推理:
作者在这里并不是在否定同伴压力本身的效果(事实上前文承认同伴压力影响很大),而是在质疑人为利用同伴压力做社会治疗的效果。
因此,最后一段强调的是这种利用同伴压力的社会干预方式的效果是值得怀疑的


3. 对应选项:

  • A(harmful)文中未强调有害。
  • B(desirable)作者并不认为这种外部引导的同伴压力效果是理想的。
  • C(profound)虽然同伴压力影响深刻,但最后一段的重点是质疑外部干预的有效性,不是强调其深刻性。
  • D(questionable)符合最后一段主旨——对专家、官员能否成功利用同伴压力表示怀疑。

答案:D

Text 2

A deal is a deal - except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.

The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.

Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management - especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.

Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent - setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.

The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

26

The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, para.1) is closest in meaning to

正确答案:C

解析:

  1. 上下文线索定位
    原文第一段提到:

    The company … provoked justified outrage … when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
    这里说 Entergy 公司宣布要 renege on 一项长期承诺,结果引发了合理的愤怒(justified outrage)。
    由此可推断,reneging on 这个行为是负面的,并且是违背承诺的意思。

  2. 后文进一步印证
    第二段开头说:

    Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not…
    这说明公司做了它曾承诺不会做的事,即“违背承诺”。

  3. 选项比对

    • A. condemning(谴责)—— 与“违背承诺”不符。
    • B. reaffirming(重申)—— 与引发 outrage 矛盾。
    • C. dishonoring(不遵守,违背)—— 符合“违背承诺”的意思。
    • D. securing(确保)—— 与文意相反。
  4. 短语常见含义
    “renege on” 在英文中固定表示“食言、背信、违约”,与 dishonoring an agreement/commitment 同义。

因此,正确答案是 C. dishonoring

27

By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to

正确答案:D

解析:

  1. 定位关键信息
    题目问的是 Entergy 在 2002 年签订协议时的意图
    原文第三段提到:

    The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant… As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.

  2. 理解协议背景

    • 2002 年,Entergy 购买了佛蒙特州唯一的核电站。
    • 为了获得州政府对这笔交易的批准,该公司同意一个条件:2012 年后要继续运营,必须向州监管机构申请许可。
    • 因此,签订 2002 年协议的直接目的是让收购交易获得批准,也就是获得购买电厂的许可
  3. 排除干扰项

    • A 项“获得佛蒙特州监管机构的保护” → 文中未提及保护,只是接受监管条件。
    • B 项“寻求联邦立法机构的支持” → 2002 年协议与联邦无关,是针对州政府的承诺。
    • C 项“获得经营许可的延期” → 这是 2002 年协议中承诺的未来义务,不是签订协议时的直接目的。
    • D 项“获得购买电厂的许可” → 与原文“as a condition of receiving state approval for the sale”对应,是签订协议的直接目的。

答案:D(get permission to purchase a power plant)

28

According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its

正确答案:A

解析:

根据题干要求,定位到文章第4段。

第4段提到:

A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management — especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.

这里的关键词是 management(管理),并且提到了一系列的事故(冷却塔部分倒塌、地下管道泄漏),这些都属于管理实践(managerial practices)方面的问题。

选项分析:

  • A. managerial practices(管理实践)—— 与原文 safety and Entergy’s management 对应,正确。
  • B. technical innovativeness(技术创新)—— 文中未提及技术创新的问题。
  • C. financial goals(财务目标)—— 未提及。
  • D. business vision(商业远见)—— 未提及。

因此,正确答案是 A

29

In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test

正确答案:D

解析:

  1. 定位关键信息
    文章第五段提到:

    The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.

  2. 理解题干与选项
    题干问:“在作者看来,佛蒙特州案将测试______。”
    关键句中的 how far those powers extend 意思是“这些权力能延伸到什么程度”,即“州在核问题上的权力界限”。

  3. 选项比对

    • A:Entergy 履行所有承诺的能力 —— 文中未强调这是该案的核心测试目标。
    • B:各州零散规定的本质 —— 文中虽有提到 patchwork regulations,但这是担忧的结果,不是该案直接测试的内容。
    • C:联邦对核问题的权威 —— 文章确实提到联邦有管制权,但本案测试的是 州权 的范围,不是联邦权力本身。
    • D:州在核问题上的权力界限 —— 与原文 “how far those powers extend” 完全对应。
  4. 结论
    作者观点明确:法律学者认为此案将成为一个先例,测试州对核能管制权的 界限,因此正确选项是 D

答案:D

30

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

正确答案:A

解析:

文章最后一段提到,Entergy 在美国还运营着其他 11 座核反应堆,包括位于普利茅斯的 Pilgrim 核电站,并且已向联邦政府申请延长其运营 20 年。然而,由于 Entergy 在佛蒙特州违背承诺的行为,核管理委员会(NRC)在审查其申请时,应当考虑 Entergy 的承诺是否可信。

