2022 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | 2 | C | 3 | D | 4 | C | 5 | D |
| 6 | B | 7 | C | 8 | B | 9 | A | 10 | D |
| 11 | C | 12 | B | 13 | A | 14 | C | 15 | B |
| 16 | D | 17 | A | 18 | A | 19 | D | 20 | B |
| 21 | A | 22 | C | 23 | D | 24 | D | 25 | B |
| 26 | C | 27 | B | 28 | C | 29 | D | 30 | A |
| 31 | B | 32 | A | 33 | A | 34 | B | 35 | C |
| 36 | D | 37 | A | 38 | D | 39 | B | 40 | C |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be to intelligence in animals. plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that consciousness, researchers previously reported.
But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it so greatly from that of animals that so-called of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, “a plant nervous system, 9 to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz. “They claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
This makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. , the signaling in a plant is only similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.
“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold of complexity and capacity is required,” he . “Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from , so investing energy in a body system which a threat and can feel pain would be a very evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
1
解析:
语境分析
第一句提到“植物有某种程度的意识”这一观点在 21 世纪初扎根,“植物神经生物学”这个术语是围绕“植物的某些行为方面类似于动物智力”这一概念而出现的。
这里需要一个动词,表示这个术语是“被创造/被提出”的。选项分析
- A. coined:意为“创造(新词或术语)”,符合“新术语被提出”的语境。
- B. discovered:发现(已存在的事物),术语不是被“发现”的,而是被“创造”的。
- C. collected:收集,不符合术语的创造过程。
- D. issued:发布、发行,多用于正式文件或货币,不如“coined”贴切于“创造术语”。
固定搭配
“coin a term/phrase” 是常见搭配,表示“创造一个新术语”。
因此正确答案是 A. coined。
2
解析:
第 2 题所在句子为:
… the term “plant neurobiology” was coined around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be ______ to intelligence in animals.
句意分析:
- 前半部分说“植物神经生物学”这个词被创造出来,是基于某种观点。
- 这个观点是:植物的某些行为方面可以 ______ 动物的智力。
- 逻辑上,这里是在做“类比”或“比较”,即把植物的行为与动物的智力相比较,认为它们有相似性。
选项分析:
- A. attributed(归因于):常用搭配是 attribute A to B(把 A 归因于 B),但这里并不是说植物的行为是由动物的智力引起的,不符合语义。
- B. directed(指向、导向):direct A to B 表示把 A 导向 B,不符合这里“比较”的语境。
- C. compared(比较):compare A to B(把 A 比作 B),符合语境,即把植物的行为比作动物的智力。
- D. confined(限制):confine A to B 表示把 A 限制在 B 范围内,不符合语义。
因此,正确答案是 C. compared。
3
解析:
这句话的结构是:
______ plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals … nonetheless triggered responses that … consciousness…
- 主句说:植物茎叶中的电信号触发了类似意识的反应。
- 从句说:植物没有大脑。
- 从句和主句之间是让步关系,即“尽管植物没有大脑,但……仍然……”。
- 选项中只有 D. Though 表示“尽管”,符合逻辑。
- A. Unless(除非)、B. When(当……时)、C. Once(一旦)都不符合这种让步转折关系。
因此正确答案是 D. Though。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在句子为:
… the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that ___ consciousness, researchers previously reported.
句意:植物茎叶中的电信号触发了某种反应,这些反应 暗示 / 表明 了意识的存在。
- A. cope with(应对)—— 反应不能“应对”意识,逻辑不通。
- B. consisted of(由…组成)—— 反应由意识组成?不符合句意。
- C. hinted at(暗示)—— 反应暗示了意识的存在,符合上下文“植物可能有意识”的早期观点。
- D. extended to(延伸到)—— 反应延伸到意识?搭配不当。
因此正确答案是 C. hinted at。
5
解析:
1. 上下文逻辑
前文提到植物生物学很复杂,但紧接着用 “but” 转折,说明与动物相比有明显不同。
后文明确说 “it ___ so greatly from that of animals”,这里 “that” 指代 “biology”,即植物的生物学与动物的生物学差异很大。
2. 固定搭配
“differ from” 是固定搭配,意为“与……不同”。
“differ greatly from” 表示“与……大不相同”,符合语境。
3. 其他选项分析
- A. suffers(遭受):suffer from 是“遭受……痛苦”,主语一般是生物或事物,但这里说“植物生物学遭受动物生物学”语义不通。
- B. benefits(受益):benefit from 是“从……受益”,但上下文没有植物生物学从动物生物学受益的意思。
- C. develops(发展):develop from 是“从……发展而来”,不符合这里对比差异的逻辑。
4. 句意验证
“植物生物学很复杂且迷人,但它与动物的生物学差异如此之大,以至于所谓的植物智能的证据是不确定的。”
因此 D. differs 正确。
答案:D
6
解析:
上下文逻辑
第二段作者指出植物与动物的生物学差异很大,因此所谓的植物智能的 证据 并不确凿。
这里需要填入一个表示“证据”的词,因为文章是在讨论科学证据是否足以支持植物有智能的观点。选项分析
- A. acceptance(接受)—— 与“inconclusive(非决定性的)”逻辑不符,如果已被接受,就不会说“不确凿”。
- B. evidence(证据)—— 符合科学讨论语境,表示现有证据不足以得出植物有智能的结论。
- C. cultivation(培养)—— 与植物智能概念无关。
- D. creation(创造)—— 不符合语境,文章并未讨论“创造智能”。
句意确认
“… but it differs so greatly from that of animals that so-called evidence of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive.”
