2013 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | 2 | B | 3 | C | 4 | D | 5 | B |
| 6 | D | 7 | A | 8 | A | 9 | D | 10 | C |
| 11 | A | 12 | C | 13 | B | 14 | C | 15 | B |
| 16 | C | 17 | D | 18 | D | 19 | B | 20 | A |
| 21 | D | 22 | B | 23 | A | 24 | C | 25 | C |
| 26 | B | 27 | D | 28 | A | 29 | A | 30 | D |
| 31 | B | 32 | B | 33 | D | 34 | A | 35 | C |
| 36 | C | 37 | C | 38 | D | 39 | A | 40 | B |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big was leading decision - makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. , he theorised that a judge of appearing too soft crime might be more likely to send someone to prison he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To this idea, he turned to the university - admissions process. In theory, the of an applicant should not depend on the few others randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was .
He studied the results of 9, 323 MBA interviews by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale numerous factors into consideration. The scores were used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one that, then the score for the next applicant would by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been .
1
解析:
第 1 题所在句为:
At first glance this might seem like a strength that ______ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ______ factors.
- 句意:乍一看这似乎是一种优点,这种优点 ______ 人们做出不受 ______ 因素影响的判断的能力。
- 逻辑上,这里需要一个表示“赋予、给予、使拥有”含义的动词,说明这种“优点”使得人们具备这种能力。
- A. grants 有“赋予,给予”的意思,符合语境。
- B. submits(提交)、C. transmits(传输)、D. delivers(递送)均与“赋予能力”不符。
因此正确答案是 A. grants。
2
解析:
第 2 题所在句子为:
At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___ factors.
句意是:乍一看,这似乎是一种优点,它让人能够做出不受 ______ 因素 影响的、无偏见的判断。
- 前文说“人们做决定时不太考虑背景信息”,这听起来像是优点,因为不考虑背景信息,就能不受某些因素影响。
- 这里的“因素”应该是指外部因素,即与决策本身无关的背景信息。
- B. external(外部的)符合语境,因为背景信息就是外部因素。
- A. minor(次要的)—— 这里不是强调因素是否次要,而是强调它们来自外部。
- C. crucial(关键的)—— 与文意相反,这里说的是排除这些因素才能做到无偏见。
- D. objective(客观的)—— 客观因素不一定被排除,而且这里强调的是“外部干扰因素”。
因此正确答案是 B. external。
3
解析:
第 3 题位于句子:
But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big ___ was leading decision-makers to be biased…
选项分析:
A. issue(问题、议题)
虽然可以说“大问题”,但“consider the big issue”与后文“被日常信息样本影响”的逻辑衔接不够直接,且“big issue”通常指重要议题,不是“整体情况”的意思。B. vision(视野、远见)
“consider the big vision”搭配不太自然,一般说“have a vision”或“broaden one’s vision”,而不是“consider the big vision”。C. picture(局面、情况)
“the big picture” 是固定搭配,意为“全局、整体情况”,正好对应前文“poor at considering background information”以及后文“被日常信息样本影响”——即不能考虑整体情况,反而被眼前局部信息影响。因此 C 最符合语境。D. moment(时刻)
“the big moment”指重要时刻,与文意不符,这里不是在讨论某个重要时间点。
因此正确答案是 C. picture。
4
解析:
第 4 题位于第二段开头,前一段提到 Dr. Simonsohn 推测决策者因无法考虑整体情况而受到日常接触的片面信息影响。接着,第二段以 “____, he theorised that a judge…” 开始,具体举了法官判案的例子来说明这个观点。
- A. Above all(最重要的是)表示强调最重要的因素,但这里不是强调,而是举例说明。
- B. On average(平均而言)表示统计平均值,不符合语境。
- C. In principle(原则上)表示理论上,但这里是在具体举例,不是讲原则。
- D. For example(例如)用来引出具体例子,符合上下文逻辑:前面提出观点,后面用法官判案作为例证。
因此,正确答案是 D. For example。
5
解析:
第 5 题所在句子为:
he theorised that a judge ___ of appearing too soft ___ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
句子结构分析:
- 主句:he theorised that…
- 从句主语:a judge
- 从句谓语:might be more likely to send someone to prison
- 从句条件状语:___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service…
逻辑推理:
- 法官如果之前对几个罪犯判得轻(只判了社区服务),那么接下来他可能会担心自己显得“对犯罪太软弱(too soft on crime)”。
- 这种担心会导致他更可能判下一个人入狱。
- 因此,空格处应填入表示“担心、害怕”含义的词。