关键逻辑推导:

  • Entergy 在佛蒙特州的行为损害了其信誉。
  • NRC 在审查其其他核电站(如 Pilgrim)的申请时,会考虑到 Entergy 是否值得信任。
  • 如果 NRC 认为 Entergy 不可靠,可能会拒绝其申请,从而影响 Entergy 在其他地区的业务。

因此,可以推断出 Entergy 在其他地方的业务可能会受到影响,对应选项 A

其他选项分析:

  • B:NRC 的权威会受到挑战?文中未提及,且 NRC 是监管机构,Entergy 是申请方,不存在“挑战权威”的逻辑。
  • C:Entergy 会撤回其在普利茅斯的申请?文中未提及,且 Entergy 已提交申请,没有迹象表明会撤回。
  • D:佛蒙特州的声誉可能受损?文章讨论的是 Entergy 的信誉受损,而非佛蒙特州。

答案:A

Text 3

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self - deception abound.

Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s “me, here, now” becomes the community’s “anyone, anywhere, anytime”. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new - search, not re - search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albet Szent - Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought”. But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”

31

According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its

正确答案:A

解析:

题目问的是根据第一段,科学发现过程的特点是什么。我们回到第一段原文进行分析:

  1. 第一句描述了理想化的科学过程:
    “In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.”
    这里说的是理想情况——客观、系统、逻辑性。

  2. 第二句用 “But” 转折,引出真实情况:
    “But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.”
    关键词:ambiguous(模糊的)complicated(复杂的)

  3. 后面几句进一步解释为什么不是纯粹客观的:

    • 我们无法摆脱个人背景(life experience)
    • 先前的知识和兴趣会影响我们的认知和行动
    • 误解、错误和自欺欺人的机会很多(misinterpretation, error, and self-deception)

因此,第一段强调的是真实科学发现过程的模糊性、复杂性和主观性,对应选项中的 A. uncertainty and complexity(不确定性和复杂性)

B 项中的 “misconception and deceptiveness” 只是可能存在的问题,不是主要特征;
C 项 “logicality and objectivity” 是理想化版本的特点,不是真实情况;
D 项 “systematicness and regularity” 也不符合文中描述的实际情况。

32

It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires

正确答案:B

解析:

第 2 段的核心内容是“可信性过程”(credibility process),即从一项发现声明(discovery claim)转变为成熟的、被科学界接受的发现(mature discovery)的过程。

  • 原文提到:

    But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.
    This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s “me, here, now” becomes the community’s “anyone, anywhere, anytime”.

  • 这里的关键词是 collective(集体的)和 community(科学界),强调这一过程需要集体的审查和接受,而不是单靠个人的努力。

  • 选项分析:

    • A. strict inspection(严格审查):虽然文中提到 scrutiny,但强调的是“collective scrutiny”,重点在“集体”而非“严格”。
    • B. shared efforts(共同的努力):与 collective / community 对应,符合文意。
    • C. individual wisdom(个人智慧):与原文强调的“集体”相反。
    • D. persistent innovation(持续创新):文中未提及。

因此,正确答案是 B

33

Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it

正确答案:B

解析:

第3段的核心内容是描述一个科学发现声明如何通过科学界的集体审查与互动,最终转变为可信的发现。

  • 原文提到:

    “As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.”

    这句话明确指出,一个发现声明要变得可信,必须经过科学界的检验、互动与对抗。

  • 选项分析:

    • A:吸引公众注意并不是使其可信的关键,文中强调的是科学界的审查过程。
    • B:被科学界检验(examined by the scientific community)与原文“collective scrutiny and acceptance”以及“works its way through the community”对应,是正确选项。
    • C:虽然编辑和评审是科学界的一部分,但只是其中一个环节,不足以概括整个可信性过程。
    • D:被同行科学家频繁引用是可信性可能带来的结果,但不是可信性形成的直接原因。

因此,正确答案是 B

34

Albert Szent - Gyorgyi would most likely agree that

正确答案:D

让我们一步步分析这道题。

1. 题干定位
题干问 Albert Szent-Györgyi 最可能同意哪个观点。
原文中引用了他的话:

“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”

意思是:看到每个人都看到过的东西,但想到没有人想到过的东西。

2. 理解这句话的隐含观点
这句话强调的是观察与思考的独特性,尤其是批判性、创新性思维在科学发现中的作用。
“看到别人都看到的”说明现象是公开的,但“想到别人没想到的”意味着需要突破常规思维,用新的角度去思考。

