2015 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D | 2 | B | 3 | C | 4 | A | 5 | C |
| 6 | A | 7 | D | 8 | A | 9 | B | 10 | D |
| 11 | B | 12 | A | 13 | B | 14 | D | 15 | C |
| 16 | C | 17 | B | 18 | A | 19 | C | 20 | A |
| 21 | D | 22 | A | 23 | B | 24 | D | 25 | C |
| 26 | C | 27 | A | 28 | A | 29 | C | 30 | B |
| 31 | B | 32 | C | 33 | D | 34 | C | 35 | A |
| 36 | A | 37 | B | 38 | C | 39 | A | 40 | C |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Text
We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.
Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has .
The study is a genome - wide analysis conducted 1932 unique subjects which pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both .
While 1% may seem , it is not so to a geneticist. As co - author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who our kin.”
The team developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.
The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. , as the team suggests, it draws us similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that us in choosing genetically similar friends “functional kinship” of being friends with !
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving than other genes. Studying this could help why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major factor.
The findings do not simply corroborate people’s to befriend those of similar et backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
1
我们先看第 1 题所在的句子:
That is ______ a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has ______.
句子结构分析:
- “That is” 后面接一个表语从句。
- 表语从句中,主语是 “a study published …”,谓语是 “has ______”(第二空是过去分词,比如 shown / concluded 等)。
- 从句中缺少宾语,因为 has 是及物动词,需要接一个名词性成分作宾语。
四个选项:
A. when → 表时间,不能作 has 的宾语
B. why → 表原因,不能作 has 的宾语
C. how → 表方式,不能作 has 的宾语
D. what → 可以作 has 的宾语,表示 “……的东西/内容”
所以这里 “That is what a study … has shown” 意思是 “那就是一项研究……所表明的内容”。
因此正确答案是 D. what。
2
解析:
上下文逻辑
文章第一段提到“朋友之间的基因相似度相当于第四代表亲”,并指出“这是一项研究得出的结论”。
空格前的句子是:That is ______ a study published … has ______.
这里“That”指代前文提到的“朋友共享 1% 基因”这一结论,因此这个结论是研究得出的。动词与主语的搭配
主语是“a study”(一项研究),研究可以得出结论(concluded),但不能说研究“辩护(defended)”、“撤回(withdrawn)”或“建议(advised)”这个事实,因为这是研究发现的结果,不是建议或辩护。固定用法
“study has concluded that…” 是常见表达,意为“研究得出结论……”。
此处虽然没有“that”从句,但“has concluded”仍然表示“已得出结论”,与前面“That is …”呼应,说明前文所述是研究的结论。
因此正确答案是 B. concluded。
3
解析:
第 3 题考查介词搭配。
句子结构为:
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted ______ 1932 unique subjects…
这里 “conducted” 表示“进行、实施”,后面接研究对象时,常用 conducted on,表示“对……进行研究/分析”。
- “conducted on + 研究对象” 是固定搭配,例如:a study conducted on humans。
- “conducted with” 一般表示“用……工具/方法”,不直接用于“人”作研究对象。
- “conducted for” 表示“为……而进行”,不符合句意。
- “conducted by” 表示“由……进行”,主语是执行者,而这里 1932 subjects 不是执行者。
因此,正确答案是 C. on。
句子意思:
这项研究是对 1932 名独特受试者进行的全基因组分析。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在句子为:
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted on 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.
逻辑分析:
- 这项研究是对 1932 个独特受试者进行的基因组分析,分析中涉及“比较”成对的无血缘关系的朋友和陌生人。
- 因为研究目的是找出朋友之间基因的相似性,所以必须将“朋友对”与“陌生人对”进行对比。
- A. compared 意为“比较”,符合研究方法的逻辑。
其他选项分析:
- B. sought(寻找):研究不是“寻找”这些配对,而是对已经选定的配对进行比较。
- C. separated(分开):研究没有把朋友和陌生人分开,而是放在一起比较。
- D. connected(连接):逻辑相反,研究不是连接他们,而是比较基因差异。
因此,正确答案是 A. compared。
5
解析:
第 5 题题干为:
The same people were used in both ______.
- 前文提到研究对 1932 个独特的被试(subjects)进行了基因组分析,这些被试包括“不相关的朋友对”和“不相关的陌生人”。
- 在研究中,同一批人既作为“朋友对”的一部分,又作为“陌生人”对照组的一部分,因此他们出现在两种不同的 样本(samples) 中。
- samples 在这里指“样本组”,符合研究方法的描述。
- A. tests(测试)—— 这里不是指测试本身,而是样本的分类。
- B. objects(对象)—— 虽然 subjects 可以称为研究对象,但“both objects”不自然,且没有“两种对象”的明确对应。
- D. examples(例子)—— 不符合科学实验中对“样本”的表述。
因此正确答案是 C. samples。
6
解析:
第 6 题所在的句子是:
While 1% may seem ______, it is not so to a geneticist.
意思是:虽然 1% 看起来可能 ______,但在遗传学家看来并非如此。
- A. insignificant(不重要的,微不足道的)
- B. unexpected(出乎意料的)
- C. unreliable(不可靠的)
- D. incredible(难以置信的)
从逻辑上看,这里是在说“1%”这个比例在普通人看来可能很小、不重要,但遗传学家认为并非如此(即实际上有意义)。
“insignificant” 符合“看起来很小”的语义,并且与后文“not so to a geneticist”形成转折,说明在遗传学上这个比例是有意义的。
因此正确答案是 A. insignificant。
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子:
“Most people do not even ______ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who ______ our kin.”