选项分析:
- A. fond(喜欢)—— 与“appearing too soft”搭配不合理,法官不会喜欢显得软弱。
- B. fearful(害怕)—— 害怕显得对犯罪太软弱,符合逻辑。
- C. capable(能够)—— 语义不通。
- D. thoughtless(欠考虑的)—— 与上下文逻辑不符。
因此正确答案是 B. fearful。
6
解析:
第6题的句子是:
“… a judge ___ of appearing too soft ___ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison …”
句子结构分析:
- “a judge ___ of appearing too soft ___ crime” 是一个名词短语,其中 “___ of appearing too soft ___ crime” 是修饰 “judge” 的后置定语。
- “soft” 在这里意为“心慈手软”,后面通常接介词 on 表示“对……(犯罪等)处罚宽松”。
固定搭配:
- “be soft on crime” 是固定搭配,意为“对犯罪打击不力 / 对罪犯心慈手软”。
- 类似用法还有 “tough on crime”(严厉打击犯罪)。
选项分析:
- A. in:不与 “soft” 搭配表示“对犯罪手软”。
- B. for:不与 “soft” 这样搭配。
- C. to:可以说 “soft to someone”,但“soft to crime” 不符合习惯表达。
- D. on:soft on crime 是地道搭配。
句意理解:
法官担心自己显得“对犯罪过于宽容”,所以更可能判人入狱。
因此正确选项是 D. on。
答案:D
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子为:
… he theorised that a judge ___ of appearing too soft ___ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
这里的大意是:
法官如果之前已经对五六个被告只判了强制社区服务(显得对犯罪“心慈手软”),那么他接下来就更可能判某人入狱。
前后是条件关系:
“如果”他之前判得轻,“那么”接下来就更可能判得重。
选项分析:
- A. if 表示条件,符合逻辑。
- B. until 表示“直到”,语义不通。
- C. though 表示让步,但这里不是转折关系。
- D. unless 表示“除非”,代入后意思变成“除非他之前判得轻,否则不会判重”,与原文想表达的因果逻辑相反。
因此正确答案是 A. if。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句子是:
To ______ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process.
意思是“为了 ______ 这个想法,他转向了大学招生过程”。
前文提到 Dr. Simonsohn 提出了一个假设(speculated / theorised),接下来自然是要验证这个假设。
- A. test(检验、验证)符合语境,表示通过大学招生过程的数据来验证他的想法。
- B. emphasize(强调)不符合,因为这里不是强调观点,而是去验证它。
- C. share(分享)不符合逻辑,因为下文是进行研究,不是单纯分享观点。
- D. promote(推广、提倡)也不对,因为他的理论尚未证实,谈不上推广。
因此正确答案是 A. test。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在句子为:
In theory, the $\underline{\quad9\quad}$ of an applicant should not depend on the few others $\underline{\quad10\quad}$ randomly for interview during the same day…
意思是:理论上,申请者的 ______ 不应取决于同一天随机被选来面试的其他几个人。
选项:
- A. decision(决定)
- B. quality(质量)
- C. status(地位)
- D. success(成功)
逻辑分析:
- 这里讨论的是大学录取过程(university-admissions process),申请者参加面试,最终是否被录取取决于面试表现和 GMAT 分数。
- 文中要表达的是:申请者的录取结果(是否成功被录取)不应受同一天其他面试者的影响。
- “success” 在这里意为“申请成功”,即被录取的结果,符合语境。
- “decision” 虽然与录取决定有关,但主语是申请人时,一般不说 “the decision of an applicant”,而说 “the decision on an applicant” 或 “the applicant’s success”。
- “quality” 和 “status” 与录取过程的随机分配逻辑关系不直接,且不如 “success” 贴切。
因此,D. success 正确。
10
好的,我们先来看第 10 题的上下文:
In theory, the success of an applicant should not depend on the few others $\underline{\quad10\quad}$ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was otherwise.
选项:
A. found
B. studied
C. chosen
D. identified
解析:
- 句意是:理论上,申请者的成功与否,不应该取决于同一天被随机 选来 面试的其他几个申请者。
- 这里需要一个表示“被随机挑选/选择”的词,因为面试者是从申请者中随机抽取的。
- “chosen randomly” 是常见搭配,意为“随机选择的”。
- 其他选项:
- A. found(发现)—— 逻辑不通,不是“被发现来面试”。
- B. studied(被研究)—— 这里还没到研究阶段,只是选来面试。
- D. identified(被识别)—— 不如 chosen 贴合“随机抽取面试”的语境。
因此正确答案是 C. chosen。
11
好的,我们先来看第 11 题的上下文。
原文是:
In theory, the success of an applicant should not depend on the few others chosen randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was ______.
逻辑上,前半句说“理论上不应该依赖于同一天随机选的其他申请人”,后面用 but 表示转折,说明 Dr Simonsohn 怀疑“事实是相反的”。
四个选项里:
- A. otherwise = 不是这样的,相反地
- B. defensible = 可辩护的
- C. replaceable = 可替代的
- D. exceptional = 例外的,特殊的
这里需要一个表示“与前面说的相反”的词,所以 otherwise 符合语境,意思是“事实并非如此”或“事实是相反的情况”。
因此正确答案是 A. otherwise。
12
解析:
第 12 题空格所在句子为:
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ______ by 31 admissions officers.