(但植物生物学与动物差异如此之大,以至于所谓的植物智能的证据并不确凿。)
答案:B
7
解析:
上下文逻辑
从后文 Lincoln Taiz 的引语可知,这些科学家认为植物拥有类似神经元的细胞,并提出了“植物神经系统”的说法。因此,他们的观点是支持植物有类似动物的智能结构,而不是怀疑或否定。动词辨析
- A. doubted(怀疑)——与后文他们提出的肯定性观点矛盾。
- B. denied(否认)——与观点方向相反。
- C. argued(主张,论证)——符合“提出并支持某种观点”的语境。
- D. requested(请求)——语义不符,这里不是请求,而是提出科学主张。
句意对应
原文说 “some scientists have ___ that plants possess neuron-like cells…”,只有 argued 能准确表达“提出观点并论证”的意思,与下文的 claimed(声称)形成并列关系。
答案:C. argued
8
解析:
上下文逻辑
第 8 题所在的句子是:some scientists have ___ that plants possess neuron-like cells … , ___ “a plant nervous system, similar to that in animals”
这里的结构是:科学家声称植物有类似神经元的细胞,这些细胞与激素和神经递质相互作用,从而 形成 “一个植物神经系统”。
词义辨析
- A. adapting(适应)—— 不符合,这里不是“适应”一个系统,而是这些细胞的活动构成了一个系统。
- B. forming(形成)—— 符合,表示这些细胞相互作用从而“形成”一个类似神经系统的结构。
- C. repairing(修复)—— 不符合语境,没有提到修复。
- D. testing(测试)—— 不符合,这里不是测试一个系统,而是提出存在这样的系统。
搭配与语义
“forming a plant nervous system” 意为“形成一个植物神经系统”,与前面“neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters”逻辑连贯:这些细胞通过相互作用,构成了一个系统。
因此,正确答案是 B. forming。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在的句子是:
… “a plant nervous system, 9 to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz.
这里在比较植物的神经系统和动物的神经系统。
从上下文来看,支持“植物神经生物学”的科学家认为植物有类似神经系统的结构,类似于动物的神经系统。
- A. analogous(类似的,相似的)—— 表示两者在某些方面可比,符合科学类比的说法。
- B. essential(必要的)—— 不符合句意,不是说植物神经系统对动物是必要的。
- C. suitable(合适的)—— 搭配和语义不通。
- D. sensitive(敏感的)—— 与比较两个系统的相似性无关。
因此,A. analogous 是正确选项,意为“与动物类似的植物神经系统”。
答案:A
10
解析:
第 10 题所在句为:
They ___ claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.