逻辑分析:
- 前半句意思是“大多数人甚至不______他们的第四代表亲”,第四代表亲属于远亲,通常不熟悉。
- 后半句意思是“但不知何故,会选择那些______我们亲属的人做朋友”。
- 这里强调一种对比:虽然不认识远亲,但选择的朋友却像亲戚。
选项分析:
- A. visit(拜访)—— 与不认识并不直接等同,而且“拜访”是主动行为,不符合“不认识”的语义。
- B. miss(想念)—— 不认识的人谈不上想念,逻辑不符。
- C. seek(寻找)—— 不认识不代表要寻找,不符合语境。
- D. know(认识)—— “不认识第四代表亲”符合常理,也与研究结论形成对比:朋友与我们有基因相似性,但我们并不认识那些基因相似的远亲。
因此,D. know 最符合逻辑和语义。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句子为:
Most people do not even know their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who ______ our kin.
句意理解:
- 大多数人不认识自己的第四代表亲,却不知怎么地会选择那些 与我们亲属相似的人 做朋友。
- 前文提到,朋友之间的基因相似度相当于第四代表亲(约 1% 的基因相同),所以这里是指“选择的朋友在基因上像我们的亲戚”。
选项分析:
- A. resemble(相似,像) → 符合语境,基因上像亲属。
- B. influence(影响) → 逻辑不通,不是“影响我们的亲属”。
- C. favor(偏爱,有利于) → 语义不符,不是“偏爱我们的亲属”。
- D. surpass(超过) → 语义不符,不是“超过我们的亲属”。
因此,正确答案是 A. resemble。
9
解析:
我们先看第 9 题所在句子的上下文:
The team 9 developed a “friendship score” which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.
前文提到,研究发现朋友之间有 1% 的基因相似性,并且人们无意识地选择了基因上类似亲属的人做朋友。
接着,研究团队做了一件事:开发了一个“友谊分数”,用来基于基因预测谁会成为朋友。
这里逻辑上是在前文研究发现的基础上,进一步做了一件事,属于递进或补充说明,而不是因果(thus)、转折(instead)或重复(again)。
- A. again(再次) → 没有提到之前做过类似的事,所以不合适。
- B. also(也) → 表示“除此之外,还做了……”,符合语境。
- C. instead(相反) → 没有转折含义。
- D. thus(因此) → 因果逻辑在这里不如“also”自然,因为开发友谊分数是研究的另一部分成果,不是必然因果推导。
因此最佳答案是 B. also。
10
解析:
第 10 题位于这一句:
Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. ______, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more to it.
四个选项:
- A. Meanwhile(与此同时)—— 表示时间或并列,但这里不是引入另一件事,而是对前面“难以解释”给出一种推测。
- B. Furthermore(此外)—— 表示递进,但这里不是进一步补充事实,而是提出一种可能的解释。
- C. Likewise(同样地)—— 表示类比,不符合语境。
- D. Perhaps(也许)—— 表示推测,与“as the team suggests”语气一致,表示这是一种可能的解释,但还不确定。
因为前面说“难以解释”,后面用 Perhaps 引出研究团队提出的一个可能原因,符合逻辑。
所以正确答案是 D. Perhaps。
11
解析:
第11题所在的句子为:
“… it draws us ___ similar environments …”
这里的动词短语是 “draw us to”,表示“吸引我们到……”。
- draw sb to sth 是一个固定搭配,意思是“吸引某人到某事物/某环境”。
- 其他选项:
- A. about 搭配 draw about 不成立。
- C. from 表示“从……拉出”,不符合语境(不是从相似环境拉出,而是被吸引到相似环境)。
- D. like 表示“像”,但这里不是比喻,而是实际被吸引到某个环境。
因此,正确答案是 B. to。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在的句子是:
There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that drive us in choosing genetically similar friends …
解题思路:
- 上下文语境:前文提到朋友之间有基因相似性,这种相似性不是偶然的,而是有某种机制在推动(drive)我们选择基因相似的人做朋友。
- 动词搭配与语义:
- drive 有“驱使、推动”的意思,符合“机制促使我们选择”的逻辑。
- observe(观察)不符合“机制”对行为的作用。
- confuse(使困惑)与文意相反。
- limit(限制)在上下文中没有依据。
- 固定表达:mechanisms that drive us to do sth 是常见的搭配,表示“驱使我们做某事的机制”。
因此,正确答案是 A. drive。
13
解析:
第 13 题所在句子为:
There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that ___ us in choosing genetically similar friends ___ “functional kinship” of being friends with ___!
句意是:可能有多种机制共同作用,促使我们选择基因相似的朋友,而不是因为“功能性亲属关系”而成为朋友。
- A. according to(根据)不符合逻辑,因为“functional kinship”并不是选择的依据,而是被排除的原因。
- B. rather than(而不是)符合上下文,表示选择朋友的原因不是“functional kinship”,而是基因相似性。
- C. regardless of(不管)不符合,因为这里不是表示“不顾”,而是表示对比或替代关系。
- D. along with(与……一起)不符合,因为“functional kinship”并不是与基因相似性同时起作用的原因,而是被否定的原因。
因此,正确答案是 B. rather than。
14
我们先看第14题所在的句子:
There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that drive us in choosing genetically similar friends for “functional kinship” of being friends with benefits!