- A. inspired(启发、激励)—— 面试不是被“启发”的,不符合语境。
- B. expressed(表达)—— 面试不是被“表达”的,搭配不当。
- C. conducted(进行、执行)—— “interviews conducted by…” 是常见搭配,意为“由……进行的面试”,符合句意。
- D. secured(确保、获得)—— 面试不是被“确保”的,语义不符。
因此,正确答案是 C. conducted,意为“由 31 位招生官员进行的面试”。
13
解析:
第 13 题所在句子为:
The interviewers had $\underline{\quad13\quad}$ applicants on a scale of one to five.
句意:面试官按照 1 到 5 的等级对申请人进行 评分。
选项分析:
- A. assigned:分配、指派(通常指派任务、工作等,不用于评分)
- B. rated:评分、评级(常用搭配 rate sb. on a scale)
- C. matched:匹配、相配(不符合语境)
- D. arranged:安排、整理(不用于评分行为)
搭配与语境:
“on a scale of one to five” 明确表示用 1 到 5 的等级来打分,因此 rated 是最合适的动词。
因此正确答案是 B. rated。
14
解析:
第14题所在句子为:
This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration.
四个选项为:
- A. put
- B. got
- C. took
- D. gave
固定搭配:
英语中表示“将……纳入考虑”的常用短语是 take … into consideration 或 take … into account。
此处结构为 “took numerous factors into consideration”,意思是“这个评分体系将许多因素考虑在内”。
- put … into consideration ❌(不搭配)
- got … into consideration ❌(不搭配)
- gave … into consideration ❌(不搭配)
因此,正确答案是 C. took。
15
解析:
第15题所在的句子是:
The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test… to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
这句话的意思是“这个分数(面试分数)______与申请者的 GMAT 分数一起使用,来决定是否录取他/她”。
- A. instead(代替)—— 逻辑不对,因为面试分数不是代替 GMAT 分数,而是一起使用。
- B. then(然后,接着)—— 可以表示“然后被用来”,但这里更强调“接着/然后”这种顺序或逻辑上的下一步,符合语境。
- C. ever(曾经)—— 时态和语义不符,这里不是过去经历。
- D. rather(而是)—— 常用于“rather than”,表示对比,这里没有对比含义。
结合上下文,面试分数是在面试官评出之后,再与 GMAT 分数结合做决定,所以用 then 表示“接着、然后”这一顺序步骤。
因此正确答案是 B. then。
16
解析:
第16题所在句子为:
“… the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is ______ out of 800 points, …”
- A. selected(选择)—— 考试分数不是被“选择”出来的,不符合搭配。
- B. passed(通过)—— 虽然可以说“通过考试”,但这里是在说“总分是800分”,不是“通过800分”,语义不通。
- C. marked(打分)—— “be marked out of 800 points” 是英语中常见表达,意思是“按800分制评分”,符合语境。
- D. introduced(引入)—— 与分数无关,逻辑不符。
因此正确答案是 C. marked。
17
我们先看原文句子:
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ______ that, then the score for the next applicant would …
这里的逻辑是:
- 面试是按顺序进行的,每天有一批申请人。
- 比较的是“前一个申请人”的分数与“在它之前的那个申请人”的分数。
- 即:设当前正在面试的申请人是 A,前一个是 B,再前一个是 C。
- 如果 B 的分数比 C 的分数高 0.75 分或更多,那么 A 的分数会下降。
所以空格处是 “the one ______ that” 中的介词,表示“在它之前的那位”。
“the one before that” 是常见用法,但选项里没有 before。
选项有:
A. below
B. after
C. above
D. before(这里选项 D 在题中实际是 before,不是 below 重复)
根据常见考题,这里选 D. before(在它之前的那位)。
解析:
- “the one before that” = 在那一位之前的那一位(即前前一位)。
- 比较的是 previous candidate 与 previous previous candidate 的分数差。
- 如果 previous candidate 比 previous previous candidate 分数高很多,则下一个会受影响。
18
解析:
第 18 题出现在这一段:
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ______ that, then the score for the next applicant would ______ by an average of 0.075 points.
根据上下文逻辑,这里讲的是对比效应(contrast effect):
- 如果前一个申请人分数比再前一个高出很多(0.75 分以上),那么下一个申请人的分数会下降 0.075 分。
- 这是因为面试官在连续评分时,会不自觉地与刚评过的前一位比较,如果前一位分数很高,就会显得下一位稍差,从而给分偏低。
四个选项:
- A. jump(上升) → 与文意相反
- B. float(漂浮) → 不符合语境
- C. fluctuate(波动) → 没有体现“下降”的规律性
- D. drop(下降) → 符合研究发现
因此正确答案是 D. drop。
19
解析:
第 19 题所在句子为:
This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points…
意思是:
“这听起来可能很小,但要 抵消 / 消除 这种分数下降的影响,考生需要多考 30 分 GMAT。”
选项分析:
- A. achieve(实现)—— 与“消除影响”不符,逻辑不通。
- B. undo(消除,抵消)—— 符合语境,表示“抵消这种分数下降带来的影响”。
- C. maintain(维持)—— 这里不是维持影响,而是消除影响,不符合。
- D. disregard(忽视)—— 忽视影响的话就不需要多考 30 分了,与文意矛盾。
因此正确答案是 B. undo。
20
解析:
第 20 题所在句子为:
This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ______.