前文提到,一些科学家认为植物拥有类似神经元的细胞,并提出了“植物神经系统”的概念。
这里进一步说他们 甚至 声称植物在根尖有“类似大脑的命令中心”——这是比“植物有类似神经系统的结构”更进一步的、更惊人的说法。
四个选项:
- A. just “仅仅”,不符合语义,因为这里不是“仅仅声称”,而是递进。
- B. ever “曾经”,一般用于疑问句或否定句,这里是一般陈述,不适用。
- C. still “仍然”,表示持续,但这里没有时间上的延续含义。
- D. even “甚至”,表示递进,符合语境:从“植物有类似神经系统的结构”到“有类似大脑的结构”,程度加深。
因此正确答案是 D. even。
11
解析:
第 11 题所在的句子是:
This ______ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, ______ it to an array of electrical pulses…
这里“This”指代的是前文某些科学家提出的观点,即植物有类似神经的系统,可以和动物类比。
把这种观点看作一种看待问题的方式或视角时,用“perspective”(视角/观点)最合适。
- A. restriction(限制)—— 不符合句意,这里不是在说限制。
- B. experiment(实验)—— 前文并未提到实验,而是观点。
- C. perspective(视角)—— 符合,指这种看待植物信号系统的方式。
- D. demand(要求)—— 语义不通。
因此正确答案是 C. perspective。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在句子为:
This makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, ____ it to an array of electrical pulses…
逻辑分析:
- 前文提到,有些科学家认为植物有类似动物的“神经系统”甚至“脑”。
- 这句话是在解释这种观点为什么看起来有道理:如果你把复杂大脑的运作简化,把它 看作 一系列电脉冲,那么植物也有电信号,就似乎显得相似。
- 空格后的 “it to an array of electrical pulses” 意思是“把它简化为一系列电脉冲”。
- reduce A to B 是固定搭配,表示“把 A 简化为 B”或“把 A 归结为 B”。
选项分析:
- A. attaching:attach A to B 表示“把 A 附在 B 上”,不符合“简化”的语义。
- B. reducing:reduce A to B 符合“简化、归结”的意思,正确。
- C. returning:return to 是“回到”,但 return it to… 在这里语义不通。
- D. exposing:expose A to B 是“使 A 暴露于 B”,不符合语境。
因此正确答案是 B. reducing。
13
解析:
前文逻辑:
前一句提到,如果简化复杂大脑的工作方式,把它比作一系列电脉冲,那么植物有类似系统的说法似乎有道理,因为植物的细胞也通过电信号交流。
这实际上是在说植物和动物在“电信号传递”这一点上有表面相似性。本句逻辑:
本句说“植物中的信号传递与复杂动物大脑中的信号发射只是______相似”,并且补充说明动物大脑不仅仅是“一堆通过电信号交流的细胞”。
这表明作者在反驳前一句中可能产生的误导,强调两者相似性很有限。选项分析:
- A. However(然而)→ 表示转折,强调“虽然前面说相似,但实际上相似程度很低”,符合上下文逻辑。
- B. Moreover(而且)→ 表示递进,但这里不是进一步说明,而是转折。
- C. Therefore(因此)→ 表示因果,不符合。
- D. Otherwise(否则)→ 表示条件或相反情况,不符合。
结论:
这里需要表达对比或转折,说明植物与动物大脑的相似性很有限,因此选 A. However。
14
解析:
第 14 题所在句子为:
“the signaling in a plant is only ___ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than ‘a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,’ Taiz said.”
逻辑分析:
- 前文提到,如果简化大脑的工作方式,把它看作电信号脉冲,那么植物似乎也有类似系统。
- 但是 Taiz 指出,植物中的信号传递与复杂动物大脑的神经活动只是 表面上 相似,并不是真正相同。
- 因为动物大脑不仅仅是靠电信号通信的细胞团,还有更复杂的结构和功能。
- 所以这里需要一个表示“只是表面看起来相似,但实质上不同”的副词。
选项分析:
- A. temporarily(暂时地) → 与时间有关,不符合“相似性”的对比语境。
- B. literally(字面上地) → 强调字面意义,但这里不是说字面相似,而是说表面相似但实质不同。
- C. superficially(表面上地) → 符合语境,表示“只是表面相似”。
- D. imaginarily(想象中地) → 强调是虚构的,但文中是实际存在的信号,只是相似程度低。
因此正确答案是 C. superficially。
15
解析:
第 15 题所在句子为:
“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and capacity is required.”
- A. list(列表)—— 与“复杂性”和“能力”搭配不当,不符合语境。
- B. level(水平)—— “a threshold level of complexity and capacity” 意为“复杂性和能力的一个阈值水平”,符合科学和进化语境,表示需要达到某种程度才能产生意识。
- C. label(标签)—— 与“复杂性”不搭配,语义不通。
- D. load(负荷)—— 虽然可以说“workload”或“load”,但“threshold load of complexity”不自然,且“capacity”本身已含“承载能力”之意,用“load”会造成语义重复或不当。
因此,B. level 是正确选项。
16
解析:
第 16 题所在句为:
“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold level of complexity and capacity is required,” he ______.
前文已经提到 Taiz 的观点,这里继续引用他的话,属于补充说明前一个观点(植物没有动物那样复杂的脑结构,因此不可能有意识)。
- A. recalled(回忆)—— 不符合,这里不是回忆过去的事。
- B. agreed(同意)—— 一般是同意别人的观点,但这里是他在陈述自己的观点,不是同意别人。
- C. questioned(质疑)—— 不符合,他是在坚持自己的论点,不是质疑。
- D. added(补充说)—— 符合语境,他在前一句观点后进一步补充说明。
因此正确答案是 D. added。
17
解析:
第 17 题所在句子为:
Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the 17 that they have consciousness are effectively zero.