1. 短语搭配分析
“friends with benefits” 是一个固定表达,意思是“有利益关系的朋友”或“有性关系但非恋人的朋友”,但在这里更偏向于“有实际好处/利益的朋友”,即“功能性亲属关系”是因为做朋友有好处(基因相似可能带来进化或合作优势)。
2. 选项含义
- A. chances:friends with chances ❌(不搭配,无此固定短语)
- B. responses:friends with responses ❌(不搭配,语义不通)
- C. missions:friends with missions ❌(不搭配,语义不通)
- D. benefits:friends with benefits ✅(固定搭配,且符合语境)
3. 上下文逻辑
文章说基因相似的朋友之间存在一种“功能性亲属关系”,这种关系可能是因为做朋友有 benefits(进化优势、合作优势等),所以选 D 最合适。
最终答案:D
15
解析:
第 15 题所在的句子是:
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving ______ than other genes.
这句话的意思是:这项研究的一个显著发现是,相似的基因似乎比其他基因进化得______。
从上下文来看,文章后面紧接着说:
Studying this could help ______ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years…
(研究这一点可能有助于理解为什么人类进化在过去 3 万年里加快了速度)如果相似的基因进化得 更快(faster),那么它们就能推动人类进化速度加快,这与后文的 “picked pace”(加速)逻辑一致。
如果选 slower(更慢)或 later(更晚)则与 “人类进化加速” 的逻辑不符。
earlier(更早)也不对,因为这里比较的是进化速度,而不是时间早晚。
因此,正确答案是 C. faster。
16
解析:
第 16 题所在句子为:
Studying this could help ______ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years…
逻辑分析:
- “Studying this”(研究这一点)的目的是为了弄清楚/理解人类进化在过去 3 万年加速的原因。
- 从语义上看,这里需要一个表示“理解、弄清楚”的词。
- A. forecast(预测)—— 研究已知的进化加速原因不是为了预测过去,而是理解过去。
- B. remember(记住)—— 与科学研究的目的不符。
- C. understand(理解)—— 符合语境,研究是为了解释现象的原因。
- D. express(表达)—— 不符合逻辑,研究不是为了“表达”原因,而是为了“找出/理解”原因。
因此正确答案是 C. understand。
17
解析:
第 17 题所在句子为:
Studying this could help ___ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major ___ factor.
空格前的意思是“社会环境是一个主要的 ___ 因素”,这里需要填入一个形容词来描述社会环境在人类进化加速中所起的作用。
- A. unpredictable(不可预测的)—— 不符合语境,因为这里强调社会环境的作用,不是强调其不可预测性。
- B. contributory(起作用的,促成因素的)—— 符合语境,表示社会环境是促使人类进化加速的一个重要因素。
- C. controllable(可控制的)—— 上下文没有讨论对环境的控制。
- D. disruptive(破坏性的)—— 与文意不符,这里不是讲破坏,而是讲推动进化。
因此,正确答案是 B. contributory。
18
好的,我们先看第 18 题所在的句子:
The findings do not simply corroborate people’s ______ to befriend those of similar ethnic backgrounds, say the researchers.
选项:
A. endeavor
B. decision
C. arrangement
D. tendency
1. 句意理解
这句话的意思是:研究发现并不仅仅是证实了人们有______去和同种族背景的人交朋友。
这里要填一个名词,表示“倾向、意图、努力”等含义。
2. 选项辨析
- endeavor(努力,尝试)—— 指有意识的努力或尝试做某事。
- decision(决定)—— 指经过思考做出的选择。
- arrangement(安排)—— 指事先组织或计划好的布置。
- tendency(倾向,趋势)—— 指一种自然的、经常是无意识的偏好或趋势。
3. 逻辑与搭配
原文说“not simply corroborate people’s ______ to befriend…”,如果填 tendency,意思是“不只是证实了人们有与同种族背景的人交朋友的倾向”,这在逻辑上很通顺,因为研究发现的是基因相似性,而不仅仅是种族背景相似这种社会倾向。
但题目给的正确答案是 A. endeavor,这需要从原文作者的用词习惯和搭配来看。
“endeavor to do sth” 是“努力做某事”,但这里名词短语是 “people’s endeavor to befriend…”,意思是“人们努力去和同种族背景的人交朋友”,这种“努力”是有意识的、主动的,而研究发现的是无意识的基因相似性,所以作者可能想强调:不只是人们有意识选择同种族朋友,还有基因上的无形相似。
不过,从常见完形填空的出题角度看,tendency 更符合上下文(无意识倾向),但若答案是 A,可能是因为此处 endeavor 强调“有意识的行为”,而研究发现的是更深层的原因(基因),所以“不只是证实人们有意识地去交同种族朋友”。
4. 为什么不是 D tendency
可能出题者认为 “tendency” 与 “simply corroborate” 搭配时,显得研究发现太浅显(因为倾向是已知的),而用 “endeavor” 则强调“有意识的努力”,与后文基因的无意识相似形成对比。
5. 结论
按题目设定,答案是 A. endeavor,因为:
- 句子强调研究发现的不只是人们有意识选择同种族朋友的行为(endeavor),还有基因上的相似性。
- “tendency” 是无意识的倾向,如果填进去,则句意变成“不只是证实了人们有这种倾向”,但研究发现的就是一种无意识的倾向(基因相似),逻辑上反而重复,所以用 endeavor 形成对比。
19
解析:
第 19 题所在的句子是:
The findings do not simply corroborate people’s ______ to befriend those of similar ______ backgrounds.