句意为:
“这听起来可能很小,但为了抵消这种分数下降的影响,申请人需要比原本______的 GMAT 分数再多考 30 分。”
逻辑分析:
- “otherwise” 表示“在没有这种分数下降影响的情况下”。
- 在没有这种影响时,原本需要多少分是“必要的”?
- 即:需要比原本必要的分数多 30 分。
选项分析:
- A. necessary(必要的) → 符合句意:比原本必要的分数多 30 分。
- B. possible(可能的) → 逻辑不通,不是“比原本可能的分数”。
- C. promising(有希望的) → 语义不符。
- D. helpful(有帮助的) → 不贴合“原本需要的分数”这一含义。
因此正确答案是 A. necessary。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
21
Priestly criticizes her assistant for her _______.
解析:
定位原文信息
文章第一段提到,Miranda Priestly 批评她的助理,是因为助理认为 high fashion doesn’t affect her(高端时尚影响不到她)。
接着 Priestly 解释了助理身上毛衣的深蓝色是如何从时尚秀场一步步传递到廉价商品区的,暗示助理其实也在无意识中受到时尚趋势的影响。选项分析
- A. lack of imagination(缺乏想象力)
原文并未说她缺乏想象力,而是说她错误地认为时尚与自己无关。 - B. poor bargaining skill(讨价还价能力差)
无关信息,原文未提及。 - C. obsession with high fashion(痴迷高端时尚)
与原文意思相反,助理并不痴迷高端时尚,而是认为高端时尚与自己无关。 - D. insensitivity to fashion(对时尚不敏感)
符合原文,助理没有意识到自己其实也受到时尚趋势的影响,说明她对时尚潮流不敏感。
- A. lack of imagination(缺乏想象力)
结论
正确答案是 D,因为 Priestly 批评助理的原因正是她对时尚的无知或不敏感,误以为高端时尚与自己无关。
22
According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to _______.
解析:
题目问的是“根据克莱因的观点,大众市场品牌促使消费者做什么?”
我们需要在文中找到克莱因对大众市场品牌(如 Zara、H&M 等)的描述,以及它们对消费者行为的影响。
定位关键句:
第二段中有这样一句:
Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.
- “renew their wardrobe every few weeks” 意思是每隔几周就更新衣橱,即更频繁地买衣服。
- 这正是大众品牌鼓励消费者做的事:把衣服看作一次性,频繁购买。
选项分析:
- A. combat unnecessary waste(对抗不必要的浪费)
文中没有提到品牌鼓励消费者对抗浪费,相反,它们鼓励快速淘汰衣物,这会导致浪费。 - B. shop for their garments more frequently(更频繁地购买服装)
与原文“renew their wardrobe every few weeks”对应,正确。 - C. resist the influence of advertisements(抵制广告影响)
文中未提及。 - D. shut out the feverish fashion world(隔绝狂热的时尚界)
与文意相反,品牌正是让消费者更深入这种快速时尚。
因此正确答案是 B。
23
The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to _______.
解析:
定位原文
题干中 “indictment” 出现在第二段第 3 行,原文句子是:Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.
语境分析
- 上文提到《穿普拉达的女王》中“时尚由顶级向下传播”的观念已经过时,与 Elizabeth Cline 在 Overdressed 中描述的世界不符。
- 下文说,近几十年来,技术发展让 Zara、H&M 等快时尚品牌能更快反应、更精准预测需求,鼓励消费者把衣服看作一次性,每几周更新衣柜。
- 第三段指出这种变革的受害者包括设计师、劳工、环境等。
- 可见 Cline 对“快时尚”持批判态度。
词义推断
“indictment” 在法律上意为“起诉、控告”,引申为“谴责、指责”。
从上下文看,Cline 写书是为了揭露快时尚的弊端(浪费、污染、压榨劳工等),因此词义应为“指控/谴责”。选项匹配
- A. accusation(指责,指控)—— 符合批判语气。
- B. enthusiasm(热情)—— 感情色彩相反。
- C. indifference(漠不关心)—— 与作者立场不符。
- D. tolerance(容忍)—— 与批判态度不符。
因此正确答案是 A。
24
Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
解析:
题目要求从最后一段推断出正确选项。我们先看最后一段的内容:
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
关键句是最后一句:
Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
意思是“虚荣心一直存在;只有当人们不得不(因价格原因)去可持续购物时,他们才会开始这样做。”
也就是说,只有当价格因素(比如快时尚太便宜,而环保服装贵)不再阻碍时,人们才会转向环保消费。
选项分析:
A. Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
虚荣心更多出现在理想主义者身上?文中只说“虚荣心一直存在”,没有比较谁更多虚荣,而且理想主义者这里指的是倡导可持续的人,他们不一定更虚荣,因此 A 错。B. The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
快时尚行业忽视可持续性?文中提到一些快时尚公司已经在努力减少对劳动和环境的影响,所以不能说完全忽视,B 错。C. Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
价格对于环保购物至关重要。这与最后一句逻辑一致:人们只有在“不得不”的时候(即价格因素起作用时)才会可持续购物,说明价格是关键因素。C 正确。D. People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
人们对买不起的服装更感兴趣?文中没有说人们对买不起的衣服更有兴趣,而是说价格因素会影响他们是否选择可持续服装。D 错。
答案:C
25
What is the subject of the text?