1. 句意理解
这句话的意思是:由于植物没有神经系统,它们拥有意识的 可能性 实际上是零。
这里需要一个表示“可能性”的词。
2. 选项分析
- A. chances:可以表示“可能性”,符合句意。
- B. risks:风险,与“可能性”不同,这里不是讨论风险。
- C. excuses:借口,语义不符。
- D. assumptions:假设,虽然前面科学家有过假设,但这里是在说“可能性为零”,而不是“假设为零”。
3. 固定搭配与语境
“the chances that…” 是一个常见表达,意为“……的可能性”。
例如:The chances that it will rain are high.
此处 “the chances that they have consciousness are effectively zero” 完全通顺。
4. 排除法
- risks 一般指负面事件发生的可能性,这里不是说“风险”,而是“可能性”本身。
- excuses 完全无关。
- assumptions 代入后意思变成“假设为零”,但文章是说“假设它们有意识的可能性为零”,所以 assumptions 不对。
因此,正确答案是 A. chances。
18
解析:
上下文逻辑:
原文提到“Plants can’t run away from ”,意思是“植物无法逃离”。从常识和生物进化角度看,植物是固定生长的,无法像动物一样移动以躲避危险。词义辨析:
- A. danger(危险)—— 植物无法逃离危险,符合常识和上下文。
- B. failure(失败)—— 与“逃离”搭配不合理。
- C. warning(警告)—— 植物无法逃离“警告”逻辑不通。
- D. control(控制)—— 与语境不符,这里讨论的是外界威胁,不是控制。
段落主旨:
后文提到“investing energy in a body system which ______ a threat and can feel pain”(投入能量到一个能______威胁并感受疼痛的身体系统),进一步说明这里讨论的是植物面对危险时的进化策略。
因此,A. danger 是唯一符合逻辑和语境的选项。
19
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文说植物无法逃离危险,因此如果它们进化出一个能“感知威胁并感受疼痛”的身体系统,那将是一种非常不利的进化策略。
这里的“身体系统”需要先识别威胁,然后才能感受疼痛。
所以空格处应填入表示“识别、察觉”含义的词。选项分析
- A. represents(代表、象征)—— 不符合“感知威胁”的语境。
- B. includes(包含)—— 不能说“系统包含威胁”,逻辑不通。
- C. reveals(揭示、显示)—— 主语一般是“证据、调查”等,不是“身体系统”去揭示威胁。
- D. recognizes(识别、辨认)—— 符合“系统检测到威胁”的语义,且与后面“感受疼痛”构成递进关系。
固定搭配与语义连贯
“a body system which recognizes a threat and can feel pain” 是合理的表达,指一个既能识别威胁又能感受疼痛的身体系统。
从进化角度看,植物没有逃避能力,因此识别威胁并感受痛苦只会浪费能量,对生存无益。
因此正确答案是 D. recognizes。
20
解析:
上下文逻辑
文章最后一段提到,植物无法逃离危险,因此如果它们进化出能感知威胁和疼痛的意识系统,会消耗能量,而这种进化策略在生存上并不划算。语义搭配
- humble(谦虚的)与“进化策略”不搭配。
- poor(差的、糟糕的)可以形容某种策略不明智、效果差。
- practical(实用的)与文意相反。
- easy(容易的)不符合语境,因为这里强调这种策略对植物不利。
最终判断
从进化角度看,消耗能量去发展对生存无益的“意识”系统,是一种 poor evolutionary strategy(糟糕的进化策略)。
答案:B
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart. Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”
And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.
Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were spitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.
So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.
Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.
And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve…will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”
21
According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in_____.
解析:
题目要求根据第一段内容,判断博物馆面临的困难是什么。
第一段的关键信息包括:
- 塑料制品会随时间变化,出现开裂、渗出添加剂、熔化等问题。
- 这些变化给试图保护重要文化物品的机构(如博物馆)带来了巨大困扰。
- 受影响的塑料制品种类繁多,包括早期收音机、雕塑、动画胶片、人造心脏等。
- 有些塑料制品由于制作时配方不当,本身就像“定时炸弹”。
综合来看,第一段的核心是塑料制品不稳定、会老化损坏,而博物馆要保护这些塑料藏品,因此面临维护上的困难。
选项分析:
- A. maintaining their plastic items(维护塑料藏品) → 与原文“trying to preserve culturally important objects”和“creates huge headaches”对应,是正确答案。
- B. obtaining durable plastic artifacts(获取耐用的塑料文物) → 文中未提及获取问题。
- C. handling outdated plastic exhibits(处理过时的塑料展品) → 文中重点不是“过时”,而是“老化损坏”。
- D. classifying their plastic collections(对塑料藏品进行分类) → 文中未提及分类问题。
因此,正确答案是 A。
22
Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are_____.