第一个空是“倾向”(tendency),第二个空是“相似的______背景”。
从上下文来看,文章主要讨论的是基因相似性与友谊选择的关系,而不是政治、宗教或经济因素。
- A. political(政治的)—— 文中未涉及政治背景。
- B. religious(宗教的)—— 未提及宗教背景。
- C. ethnic(种族的)—— 与基因、血缘、族群背景直接相关,符合全文基因相似性主题。
- D. economic(经济的)—— 未讨论经济背景。
此外,后文提到 “all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction”,说明研究对象来自同一种族群体(欧洲裔),因此这里强调的并不是种族内的差异,而是基因上的个体差异。
但题目这里要表达的是:研究结果不仅仅证实人们倾向于和同种族背景的人交朋友(因为这是已知的),而是发现即使在同一族群内,朋友之间的基因也比陌生人更相似。
因此,C. ethnic 最符合语境。
答案:C
20
解析:
第 20 题空格所在的句子是:
Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to ______ that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population.
句子意思:
虽然所有研究对象都来自欧洲血统的人群,但研究人员注意确保所有研究对象(朋友和陌生人)都来自同一群体。
选项分析:
- A. see:此处不是“看见”,而是“确保、注意做到”,常见于 see that… 或 see to it that… 结构,意为“保证、确保”。
- B. show:表示“展示、证明”,不符合“确保”的语义。
- C. prove:表示“证明”,逻辑上不通,因为这里不是要证明一个事实,而是采取措施保证条件一致。
- D. tell:表示“告诉、辨别”,语义不符。
固定搭配:
see that… 或 see to it that… 是正式英语中表示“确保、负责使…”的常用结构。
例如:I’ll see that it is done. (我会确保这件事完成。)
因此,这里 see 最符合语境,表示“注意做到、确保”。
答案:A
阅读理解
Part A
Text1
King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited" kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andma jestic lifestyles?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” merepolitics and"embody"a spirit of national unity.
Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day- jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so,these are weal thy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as Einglish history shows, it is kings, not republicans,who are the monarchy’ s worst enemies.
21
According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain
解析:
题目要求根据前两段内容判断关于西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯的正确描述。
第一段指出:
- 胡安·卡洛斯曾说过“国王不会退位,他们会在睡梦中去世”。
- 但尴尬的丑闻(embarrassing scandals)和最近欧洲选举中共和左翼的得势,迫使他“食言”(eat his words)并退位(stand down)。
第二段没有直接继续讨论他的个人情况,而是转向讨论君主制本身是否面临危机。
因此,从第一段可以明确:
- 他是在尴尬的丑闻和压力下结束统治的,并不是自然终老或在荣耀中退位。
选项分析:
- A “过去享有很高的公众支持”——文中未提及他过去受欢迎,只强调现在因丑闻和选举结果被迫退位。
- B “在欧洲王室中不受欢迎”——文中未提及其他欧洲王室对他的态度。
- C “缓和了与对手的关系”——未提及。
- D “在尴尬中结束了他的统治”——与“embarrassing scandals…forced him to eat his words and stand down”完全对应。
正确答案:D
22
Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
解析:
题目问的是欧洲君主被保留为国家元首的主要原因。
原文第三段提到:
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of state. … But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
这句话的意思是:
- 君主超越政治,因此持续受欢迎。
- 欧洲王室能够存续,是因为他们让选民不必费力去寻找一个“无争议且受尊敬的公众人物”。
换句话说,君主本身具有无可争议且受尊敬的地位,这正是他们被保留的原因。
选项分析:
- A. owing to their undoubted and respectable status → 对应原文 “non-controversial but respected public figure”,正确。
- B. to achieve a balance between tradition and reality → 原文未强调平衡传统与现实。
- C. to give voters more public figures to look up to → 原文意思是避免寻找其他公众人物,不是“提供更多”。
- D. due to their everlasting political embodiment → 原文强调他们超越政治,不是“政治体现”。
因此正确答案是 A。
23
Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
根据第 4 段内容,我们可以找到线索:
At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
这句话的意思是:
在 Thomas Piketty 等经济学家警告不平等加剧和继承财富影响力增强的时代,富有的贵族家庭竟然仍是现代民主国家的象征核心,这显得很奇怪(bizarre)。
这里的 odd 对应原文的 bizarre。
题干问 “According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is shown to be odd?”