解析:
文章主旨分析
文章围绕《Overdressed》一书展开,该书对“快时尚”现象进行了为期三年的批判。文中提到快时尚品牌(如 Zara、H&M)如何通过快速响应潮流、低价销售,改变了时尚产业的节奏,并带来了浪费、劳工和环境问题。核心论点与态度
作者通过 Cline 的观点指出快时尚的负面影响:- 鼓励消费者将服装视为一次性物品
- 造成资源浪费和环境污染
- 依赖海外廉价劳动力
整体上,文章对快时尚持批评态度。
选项分析
- A. Satire on an extravagant lifestyle(讽刺奢侈生活方式)
文章重点不在讽刺奢侈生活,而是批判快时尚的商业模式及其影响。 - B. Challenge to a high-fashion myth(挑战高时尚神话)
文章开头提到《穿普拉达的女魔头》中的“自上而下”时尚观已过时,但这只是引入话题,并非全文核心。 - C. Criticism of the fast-fashion industry(对快时尚产业的批评)
与文章主旨一致,全文围绕快时尚的问题展开批评。 - D. Exposure of a mass-market secret(揭露大众市场秘密)
文中虽提到快时尚不宣传衣服不耐穿,但这只是细节,不是全文核心。
- A. Satire on an extravagant lifestyle(讽刺奢侈生活方式)
结论
文章主要批评快时尚产业带来的问题,因此正确答案是 C。
Text 2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to rile Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?
26
It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to
解析:
题目问的是:第一段暗示“行为”广告能帮助广告商做到什么?
定位第一段
第一段开头提到一句老话:“一半的广告预算都被浪费了——问题在于,没人知道是哪一半。”
接着指出:在互联网时代,这个比例(浪费的部分)可以大幅减少。
原因是:通过观察人们的搜索、点击和在线言论,公司可以向最有可能购买的人投放“行为”广告。逻辑推导
- “浪费的广告预算减少”意味着广告投放更精准,从而降低成本。
- 选项分析:
- A 缓解竞争(未提及)
- B 降低运营成本(符合“减少浪费”的逻辑)
- C 避免消费者投诉(未提及)
- D 提供更好的在线服务(未提及,重点在广告投放效率,不是服务)
因此正确答案是 B。
行为广告通过精准投放,减少预算浪费,从而降低广告商的运营成本。
答案:B
27
“The industry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to
解析:
定位原文
题干中 “The industry” 出现在第三段最后一句:In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
上下文逻辑
第三段第一句提到 FTC 提议在 互联网浏览器 中加入 “Do Not Track” 选项。
接着列举了 Microsoft 的 Internet Explorer、Apple 的 Safari、Google 的 Chrome 等浏览器都提供或即将提供 DNT。
因此,此处的 “the industry” 是指前面提到的这些 互联网浏览器开发商,而不是泛指所有网络广告商。排除干扰项
- A. online advertisers(在线广告商):虽然 DNT 与广告有关,但这一段讨论的是浏览器加入 DNT 功能,而不是广告商自身的行为。
- B. e-commerce conductors(电子商务运营商):未在上下文中出现。
- C. digital information analysis(数字信息分析):未在上下文中直接关联。
- D. internet browser developers(互联网浏览器开发商):与 Microsoft、Apple、Google 的浏览器产品对应,符合语境。
因此正确答案是 D。
28
Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
我们先定位原文中 Bob Liodice 的观点。
原文第五段:
Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”
他的逻辑是:
- 如果 DNT 设为默认,广告商无法收集用户偏好信息。
- 消费者不会收到更少的广告,而是收到“更无意义、更不精准的广告”。
- 因此消费者处境会更糟(worse off)。
也就是说,他认为 DNT 默认开启对消费者没有好处。
看选项:
A. may cut the number of junk ads.
—— 错,他明确说广告数量不会减少,而且广告会变得更不相关(更接近垃圾广告),而不是减少垃圾广告。
B. fails to affect the ad industry.
—— 错,他明显认为会影响广告业,所以才反对。
C. will not benefit consumers.
—— 对,他明确说消费者会 worse off,即不会受益。
D. goes against human nature.
—— 错,虽然前文提到“Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings”,但这是作者叙述,不是 Bob Liodice 的观点。
所以正确选项是 C。
但你的题目说“正确答案为 A”,这显然与原文逻辑不符。
我怀疑你给的答案可能有误,或者题目来源的答案印错。
根据原文,Bob Liodice 认为 DNT 默认设置不会让消费者受益,所以应选 C。
29
Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?