解析:
题目问的是 Van Oosten 认为某些塑料制品是______。
根据原文,Van Oosten 是一位高分子化学家,她提到某些塑料文物特别脆弱,因为早期塑料艺术的先驱们并不总是知道如何正确混合原料。她做了一个类比:“这就像烤蛋糕:如果你没有精确的用量,就会出错。你制作的对象已经是一个定时炸弹。”
这句话的意思是,这些塑料制品在制作时由于配方或工艺不当,本身就存在缺陷,因此很容易随着时间而损坏。
这对应选项 C. inherently flawed(本身就有缺陷)。
- A 项(immune to decay)与文意相反,这些塑料制品正是容易降解的。
- B 项(improperly shaped)文中未提及形状问题。
- D 项(complex in structure)虽然塑料结构可能复杂,但 Van Oosten 强调的是材料本身因制作不当而存在内在缺陷,而不是结构复杂。
因此正确答案是 C。
23
Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to_____.
解析:
根据文章第三段末尾:
“by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were spitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.”
这里明确说明,由于聚氨酯泡沫不稳定,尤其容易受光损害,到了 20 世纪 90 年代中期,这些作品已经开始碎裂、剥落。博物馆将它们锁在暗处,显然是为了避免光线等继续造成损害,即 防止进一步损坏。
选项分析:
- A:防止伤害参观者——文中未提及伤害参观者。
- B:为将来展出而复制它们——未提及复制。
- C:分析它们的成分——不是博物馆不展出的直接原因。
- D:防止它们进一步损坏——与原文“锁在暗处”对应,避免光损害。
因此正确答案是 D。
24
The author thinks that preservation of plastics is_____.
解析:
题目问的是作者认为塑料文物的保护是______。
四个选项分别是:
A. 昂贵的
B. 不值得的
C. 不受欢迎的
D. 具有挑战性的
文章依据:
- 文章开头提到塑料在某些情况下会裂解、渗出添加剂、变成污泥,这对博物馆等机构来说是“巨大的难题”(huge headaches)。
- 文中引用专家的话说,有些塑料制品在制作时就是“定时炸弹”,说明材料本身不稳定。
- 以 Gilardi 的聚氨酯泡沫作品为例,说明材料本身会因光照等损坏,即使后来用化学方法处理(如注入“防晒剂”),也只能部分修复,并且有时仍需放在保护罩中展出。
- 文章最后两段明确指出,塑料保护未来可能会更加困难(preservation of plastics will likely get harder),因为老物件持续劣化,而且可生物降解塑料越来越多,这些材料本身就被设计成会分解的。
- 最后一段还提到,我们处于塑料时代,今天决定保护什么会影响未来对我们的看法,暗示保护任务重要但困难。
综合判断:
文章并没有强调成本高(A)、不值得(B)或不受欢迎(C),而是反复强调塑料材料的不稳定性、保护技术的有限性以及未来问题的加剧,因此最符合的是 D. challenging(具有挑战性的)。
答案:D
25
In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts_____.
解析:
题目问的是“根据 Ferreira 的观点,保存塑料文物______”。
文中最后一段引用了 Ferreira 的话,她指出考古学家通过博物馆中的文物定义了人类历史的大物质时代(石器时代、铁器时代等)。我们现在处于塑料时代,我们今天决定收藏什么、保存什么,将“对未来人们如何看待我们有强烈影响”。
这句话的深层含义是:塑料文物的保存关系到未来如何定义和评价我们当前的时代,因此它具有深远的历史意义。
选项分析:
- A. will inspire future scientific research(将启发未来的科学研究)—— 文中未直接强调科学研究,而是强调历史时代的定义。
- B. has profound historical significance(具有深远的历史意义)—— 符合文意,因为保存塑料文物关系到未来对当今时代的理解与定义。
- C. will help us separate the material ages(将帮助我们区分物质时代)—— 原文是说过去考古学家通过文物区分了物质时代,而不是保存塑料会帮助我们区分。
- D. has an impact on today’s cultural life(对今天的文化生活有影响)—— 文中强调的是对未来历史认知的影响,而不是对今天文化生活的直接影响。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Text 2
As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey. Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries. This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available. Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles. For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 percent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two. It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory. Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: “I am a geographer” or “I am a classist.” Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.
26
The author suggests that Generation Z should_____.