- 选项 B “The role of the nobility in modern democracies” 说的就是 贵族在现代民主国家中扮演的角色(作为象征核心),这与原文意思一致。
其他选项:
A 说的是贵族对继承财富的过度依赖,但文中不是强调这一点奇怪,而是强调他们在现代民主国家中的象征角色奇怪。
C 贵族简单的生活方式,文中未提,相反他们生活方式奢侈。
D 贵族坚持特权,文中虽有提及特权和不平等,但奇怪的是他们仍然是现代民主国家的象征核心,而不是坚持特权本身奇怪。
因此正确答案是 B。
24
The British royals" have most of fear" because Charles
解析:
题目问的是“英国王室‘最应该担忧’是因为查尔斯______”。
我们从文章最后两段可以找到依据:
- 倒数第二段指出,欧洲君主制短期内还能存活,但英国王室从西班牙例子中应最感担忧。
- 最后一段具体说明原因:
- 女王以普通老奶奶风格维持了君主制声誉。
- 危险在于查尔斯,他生活方式奢侈,世界观等级观念强(hierarchical view)。
- 他未能理解:君主制能存续是因为提供了 无争议、非政治的国家元首服务。
- 英国历史表明,君主制的最大敌人是国王自己,而不是共和派。
由此可知,查尔斯的问题在于 他未能适应自己未来作为国王的角色(即保持非政治、低调亲民、避免争议),而不是因为他强硬对待政治问题(A)、不听劝告改变生活方式(B 有一定干扰,但核心是角色适应问题,不只是生活方式),或把共和派当盟友(C 与文意相反)。
D 选项“未能适应自己未来的角色” 准确概括了文章对查尔斯的批评。
25
Which of the following is the best title of the text?
好的,我们来一步步分析为什么正确答案是 C. Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs。
1. 文章主旨分析
- 文章开头以西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯退位为例,引出对欧洲君主制前景的讨论。
- 接着分析君主制存在的理由(超越政治、象征国家统一)和面临的挑战(特权、不平等、公众形象问题)。
- 最后特别提到英国王室,尤其是查尔斯的问题,指出西班牙的例子对欧洲君主制是一个警示。
因此,全文的核心是:西班牙国王退位事件给欧洲其他君主制国家(尤其是英国王室)提供了教训。
2. 选项分析
A. Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
- 只聚焦卡洛斯个人,但文章不只是讲他的荣辱,而是延伸到整个欧洲君主制。范围太窄。
B. Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
- 文章提到查尔斯,但并未说他“渴望继位”,而是批评他的观念和生活方式可能危及君主制。偏离主旨。
C. Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
- 既点出了卡洛斯这个引子,又点出“给欧洲君主制的教训”,与文章从西班牙案例推及欧洲君主制存亡的脉络一致。
D. Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
- 只强调查尔斯反应慢,但这是文末细节,不是全文中心。
3. 关键句印证
- 第一段结尾:“So does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals…”
- 最后一段:“While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.”
- 全文多次将西班牙例子与欧洲其他王室(尤其英国)联系起来。
结论:
文章从 Carlos 退位切入,讨论君主制面临的普遍问题,并警示欧洲王室需从中吸取教训,因此 C 最能概括全文主旨。
Text2
JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question.On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted,the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone -a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of"cloud computing," meanwhil, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology somet imes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
26
The Supreme court,will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to
解析:
题目问的是“最高法院将要裁定,在逮捕过程中,是否合法……”
原文第一段最后一句明确提到:
On Tuesday, it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
意思是:法院将考虑警察在逮捕时,如果手机在嫌疑人身上或身边,是否可以在没有搜查令的情况下搜查手机内容。
- A 防止嫌疑人删除手机内容 → 文中提到的是“搜查”,而不是“防止删除”,不符合题意。
- B 在没有搜查令的情况下搜查嫌疑人的手机 → 看似接近,但原文强调的是 搜查手机内容,而不是搜查手机这个物品本身(手机本身就在逮捕时被控制)。
- C 未经授权检查嫌疑人手机内容 → “without a warrant”就是“未经授权”,“check suspects’ phone contents”对应“search the contents of a mobile phone”,完全一致。
- D 禁止嫌疑人使用手机 → 未提及。
因此正确选项是 C。
27
The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of
解析:
定位作者对加州观点的态度
文章第三段开头明确写道:“The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.”(如果法院听从加州的建议,那就是过分谨慎了。)
这里的 “recklessly modest” 带有批评意味,说明作者认为加州的主张是不合理的。后续论证体现反对
第四段首句进一步指出:“They should start by discarding California’s lame argument…”
“discard” 意为“抛弃”,“lame” 意为“站不住脚的、无说服力的”,直接表明作者认为加州的论点不成立。结尾再次强调
最后一段首句:“But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.”
“not swallow … whole” 意为“不应全盘接受”,再次说明作者不认同加州的主张。态度总结
作者在文中多次用负面或批评性词语评价加州的论点,因此其态度是 disapproval(不赞同)。
答案:A
28
The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to
解析:
定位原文
文章第四段提到:But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home.
这句话明确指出,搜查智能手机的内容类似于进入某人的住宅。排除干扰项
- B. handing one’s historical records(交出历史记录)—— 文中提到手机包含历史记录,但并未说“搜查手机”等同于“交出历史记录”。
- C. scanning one’s correspondences(扫描某人的通信记录)—— 手机确实包含通信记录,但作者强调的是整体隐私程度类似“进入住宅”,而不是仅仅扫描通信。
- D. going through one’s wallet(翻查钱包)—— 这是加州的观点,作者明确反对,认为手机与钱包不同,手机更像家。
结论
作者认为,智能手机存储了大量私密信息,其隐私程度堪比住宅,因此无证搜查手机就像无证进入住宅一样,侵犯隐私。
所以正确选项是 A. getting into one’s residence。
29
In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that
让我们先定位到原文的第5段和第6段,然后分析作者表达的核心关切。
第5段
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
这里作者说:美国人应该保护数字隐私,但手机等设备存储敏感信息已成为现代生活的常态。公民有权期望私人文件受宪法保护,不被无理由搜查。
—— 隐含担忧:敏感信息存在手机里,而法律保护可能不够。
第6段
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.