我们先看第6段原文:
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
解析:
- 第6段说,收到 DNT 信号并不强制广告商停止追踪(does not oblige anyone to stop tracking)。
- 而且由于广告商无法分辨用户是主动反对行为广告,还是仅仅因为浏览器默认开启了 DNT,所以有些公司可能会忽略 DNT 信号,继续追踪。
- 这意味着 DNT 可能达不到它原本的目的(保护隐私、不被追踪),因为广告商可能不遵守。
选项分析:
- A. DNT may not serve its intended purpose. → 与原文意思一致,因为广告商可能无视 DNT 信号。
- B. Advertisers are willing to implement DNT. → 文中没有说他们愿意,反而说他们可能忽略。
- C. DNT is losing its popularity among consumers. → 本段未提及消费者是否喜欢 DNT。
- D. Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads. → 文中未说他们有义务提供行为广告,且与 DNT 话题逻辑不符。
因此正确答案是 A。
30
The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of
解析:
定位关键信息
题干指向文章最后一段中微软首席隐私官 Brendon Lynch 的博客言论:“We believe consumers should have more control.” 作者紧接着反问:“Could it really be that simple?”(事情真的如此简单吗?)分析作者语气
作者在反问中表现出对微软声明的怀疑。- 前文提到微软将 DNT 设为默认可能惹恼广告商,并且微软自己也有广告业务,它如何遵守 DNT 还不明确。
- 作者还暗示微软此举可能是为了针对谷歌,而不是单纯为了消费者隐私。
- 因此,作者对微软声称“让消费者拥有更多控制权”这一理由持怀疑态度。
选项分析
- A. indulgence(纵容)—— 文中没有体现宽容或放任的态度。
- B. understanding(理解)—— 作者并未表示理解或赞同。
- C. appreciation(欣赏)—— 没有正面赞赏的措辞。
- D. skepticism(怀疑)—— 与最后一句反问以及前文对微软动机的分析一致。
答案:D
Text 3
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Perhaps willfully, it is easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
31
Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
解析:
定位题干关键词:
题干问的是“我们过去对未来的憧憬受到……的启发”。
根据 “used to be” 可定位到第一段。第一段内容分析:
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
意思是:直到几十年前,我们对未来的看法大体上是非常积极的,因为科技会治愈人类的所有弊病,从而带来充满成就感和机遇的生活。
选项比对:
- A. 对充满成就感的生活的渴望 → 这是科技带来的结果,不是根本原因。
- B. 对科学技术的信心 → 直接对应 “Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity”,这正是过去人们积极未来观的来源。
- C. 对潜在风险的意识 → 这是第二段提到的现在的情况,与过去相反。
- D. 对平等机会的信念 → 文中未直接作为未来观的“根源”提出,而是科技带来的结果之一。
结论:
过去人们对未来的积极看法,主要源于对科技发展的信心,因此正确答案是 B。
32
The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are
解析:
题干定位
题目问的是“IUCN 的‘红色名录’表明人类是……”,因此需要回到原文找到 IUCN Red List 相关的内容。原文定位
第三段提到:Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” … and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”
信息提取
- “Least Concern” 意味着该物种目前没有灭绝危险。
- 理由包括:分布广、适应性强、数量在增加、没有导致整体数量下降的重大威胁。
- 结合前文作者的观点:人类这个物种有极大可能生存数万年甚至更久。
- 因此,IUCN 的评估支持“人类是一个持续生存的物种”这一观点。
选项分析
- A. a misplaced race(一个被错置的种族)→ 文中 “misplaced” 是用来形容 “gloominess”(悲观情绪)的,不是形容人类种族。
- B. a sustained species(一个持续存在的物种)→ 与 IUCN 描述“分布广、适应性强、数量增加、无重大威胁”相符,即物种能够长期存续。
- C. the world’s dominant power(世界的主导力量)→ 文中未在 IUCN 部分讨论人类是否主导世界。
- D. a threat to the environment(对环境的威胁)→ 文中未提及,且与 IUCN 对人类“无危”的评价无关。
答案确定
根据 IUCN 描述和上下文逻辑,作者引用它是为了证明人类是能够长期存续的物种,因此正确答案是 B。
33
Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
让我们先定位到原文第五段:
Perhaps willfully, it is easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
选项分析:
A. The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
文中提到科幻作家和未来学家更适合探索这些可能性,但并未说人们对科幻的兴趣在上升,属于无中生有。B. Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
Arc 是专注于近未来的新刊物,但文中没有说它“限制”未来学研究的范围,而是说它关注近未来,这与“限制”不同。C. Technology offers solutions to social problems.
本段没有提到技术为社会问题提供解决方案,而是说技术及其社会后果非常复杂。D. Our immediate future is hard to conceive.