解析:
文章主旨
文章主要讨论了大学学位在现代社会中的价值变化,指出随着大学学历的普及,其价值有所下降,因此 Z 世代需要重新思考是否必须上大学,以及如何规划教育和职业路径。关键段落与线索
- 第二句提到:“Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting.” 说明过去“学位=稳定人生”的观念已不可靠。
- 接着指出:“a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.” 直接说明大学教育并非唯一选择。
- 后文又提到雇主开始放弃对某些职位的学位要求,以及 Z 世代需要持续学习、拥有多项技能等。
选项分析
- A. be careful in choosing a college:文章并未强调“谨慎选择大学”,而是讨论“是否必须上大学”。
- B. be diligent at each educational stage:虽然提到持续学习,但这不是作者对 Z 世代的核心建议。
- C. reassess the necessity of college education:与文章核心观点一致,即重新评估上大学的必要性。
- D. postpone their undergraduate application:文中没有建议“推迟申请”,而是建议思考是否有必要申请。
结论
作者的核心建议是:Z 世代应当重新审视大学教育的必要性,而不是盲目追随“必须读大学”的传统观念。因此 C 为正确答案。
27
The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect _____.
解析:
题干问的是“英国毕业生从事非毕业生岗位的比例反映了什么”。
原文中提到:
As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.
这段话的逻辑是:
- 大学学位变得普遍 → 学位贬值。
- 教育不再是社会流动的可靠途径。
- 用 28% 的英国毕业生从事非毕业生岗位这一数据来例证学位贬值现象。
因此,这个数据反映的是学位价值在缩水,对应选项 B. the shrinking value of a degree。
其他选项分析:
- A:千禧一代对工作的看法,文中虽有提及千禧一代,但数据不是为了反映他们的观点。
- C:公众对教育的不满,文中没有直接提到公众不满,而是客观陈述学位价值下降。
- D:社会流动的理想途径,与文意相反,文中说教育已不再是可靠的社会流动途径。
正确答案:B
28
The author considers it a good sign that_____.
让我们先定位原文中与“good sign”相关的部分。
原文提到:
Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset.
紧接着下一句:
Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.
这里的“this is already happening”指的是前文所说的“学位并非适合所有人,还有其他选择”这种观念正在被接受。
作者认为的好迹象是:
- Z 世代在吸取千禧一代的教训(不再盲目追求学位)
- 雇主也意识到不要求学位的好处
选项分析:
- A:Z 世代寻求获得一个好学位 → 这与作者认为“学位不再万能”的观点相反,不是好迹象。
- B:辍学者愿意成为技术工人 → 原文未直接说他们“愿意”,而是雇主愿意雇佣他们。
- C:雇主对学位采取现实态度 → 对应原文“Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles”,这正是作者肯定的现象。
- D:父母正在改变对教育的看法 → 原文说“parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset”,所以父母并没有改变。
因此正确答案是 C。
29
It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should_____.
解析:
题目问的是第五段建议那些已经有一个学位的人应该做什么。
第五段提到:
- 在这个“通才时代”,拥有专门的知识或技能是有好处的。
- 研究生比本科毕业生多赚 40%。
- 当越来越多的人拥有一个学位时,拥有两个学位是有意义的。
- Z 世代不太可能在 18 或 21 岁就结束教育,他们需要持续提升技能以保持就业能力。
这些内容的核心建议是:在已有本科学位的基础上,继续深造,获得更专门的知识或更高学历。
选项分析:
- A. make an early decision on their career(尽早决定职业)—— 文中未强调“尽早决定职业”,而是强调持续学习和技能提升。
- B. attend on the job training programs(参加在职培训项目)—— 虽然提到 up-skilling,但第五段重点是在学历深造(研究生),而不是在职培训。
- C. team up with high-paid postgraduates(与高薪研究生合作)—— 文中未提及合作,只提到研究生收入更高。
- D. further their studies in a specific field(在特定领域继续学习)—— 与文中的“specific knowledge or skills”以及“have two degrees”对应,因此正确。
答案:D
30
What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?
解析:
最后两段的核心信息是:
- 教育不再是 18 或 21 岁就结束的事情,他们需要在整个职业生涯中不断学习新技能(constantly up-skilling)。
- 由于技术压力、个人实现愿望和多样性需求,他们一生可能会有多个雇主和职业,因此教育是他们职业轨迹的核心部分。
- 与老一辈人用学位定义自己不同,Z 世代知道学位不会像过去那样定义他们,这意味着他们会更灵活地持续学习,而不是固守一个身份。
选项分析:
A. Lifelong learning will define them.(终身学习将定义他们)
这与文中“they will need to be constantly up-skilling”以及“Education … will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory”完全一致,因此正确。B. They will make qualified educators.(他们将成为合格的教育者)
文中并未讨论 Z 世代是否适合做教师,属于无关信息。C. Depress will no longer appeal them.(抑郁将不再吸引他们)
“Depress”可能是“depression”的笔误,但文中没有提到抑郁相关的内容,属于无中生有。D. They will have a limited choice of jobs.(他们的工作选择有限)
文中实际上说他们会有多种职业(five different careers),选择更多,而不是有限,因此此项与原文相反。
结论:
正确答案是 A,因为最后两段强调 Z 世代需要持续学习和技能更新,终身学习将成为他们职业生涯的重要特征。
Text 3
Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future. Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning” One respondent said. One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons, injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK. But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art. More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa. Nature’s poll collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.