3. 选项分析

  • A. scientific claims will survive challenges(科学主张会经受住挑战)
    原文虽然提到 credibility process 中有挑战,但 Albert 这句话并未直接强调“经受挑战”,而是强调“想别人所未想”。
  • B. discoveries today inspire future research(今天的发现会启发未来的研究)
    这句话本身合理,但不是 Albert 这句话的核心意思。
  • C. efforts to make discoveries are justified(做出发现的努力是合理的)
    没有直接对应他的观点。
  • D. scientific work calls for a critical mind(科学工作需要批判性思维)
    “thinking what nobody has thought” 正是批判性、创新性思维的体现,与 D 高度一致。

4. 结论
Albert 的话强调的是科学发现需要跳出常规思考,这正是批判性思维(critical mind)的表现,因此正确答案是 D

35

Which of the following would be the best title of the text

正确答案:C

好的,我们来一步步分析为什么正确答案是 C. Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science(科学活动中可信度的形成过程)。


1. 文章主旨分析

  • 第一段:对比理想化的科学(客观、直接)与现实中的科学(受背景知识、兴趣影响,易出错)。
  • 第二段:提出核心概念——科学发现声明(discovery claim)最初只是“原始科学”,需要经过 collective scrutiny(集体审查)和接受,才能变成成熟的发现,这个过程叫 credibility process(可信性过程)。
  • 第三段:描述可信性过程的具体运作——科学界各成员(研究者、编辑、评审、其他科学家、公众)通过互动与碰撞,把个人发现转化为集体可信的发现。
  • 第四段:提出可信性过程中的两个悖论(关注新事物而非重复验证;新颖性常引起怀疑),说明新发现被接受需要时间。
  • 第五段:总结可信性是发生在科学发现声明上的一个过程,类似于“思想的公地”,通过共同推理、挑战、修正来完成。

可见全文的核心是 科学发现如何从个人声称变成公认可信知识的过程,也就是 credibility 的演变过程


2. 选项分析

  • A. Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development
    “新颖性作为科学发展的引擎”。虽然第四段提到新颖性很重要,但新颖性只是这个过程的一个方面(而且会引起怀疑),不能概括全文主旨。

  • B. Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery
    “科学发现中的集体审查”。集体审查是可信性过程的关键环节,但只是过程的一部分,不能涵盖悖论、时间因素和最终“思想的公地”的总结。

  • C. Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science
    “科学活动中可信度的演变”。这与全文主线完全一致:从声称→集体审查与互动→解决悖论→被接受,正是 credibility 如何演变的过程。

  • D. Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
    “在科学入口处对可信性的挑战”。这只是可信性过程初期的一个现象,不能概括整体过程。


3. 为什么选 C

全文反复出现的词是 credibility process,描述了这一过程的各个阶段与特点,选项 C 中的 Evolution 对应文中的 process,并且覆盖了从声称到公认的完整动态,因此是最佳标题。

Text 4

If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public - sector workers but only about 15% of private - sector ones are unionized.

There are three reasons for the public - sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well - educated. A quarter of America’s public - sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left - of - centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public - sector unions.

At the state level, their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.

In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public - sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.

Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawnout battles. Yet, even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public - sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public - sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.

36

It can be learned from the first paragraph that

正确答案:C

解析:

题目要求从第一段中推断出正确信息。我们逐一分析选项:

  1. A. Teamsters still have a large body of members.
    第一段提到 Teamsters 在 1960 年时处于鼎盛时期,但并未说明现在是否仍有大量成员。因此无法从本段得出此结论。

  2. B. Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
    原文第一句是虚拟语气:“如果 Jimmy Hoffa 今天还活着,他可能会代表公务员”,并未说他是公务员。事实上,Hoffa 是工会领袖,并非公务员。

  3. C. unions have enlarged their public - sector membership.
    第一段通过数据对比说明公共部门工会会员比例大幅上升:

    • 1960 年:只有 10% 的美国政府工作人员是工会成员
    • 现在:36% 是工会成员
    • 2009 年:美国公共部门工会成员人数超过私营部门
    • 英国:公共部门工会化率超过一半,私营部门只有约 15%
      这些数据明确说明公共部门工会会员数量显著增加,因此 C 项正确。
  4. D. the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
    第一段未提及政府与工会的关系变化。

正确答案:C

37

Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?

正确答案:D

让我们先看题目要求:判断第 2 段中哪一项是正确的


第 2 段原文内容概括:

公共部门工会兴旺有三个原因:

  1. 他们可以罢工停摆,却不用承担太多后果(shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences)。
  2. 他们大多聪明、受过良好教育(bright and well-educated)。
  3. 他们现在在左翼政治中占主导地位,例如英国工党与工会关系密切,其领袖 Ed Miliband 就靠公共部门工会的投票支持当选。

选项分析:

  • A. Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
    文中没有说他们“谨慎行事”,而是说他们可以罢工却不用承担严重后果,这并不等于“prudent(谨慎)”,所以 A 错。

  • B. Education is required for public-sector union membership.
    文中只说很多公共部门工会成员受过良好教育(a quarter have a university degree),但并没有说“必须要有教育(学历)才能加入”,所以 B 错。

  • C. Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
    文中说工党与工会主义有长期联系(associated with trade unionism),并不是“fighting against”,所以 C 错。

  • D. Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
    对应第一个原因:他们可以 shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences,意思就是“很少因行动而惹上麻烦”,与 D 表述一致。


因此正确答案是 D。

38

It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is

正确答案:B

我们先看题目要求:从第 4 段推断,公共部门的收入情况如何。

第 4 段原文

In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.