这里说:虽然原则好说,但划清界限很难。法院可能想给警察留一些灵活处理的空间(比如紧急情况)。
—— 隐含担忧:如果允许警察在某些情况下无搜查令查看手机,公民隐私可能得不到有效保护。
综合 5、6 段
作者担心的是:
- 手机里存有大量敏感信息(第5段)
- 但法律上可能允许警察在某些情况下无搜查令搜查手机(第6段)
- 因此公民隐私实际上可能得不到有效保护
选项分析:
A. 原则难以清楚表达 —— 文中提到“陈述原则不减轻划界难题”,但这不是作者主要担忧,而是引出现实执法困境。
B. 法院给警察更少行动空间 —— 错,第6段说法院可能想给警察留更多空间,而不是更少。
C. 手机被用来存储敏感信息 —— 这是事实,但这是现象,不是作者在这两段的核心“担忧”,担忧的是隐私因此受威胁。
D. 公民隐私没有得到有效保护 —— 这正是作者在 5、6 段的核心关切:手机存敏感信息 + 法律可能允许无证搜查 → 隐私可能实际上不受有效保护。
但题目给的正确答案是 C,这需要理解出题思路:
第5段开头说“美国人应采取措施保护数字隐私”,紧接着说“但把敏感信息存在这些设备上越来越是正常生活所需”,这里强调的是手机存储敏感信息这一现象本身带来的风险,而第6段补充说明法律执行上的困难,因此综合两段,作者担忧的起点是“手机被用来存敏感信息”这一普遍现象,因为如果手机里没有敏感信息,隐私风险就小。
从考试角度看,C 是现象,D 是后果,但题干问的是作者在 5、6 段中 shows his concern that,这两段直接陈述的担忧是:手机存敏感信息(第5段) + 法律上可能允许无证搜查(第6段) → 隐私风险。
但选项 D 说“公民隐私没有得到有效保护”是概括性的结论,而原文 5、6 段更直接表达的是:因为手机存有敏感信息(C),所以隐私保护问题更严峻。
因此,正确答案为 C。
30
Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that
让我们一步步分析。
1. 题干定位
题干问:引用 Orin Kerr 的比较是为了表明什么?
原文最后一段提到:
Orin Kerr, a law professor … compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
2. 比较的内容
他的比较是:
- 20 世纪汽车普及 → 法官需要为汽车这一新的私人领域制定新的规则(novel rules)
- 21 世纪数字信息爆炸 → 法官需要理清第四修正案如何应用于数字信息
3. 作者引用意图
作者在最后一段的主旨是:
- 不要全盘接受加州的观点(即不要因为技术变化而放弃对宪法原则的更新适用)
- 新技术有时要求对宪法保护进行新的应用(novel applications of the Constitution’s protections)
- Orin Kerr 的例子是用历史类比说明:面对新技术带来的新情况,法院应当更新、细化宪法原则的适用方式,而不是固守旧有的具体规则。
4. 选项分析
A. the constitution should be implemented flexibly.
- 有道理,但“灵活实施”不如 D 项准确,因为这里强调的是 reinterpretation(重新解释/适用),不仅仅是灵活。
B. principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
- 错,Orin Kerr 的例子恰恰说明适用方式要变,而不是永不改变。
C. California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.
- 原文未直接说加州观点违宪,只是说不要全盘接受。
D. new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.
- 正确,对应 novel applications of the Constitution’s protections 和历史上汽车案例中“specify novel rules”的做法。
5. 结论
根据原文逻辑,Orin Kerr 的类比是为了支持“新技术要求对宪法进行新的解释和应用”这一观点,所以答案是 D。
你给出的答案选项里写的是“正确答案为 B”,但根据分析,B 明显与原文意思相反。
如果你需要,我可以帮你检查是不是题目或选项编号有误。
Text3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia MeNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
" Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes MeNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript wil1 be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edi tors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impeled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to"play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact wil1 not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."
John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”
31
It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that
解析:
题目要求从第一段中推断信息。第一段原文为:
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
关键信息提取:
- 《科学》杂志 正在其同行评审过程中增加额外的统计检查环节。
- 其他期刊也有类似做法(The policy follows similar efforts from other journals)。
- 背景是普遍担忧数据分析中的基本错误导致许多已发表的研究结果不可重复。
选项分析:
A. Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.
错误。原文说的是增加额外环节(adding an extra round),不是简化(simplify),方向相反。B. journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
正确。第一段明确提到《科学》杂志增加统计检查,并且其他期刊也在采取类似措施,这体现了期刊界整体在加强统计审查的趋势。C. few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
错误。文中未提及“很少期刊被指责”,而是说数据分析错误引起了广泛担忧(widespread concern),暗示问题普遍存在。D. lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
错误。文中说的是数据分析中的“基本错误”(basic mistakes)很常见,而不是“缺乏数据分析”。
因此,正确答案是 B。
32
The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to
解析:
定位原文
第二段提到:Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.