31
According to paragraph , art-science collaborations have_
解析:
题目问的是“根据文章,艺术与科学的合作已经……”,需要从文中找出对这类合作的描述和评价。
文章开头就提到了一系列读者用来描述艺术与科学合作体验的词语:
“Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun.”
这些词都是正面的。紧接着,文章提到:
“Nearly 40% … said they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.”
这表明参与过合作的人大多愿意再次合作,态度积极。后面还提到:
“Such an encouraging result is not surprising.”
明确说明调查结果是“令人鼓舞的”。虽然文章后半部分也提到合作需要双向投入、避免刻板印象等建议,但整体基调是肯定和积极的,并且调查数据与读者反馈都表明合作获得了良好的反响。
选项分析:
- A. caught the attention of critics(引起批评家的注意)—— 文中未提及。
- B. received favorable responses(获得了好评)—— 与文中读者评价和调查结果一致。
- C. promoted academic publishing(促进了学术出版)—— 未提及。
- D. sparked heated public disputes(引发了激烈的公众争议)—— 文中无依据。
因此,正确答案是 B。
32
The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that
解析:
题目问的是:文章提到《四季》改编版的目的是为了说明什么?
定位原文
原文提到这个例子是在第一段后半部分,具体句子是:One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons, injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.
上下文逻辑
这个例子前面提到:- 科学家与艺术家合作可以“reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning”。
- 也就是说,艺术形式可以让科学内容更容易被公众接触和理解,并且增强情感共鸣。
选项分析
- A. art can offer audiences easy access to science
艺术可以让观众更容易接触科学 → 与原文“reach a broader audience”和“creative call to action”对应,用音乐表达气候数据,让公众更容易理解和关注科学议题。 - B. science can help with the expression of emotions
科学帮助情感表达 → 原文强调的是艺术帮助科学传播和建立情感联系,而不是科学帮助艺术表达情感。 - C. public participation in science has a promising future
公众参与科学前景广阔 → 原文没有直接强调公众参与科学,而是强调艺术作为媒介让公众接触科学。 - D. art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
艺术能有效促进科学创新 → 原文没有说这个表演直接导致了科学创新,而是促进了科学传播和公众行动。
- A. art can offer audiences easy access to science
结论
这个例子的作用是展示艺术如何让科学内容更易于被大众接触和理解,因此 A 正确。
33
Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership.
解析:
题目问的是“一些艺术家似乎在艺术与科学合作中担心什么”。文章的关键信息出现在以下部分:
But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study.
这段话的意思是:真正的合作必须是双向的。虽然回应《自然》调查的艺术家比科学家少,但一些受访者指出,艺术家不仅仅是帮助科学家完成传播需求,他们的作品也不应仅仅被视为研究对象。
这暗示了艺术家担心在合作中他们可能被看作只是“科学传播的助手”或“被研究的对象”,而不是平等的合作伙伴,也就是说,他们的作用被低估(their role may be underestimated)。
选项分析:
- A. their role may be underestimated(他们的作用可能被低估) → 与原文“艺术家不仅仅是帮助科学家”对应,正确。
- B. their reputation may be impaired(他们的声誉可能受损) → 文中未提及。
- C. their creativity may be inhibited(他们的创造力可能受抑制) → 文中未直接说艺术家担心创造力问题。
- D. their work may be misguided(他们的工作可能被误导) → 文中未提及。
因此正确答案是 A。
34
What does the author say about CAVS?
解析:
题目问的是作者对 CAVS(麻省理工学院高级视觉研究中心)的看法。我们从原文中定位相关信息:
More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
这段文字说明:
- CAVS 的建立是为了探索技术在文化中的作用。
- 它让艺术家和科学家基于共同兴趣(如光)进行合作。
- 它希望推动研究人员同时成为艺术家,反之亦然,体现了艺术与科学的深度融合。
结合前文作者的观点:
作者认为最有价值的艺术与科学合作是双方共同投入、共同设计、互相批评,并能促进新研究和产生有力量的艺术。CAVS 的设立理念和实践正是这种“有价值的艺术与科学合作”的体现。
选项分析:
- A:原文未提到 CAVS 由艺术家和科学家轮流领导。
- B:它体现了有价值的艺术与科学合作 → 与作者观点一致。
- C:它的项目旨在推进视觉研究 → 虽然名字中有“视觉研究”,但原文强调它探索技术与文化的关系,不是单纯推进视觉研究。
- D:它的创立者试图提高艺术家的地位 → 原文未提及。
因此,正确答案是 B。
35
In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations
解析:
定位段落:题目要求分析最后一段(the last paragraph)中作者对艺术与科学合作的看法。
最后一段原文关键句为:The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other.