对应原文第一句“it is easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future”,以及后面说近未来的技术演化和社会后果“dazzlingly complicated”,因此可以推断近未来难以预测/设想,与 D 选项相符。
因此正确答案是 D。
34
To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to
解析:
题干定位
题干问“为了确保人类的未来,关键是要……”,这需要从文章中找到关于“如何确保未来”的关键信息。关键段落定位
文章倒数第二段提到:But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
这里明确指出“过去是未来的关键”,即我们可以通过过去的长期模式来预测未来,并据此做出基于证据的判断。
选项比对
- A. draw on our experience from the past(借鉴过去的经验)
这与原文 “the past holds the key to the future” 完全对应,是作者明确提出的方法。 - B. adopt an optimistic view of the world(采取乐观的世界观)
文章虽然反驳了过度悲观,但并未说乐观本身是关键,而是强调基于知识的预测。 - C. explore our planet’s abundant resources(探索地球丰富资源)
文中未强调资源开发,而是强调长期模式和风险管理。 - D. curb our ambition to reshape history(抑制我们重塑历史的野心)
文中未提及这一观点。
- A. draw on our experience from the past(借鉴过去的经验)
结论
文章在最后两段强调,通过研究过去的历史模式,我们可以有把握地预测并应对未来的风险,因此 A 是正确答案。
35
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
好的,我们先梳理文章的核心脉络,然后判断哪个标题最合适。
文章结构分析:
- 第一段:几十年前,人们对未来的想象大多是积极光明的,认为科技会解决人类所有问题。
- 第二段:如今乌托邦式的想法不再流行,因为人们意识到很多威胁(小行星、流感、气候变化等),甚至可能觉得人类没有未来。
- 第三段:作者反驳这种悲观论调,指出化石记录显示很多物种延续了数百万年,人类分布广、适应力强、数量在增长,被 IUCN 列为“无危”。
- 第四段:越来越多的机构在认真思考长远未来,例如“Long Now Foundation”的机械钟项目。
- 第五段:思考近期未来很复杂,不如留给科幻作家;而长远未来反而更有把握预测。
- 第六段:从长远视角看,我们可以根据历史模式,对未来做出有依据的预测。
- 第七段:长远视角让悲观论调看起来像一时流行;我们有足够知识来减少威胁,改善后代的命运。
主旨归纳:
文章先承认存在悲观情绪,但通过论证(物种延续潜力、人类适应力、历史模式可预测、知识增长能应对风险)得出结论——人类长远前景是光明的,而非不确定或悲观的。
选项分析:
A. Uncertainty about Our Future
文章恰恰在反驳“未来不确定/悲观”的观点,强调长远可以预测且前景光明,所以此项与主旨相反。B. Evolution of the Human Species
文章并非讨论人类生物进化史,而是讨论未来的前景预测,范围不符。C. The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind
与文章主旨一致:尽管有短期挑战,但长远来看人类前景光明。D. Science, Technology and Humanity
科技只是文中提到的过去乐观想象的一部分,并非全文核心,文章重点是人类命运前景。
结论:
正确答案是 C,因为它抓住了作者的核心论点——人类拥有持续、光明的长远未来。
Text 4
On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
In Arizona v. United States, the majority over turned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws pre-empt state laws are non-controversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field”, and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.
However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36
Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they
解析:
根据文章内容,亚利桑那州移民法中的三项条款被最高法院推翻,是因为它们侵犯了联邦政府在移民事务上的专属权力。
关键信息定位:
- 第二段提到,宪法原则规定只有联邦政府有权制定统一的归化规则,且联邦法律优先于州法律(“Washington alone has the power to ’establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization’ and that federal laws pre-empt state laws”)。
- 第三段指出,亚利桑那州“飞得离联邦太阳太近”(“flew too close to the federal sun”),即过于接近联邦权力范围,国会已经有意“占据这一领域”(“occupied the field”),因此亚利桑那州侵犯了联邦的特权(“intruded on the federal’s privileged powers”)。
选项分析:
- A. 剥夺了联邦警察的宪法权力:文章未提及联邦警察的权力被剥夺,而是强调亚利桑那州越权。
- B. 破坏了不同州之间的权力平衡:文章讨论的是联邦与州之间的权力平衡,而非州与州之间。
- C. 逾越了联邦移民法的权威:与原文一致,亚利桑那州的条款侵犯了联邦在移民事务上的专属权力。
- D. 与联邦和州政策均矛盾:亚利桑那州试图制定与联邦政策并行的州政策,但未被允许,而非与所有政策矛盾。
因此,正确答案是 C。
37
On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?
解析:
题目要求根据第 4 段判断大法官们同意以下哪一项。
第 4 段内容:
However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
关键信息提取:
- 大法官们认为,亚利桑那州警察被允许(would be allowed)核实与执法接触者的合法身份。
- 原因是:国会一直设想联邦与州联合执行(joint federal-state immigration enforcement)移民法,并明确鼓励州官员与联邦同事共享信息与合作。
选项分析:
- A. Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.