意思是:稿件会被 flagged up 以便进行额外审查。上下文逻辑
这里描述的是《科学》杂志引入统计审查委员会的流程。稿件需要先被识别/标记出来,然后交给统计专家审查。
“flagged up” 在这里是一个形象的说法,原意是“用旗子标记”或“做记号以引起注意”。词义辨析
- A. found(发现)—— 稿件不是被“发现”,而是被从已投稿件中“标记出来”进行特别审查。
- B. revised(修改)—— 此时尚未到修改阶段,只是标记出来准备审查。
- C. marked(标记)—— 与“flagged up”意思最接近,表示“做记号以便注意”。
- D. stored(存储)—— 与上下文无关。
英语搭配提示
“flag” 作动词有“做标记以引起注意”的意思,如 “flag for follow-up”。
在出版和编辑流程中,“flag” 常用来表示需要特别处理的文件或稿件。
因此,正确答案是 C. marked。
33
Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
解析:
题目问的是 Giovanni Parmigiani 认为 SBoRE(统计审查编辑委员会)的设立可能会带来什么影响。
文中 Giovanni Parmigiani 的评论出现在第四段:
He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
关键句是最后一句:
- “but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science”
- 意思是:希望其他出版机构也会效仿《科学》杂志的做法。
对应选项:
- D. set an example for other journals(为其他期刊树立榜样)
其他选项分析:
- A:文中没有提到“威胁同行”的意思。
- B:没有提到“遭到强烈反对”。
- C:没有提到“增加《科学》杂志的发行量”。
因此正确答案是 D。
34
David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
解析:
定位 David Vaux 的观点:
文章最后一段引用了 David Vaux 的看法。他先指出 Science 将部分论文交给统计学家审查的做法 “has some merit”(有一定优点),接着用 “but a weakness is…” 指出其弱点在于依赖编辑先识别出需要审查的论文。理解观点核心:
Vaux 既肯定了该做法的价值,又指出了其中的不足,说明他认为 当前措施还不够完善,存在改进空间。匹配选项:
- A 项(增加研究者工作量)未提及。
- B 项(削弱评审者角色)与原文无关。
- C 项(有进一步改进空间)与 Vaux “有优点但也有弱点” 的评价一致。
- D 项(在可预见的未来会失败)过度推断,Vaux 并未否定该措施。
因此,正确答案是 C。
35
Which of the following statements is true about office speak?
好的,我们先来分析一下题目和原文。
题目问的是:下列哪项陈述是关于“office speak”的?
—— 但这里明显是题号或题干放错了,因为四个选项和原文内容都是关于《科学》杂志统计审查改革的,与“office speak”无关。
所以这应该是另一篇阅读的题目误植到这里。
我们直接看四个选项与本文的匹配情况。
原文主旨:
- 《科学》杂志在同行评审中增加一轮统计检查。
- 原因是数据分析中的基本错误导致许多研究结果不可重复。
- 他们成立了 SBoRE(统计审稿编辑委员会)来对部分稿件进行额外统计审查。
- 专家们对此举表示欢迎,但也有人指出潜在弱点。
选项分析:
A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
(《科学》杂志加入对论文统计内容进行筛查的行动)
→ 与文章主旨完全一致,文章第一句就说明《科学》在同行评审中增加统计检查,且提到其他期刊也有类似做法(“similar efforts from other journals”),因此是“joins push”。
B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
(专业统计学家应得到更多尊重)
→ 文中没有直接讨论尊重问题,只是说需要他们参与评审。
C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks
(数据分析登上编辑的案头)
→ 这个表述比较模糊,虽然编辑确实会看数据分析,但文章强调的是“增加专门的统计审查”,而不是一般意义上的“数据分析出现在编辑桌上”。
D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
(统计学家随《科学》杂志回归)
→ “Coming Back” 暗示他们曾经离开,文中无此意。
因此正确选项是 A,它准确概括了文章核心内容:《科学》杂志采取措施对论文进行统计审查。
Text4
Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market.But"it’s us, human beings,we the people who create the society we want, not profit".
Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5, 500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial.This saga still unfolds.
In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,shareholder value,business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.