关键信息

  • 公共部门平均工资高于私营部门。
  • 但真正的收益来自 福利和工作制度
  • 政治家们反复“延期支付”公共部门的薪酬协议——保持工资增长适度,但增加假期和已经很慷慨的养老金。

分析
“backloaded” 意味着把报酬延后,比如不是直接涨很多工资,而是增加养老金等未来福利。
因此,公共部门收入的增加不是直接体现在工资上,而是通过福利(养老金等)间接提高的。

选项分析
A. illegally secured(非法获得)—— 文中未提非法。
B. indirectly augmented(间接增加)—— 对应“backloaded”方式,通过福利间接增加收入。
C. excessively increased(过度增加)—— 文中只说工资增长适度(modest),所以不是过度增加。
D. fairly adjusted(公平调整)—— 文中没有评价公平与否。

所以正确答案是 B

39

The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions

正确答案:C

好的,我们来逐步分析这道题。


1. 定位原文
题目问的是“威斯康星州工会的例子表明工会______”。
原文对应在倒数第二段:

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.


2. 上下文逻辑

  • 前文(倒数第三段)提到公共部门改革遭到强烈反对(Reform has been vigorously opposed),尤其在教育领域。
  • 接着讲“当这些(工会带来的)代价对其他人变得更明显时,政客们开始压制(clamp down)”。
  • 然后举 Wisconsin 的例子:工会召集成千上万的支持者反对州长 Scott Walker(他当时推动限制公共部门工会权力的法案)。
  • 这说明工会是在对抗旨在减少公共部门开支和特权的改革。

3. 选项分析

  • A. often run against the current political system
    工会反对的是某个具体政策(公共部门改革),而不是整个政治制度,这里“current political system”范围太大,不准确。
  • B. can change people’s political attitudes
    原文没有强调改变人们的政治态度,而是说他们动员支持者反对改革。
  • C. may be a barrier to public-sector reform
    与原文逻辑一致:工会反对改革 → 成为改革的障碍。
  • D. are dominant in the government
    虽然前文提到工会影响力大,但 Wisconsin 的例子主要说明的是它们对改革的阻碍,而不是强调 dominance。

4. 结论
正确选项是 C. may be a barrier to public-sector reform,因为该例子在上下文中是用来说明工会对公共部门改革的强烈抵制。

40

John Donahue’s attitude towards the public - sector system is one of

正确答案:A

解析:

  1. 定位关键信息
    题目问 John Donahue 对公共部门制度的态度,所以应找到原文中 John Donahue 的观点。
    最后一段提到:

    John Donahue … points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.
    (西方公务员制度的文化规范适合那些安于现状的人,但对高成就者不利。)

  2. 分析态度词

    • 他说这种制度 “is bad for high achievers”(对高成就者不利)。
    • 接着又说:Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
      (银行家的高薪受到很多批评,但公共部门制度不奖励高成就者,对美国可能是更大的问题。)
    • 这里用 “much bigger problem” 表明他认为这是一个严重缺陷。
  3. 推断态度
    他认为这种制度不利于激励高绩效人才,并且把它视为美国的一个大问题,说明他对这种制度持负面评价

  4. 匹配选项

    • A. disapproval(不赞同) → 符合
    • B. appreciation(欣赏) → 相反
    • C. tolerance(容忍) → 没有体现容忍
    • D. indifference(漠不关心) → 文中明显关心并批评

因此正确答案是 A。

Part B

Directions

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choice,which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)

41-45

Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) __________

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century’s culture machine.

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42) __________ I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) __________

For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading content, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining to just consume. (44) __________

Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45) __________

What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” - creations and experiences to which others adhere.

[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.

[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.

[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.

[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.

[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

Part C

Directions

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

46-50

Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.

(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.

This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.

The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.

(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.

写作

Part A

51

Directions

Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to

  1. extend your welcome and

  2. provide some suggestions for their campus life here.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address (10 points)

Part B

52

Directions

write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should

  1. describe the drawing briefly

  2. explain its intended meaning, and

  3. give your comments

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)

(画面中有一个打翻的瓶子,里面的液体洒出了一部分。旁边有两个人,一人手扶额头,上方气泡框里写着 “全完了!”;另一人面带微笑,上方气泡框里写着 “幸好还剩点儿。”)