错误。文中提到的是“分享信息”(share information),而非“扣留信息”(withhold)。 - B. States’ independence from federal immigration law.
错误。文中强调的是“合作”与“联合执行”,并非“独立于联邦移民法”。 - C. States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
正确。大法官们允许州警察核实移民身份,并指出国会鼓励州与联邦合作,这说明大法官们承认州在移民执法中具有合法角色。 - D. Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
错误。虽然提到国会设想了联合执法,但本段重点在于说明州执法角色的合法性,而非国会干预本身。
结论:
根据第 4 段,大法官们一致同意州在移民执法中具有合法角色,因此正确答案是 C。
38
It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts
解析:
第 5 段提到:
The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
这句话的意思是:唯一的主要反对意见来自大法官安东宁·斯卡利亚,他为州权提出了更强烈的辩护,其理由可追溯到 《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》。
- 斯卡利亚是反对最高法院多数意见的,他主张州权,反对联邦权力过度扩张。
- 他引用《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》是为了支持他对州权的辩护。
- 因此,可以推断《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》在历史上是 支持州权、限制联邦权力 的法律。
选项分析:
A. 违反宪法 —— 文中未提及,且斯卡利亚引用它是为了支持自己的观点,不太可能引用违宪的法案。
B. 损害州利益 —— 与文意相反,它是被用来支持州权的。
C. 支持联邦法律 —— 与文意相反,它被用来限制联邦权力。
D. 支持州权 —— 符合文意,因为斯卡利亚用它来为州权辩护。
正确答案:D
39
The White House claims that its power of enforcement
解析:
定位原文
题目问的是“白宫声称其执法权……”,因此需要找到关于白宫(即奥巴马政府)主张其执法权力的原文内容。
关键信息出现在第六段和第七段。第六段内容
The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
(白宫认为,即使亚利桑那州的法律与联邦法律完全一致,它们也与联邦的执法优先权冲突。实际上,白宫声称它可以否决任何其不同意的、在其他方面合法的州法律。)这说明白宫主张自己拥有高于州法律的执法权,即使州法律符合联邦法规,只要与联邦执法优先权冲突,联邦就可以使其无效。
第七段补充
The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either.
(政府实质上是在主张,因为它自己不想执行国会的移民政策意愿,所以也不允许任何州这样做。)这进一步表明白宫认为自己的执法权可以凌驾于州之上。
选项分析
- A. outweighs that held by the states(压倒/高于州所拥有的权力)—— 与原文“可以否决州法律”相符。
- B. is dependent on the states’ support(依赖于州的支持)—— 原文未提及。
- C. is established by federal statutes(由联邦法规确立)—— 虽然联邦权力确实来自宪法与法律,但这里白宫主张的是超出明确授权的“执法优先权”,并非单纯依赖成文法。
- D. rarely goes against state laws(很少与州法律冲突)—— 与原文相反,白宫正是主张即使州法律合法也可因优先权而否决。
因此正确答案是 A。
40
What can be learned from the last paragraph?
让我们一步步分析最后一段的内容,并对照选项找出正确答案。
最后一段原文:
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
段落大意:
- 某些权力(如移民与边境控制)确实属于联邦政府专有。
- 但是,国会如果真想阻止各州用自己的资源去核查移民身份,它是有权这样做的,可国会从未这么做。
- 奥巴马政府实质上是在主张:因为自己不想执行国会的移民政策意愿,所以也不允许各州这样做。
- 所有大法官都正当地拒绝了这一主张。
逻辑重点:
- 国会拥有立法权,在移民问题上可以限制州的行为,但国会没有禁止州协助核查移民身份。
- 政府(行政分支)声称自己可以因为与自己的执法优先权冲突就否决州的法律,这是对权力的过度主张。
- 最高法院全体一致反对政府的这一主张,即限制了行政分支的权力。
选项分析:
A. Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
- 本段确实提到国会拥有相关权力,但这不是本段的中心思想,本段重点是反驳行政分支越权。
B. Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.
- 正确。全体大法官拒绝政府的“remarkable claim”,即限制行政分支扩权。
C. Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
- 无依据,文中没有提到大法官想加强与国会的协作。
D. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
- 与本段意思相反,法院否定了政府可以主导移民问题的说法。
答案:B
Part B
Directions
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social - science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41) ______ Humanity has the necessary agro - technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(42) ______ This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004, (43) ______.
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) ______. This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) ______. That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline - oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem - oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social - sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.
[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio - economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behaviour: all require behavioural change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social - science research and to integrate it within cross - cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non - profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self - expression is a basic human urge; 46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. 47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. 48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, 49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. 50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
describe the drawing briefly,
interpret its intended meaning, and
give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
(下方配有一幅漫画:一群标有 “毕业生” 字样的人物,面临着标有 “考研”“考公”“留学”“创业” 等不同方向的道路。)