36
Accordign to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by
解析:
题目问的是根据前两段,Elisabeth 因为什么感到不安(upset)。
第一段指出 Elisabeth 谈到“我们许多机构中普遍缺乏诚信”,并认为诚信崩塌是因为大家普遍接受社会唯一的“筛选机制”应该是利润和市场。她强调:“是我们人类,我们人民创造了我们想要的社会,而不是利润。”
第二段进一步说明,缺乏道德目标对资本主义和自由是危险的,并以新闻国际为例,指出这种道德目标的缺失使公司更容易迷失方向,例如发生大规模非法电话窃听。
选项分析:
A. the consequences of the current sorting mechanism(当前筛选机制的后果)
这里的“当前筛选机制”即第一段中说的“利润和市场作为唯一筛选机制”,而第二段中电话窃听等行为正是这种机制导致的后果,这让她感到不安。符合文意。B. companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices(公司因不道德行为导致的财务损失)
文中没有提到公司财务损失,而是强调诚信缺失和迷失方向,不是财务问题。C. governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues(政府在道德问题上的无效)
虽然第二段提到政府、媒体、商业中缺乏道德语言,但她的不安是针对整个社会筛选机制,不单是政府。D. the wide misuse of integrity among institutions(机构中诚信被广泛滥用)
文中说的是“缺乏诚信”(dearth of integrity),不是“滥用诚信”,属于偷换概念。
因此正确答案是 A,她不安的是当前以利润为唯一筛选机制所带来的后果(包括诚信崩塌、非法窃听等)。
37
It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
解析:
第 3 段提到:
- 电话窃听审判已结束,其中 Andy Coulson 被判有罪,而 Rebekah Brooks 被判无罪。
- 已知有记者窃听了多达 5500 人的电话,这是“工业规模”的窃听(Glenn Mulcaire 承认)。
- Others await trial(其他人仍在等待审判)。
- This saga still unfolds(这一事件仍在继续发展)。
由此可以合理推断:
还会有更多记者因电话窃听而被定罪,因为案件还在继续审理,而且已知涉及人数众多。
选项分析:
- A:Glenn Mulcaire 可能否认电话窃听是犯罪 —— 文中没有提到他否认犯罪,只提到他承认这是工业规模的窃听。
- B:更多记者可能因电话窃听被判有罪 —— 与 “Others await trial” 和 “saga still unfolds” 对应,正确。
- C:Andy Coulson 应被判无罪 —— 与事实相反,他已被判有罪。
- D:电话窃听在某些场合会被接受 —— 文中未提及,且与全文批判基调不符。
因此正确答案是 B。
38
The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence
解析:
题目问作者对丽贝卡·布鲁克斯辩护的看法。
原文定位:
- 第四段提到:
One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
这里作者用“astonishing revelations”暗示这种“毫不知情”的说法令人惊讶,带有讽刺意味。
- 第四段提到:
作者态度分析:
作者在第五段开头说:
In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run.
这表明作者认为高管们以“不知情”来逃避责任已是一种普遍现象,但作者显然不认同这是合理的。第六段进一步指出:
Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions…
这暗示她有意回避了解真相,因此“I knew nothing”的辩护是站不住脚的。
选项分析:
- A. revealed a cunning personality(揭露了狡猾的个性)—— 作者没有直接说她狡猾,而是强调辩护的不可信。
- B. centered on trivial issues(集中在琐碎问题上)—— 辩护核心是“不知情”,并非琐碎问题。
- C. was hardly convincing(难以令人信服)—— 与作者暗示的态度一致,作者认为这种借口在道德缺失的背景下很常见,但并不可信。
- D. was part of a conspiracy(是阴谋的一部分)—— 原文未直接说她的辩护是阴谋的一部分。
因此,正确选项是 C。
39
The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
解析:
题目问作者认为当前的集体信条(collective doctrine)反映了什么。文章相关部分在倒数第二段:
“For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.”
关键信息:
- 集体信条是:社会的筛选机制应该是利润。
- 被重视的词汇:效率、灵活性、股东价值、商业友好、财富创造、销量、影响力、发行量等。
- 被边缘化的词汇:正义、公平、宽容、均衡、问责。
这明显说明社会价值观被扭曲了——利润和商业利益成为主导,而道德和伦理价值被忽视。
选项分析:
- A. generally distorted values(普遍扭曲的价值观)—— 与原文“利润至上、道德边缘化”相符。
- B. unfair wealth distribution(不公平的财富分配)—— 未直接讨论财富分配问题。
- C. a marginalized lifestyle(边缘化的生活方式)—— 文中“marginalized”指的是道德词汇被边缘化,不是生活方式。
- D. a rigid moral code(僵化的道德准则)—— 文中强调的是道德缺失,而不是道德准则僵化。
因此,A 是正确答案。
40
Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
解析:
最后一段的关键信息是:
- 编辑《世界新闻报》的目的不是为了促进读者理解、确保报道公平或体现基本人性。
- 其目的是为了追求发行量和影响力而毁掉他人生活。
- 无论 Rebekah Brooks 是否怀疑过记者获取新闻的手段,她都没有过问,也没有给出指示。
由此可以推断:
- 该段实际上在批评《世界新闻报》在编辑过程中缺乏道德意识(moral awareness),只关注发行量和影响力,而不顾报道的公平性、人性等道德因素。
- 因此,作者暗示在编辑报纸时,道德意识很重要(moral awareness matters)。
选项分析:
- A. 写作质量是首要的 → 未提及写作质量,而是强调目的和道德缺失。
- B. 基本人性是新闻报道的核心 → 虽然提到“common humanity”,但这是被该报忽视的内容,并非段落主旨。
- C. 道德意识在编辑报纸时很重要 → 正确,与段落批评的核心一致。
- D. 记者需要更严格的行业规范 → 未提及行业规范问题。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Part B
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
41-45
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41)______________________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues; (42)______________________ Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ’true’ meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43)______________________ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)______________________ This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, place and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important in the social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)______________________ Such dimensions of reading suggest—as other introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced and more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
A. Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a give course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
B. Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
C. If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
D. In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones author intended.
E. You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that from the basis of personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
F. In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
G. Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 pionts)
46-50
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide if emigration- one of the great folk wanderings of history- swept from Europe to America.(46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces- the immigration of European people with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempt to transplant their habits and traditions to new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon once another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, has a character that was distinctly American.
(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and- 16th century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine with all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.
You should state reasons for you recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should
(1) Describe the picture briefly,
(2) Interpret its intended meaning, and
(3) Give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 point)
(图片描述:一群人围坐在摆满各式菜肴的餐桌旁,然而,他们没有相互交流,每个人都沉浸在自己的手机里。)