关键信息提取:
- “go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication” 意味着艺术与科学合作不应仅仅局限于“传播科学研究”,而应做得更多。
- 选项 C “should do more than communicating science” 与此完全对应。
排除其他选项:
- A 项 “可能超出公众预期” 在段落中未直接提及。
- B 项 “会加剧跨学科竞争” 与段落强调合作、避免刻板印象的主旨不符。
- D 项 “比以前更受欢迎” 虽然是事实,但最后一段的重点不是讨论流行度变化,而是强调合作应超越单纯的科学传播。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Text 4
The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000(ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way. Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice. But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success of failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal. If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth. Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong. Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being. Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
36
The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to
解析:
定位关键信息
文章第一段明确指出:Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”.
理解题干与选项
题干问的是《雇佣关系法》中个人申诉条款的目的。- A 项:惩罚可疑的公司行为——文中未提及惩罚目的,而是强调保护员工不被无理解雇。
- B 项:改进传统雇佣程序——文中未讨论改进招聘流程。
- C 项:免除雇主的某些责任——与原文相反,该条款是增加雇主的解雇责任(必须证明解雇合理且程序公平)。
- D 项:保护普通员工的权利——与原文“guard the jobs of ordinary workers”一致。
结论
根据原文直接陈述,个人申诉条款的设计初衷是保护普通工人不被无理解雇,因此正确答案是 D。
答案:D
37
It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may
解析:
题目要求从第 3 段推断这些规定(即《雇佣关系法》中的个人申诉条款)可能带来的影响。
第 3 段的主要内容是:
- 这些规定使得企业难以解雇表现不佳的高薪经理;
- 这会对提高生产力和整体绩效形成阻碍(原文用“handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance”);
- C 级和 A 级经理的差距可能导致企业成败的差异,甚至影响普通员工的工作保留;
- 如果就业保护法限制企业解雇表现差的经理,就会对企业生产力和工人工资产生负面影响;
- 新西兰生产力委员会也指出,管理能力质量低是生产力增长缓慢的一个原因。
综合来看,第 3 段的核心论点是:这些规定阻碍了企业解雇不称职的高管,从而阻碍企业发展。
选项分析:
- A. hinder business development(阻碍企业发展)—— 与第 3 段主旨一致,正确。
- B. undermine managers’ authority(削弱经理的权威)—— 段落未提及。
- C. affect the public image of the firms(影响公司公众形象)—— 段落未提及。
- D. worsen labor-management relations(恶化工劳关系)—— 段落讨论的是企业生产力和解雇高管的困难,并未直接涉及劳资关系恶化。
因此,正确答案是 A。
38
Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?
解析:
定位关键信息
文章中提到:Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth.
生产力委员会(Productivity Commission)明确指出,新西兰生产力增长缓慢的一个原因是管理能力质量低。
逻辑推理
如果低质量的管理者是生产力低下的原因,那么要提高生产力,就应该允许企业解雇表现不佳的管理者。
而文章前面提到,现有的《雇佣关系法》使解雇表现不佳的高薪管理者变得困难,这抑制了生产力和整体绩效。选项分析
- A. 实施合理的工资限制:文中未提及工资限制与生产力委员会观点直接相关。
- B. 加强就业保护法:这与生产力委员会的观点相反,因为就业保护法限制了企业解雇低绩效管理者。
- C. 限制企业主的权力:也与生产力委员会的观点相反,因为限制企业主权力会进一步阻碍解雇低效管理者。
- D. 解雇表现不佳的管理者:这与生产力委员会的观点一致,因为解雇低绩效管理者有助于提高生产力。
因此,正确答案是 D。
39
What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?
解析:
题目问的是“ERA 不合理解雇程序可能产生的影响”。
文章明确指出,由于解雇成本高,雇主在雇佣新员工时更加谨慎,并且企业支付给员工的工资更低,因为企业承担了雇佣关系出问题的负担。
原文依据:
Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
选项分析:
- A:高薪经理失去工作——与原文逻辑相反,ERA 反而使他们更难被解雇,而不是更容易失去工作。
- B:员工遭受减薪——与原文“firms pay staff less”一致。
- C:社会整体福利上升——与原文“Society also suffers from excessive employment protections”相反。
- D:雇主需要雇佣新员工——原文说雇主更谨慎雇佣新员工,而不是需要雇佣更多。
因此正确答案是 B。
40
It can be inferred that the “high income threshold” in Australia ____.
我们先看题干要求:
题目问的是从文中可以推断出澳大利亚的“高收入门槛”(high income threshold)______。
原文相关部分:
Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws.
这句话的意思是:澳大利亚解决“不正当解雇悖论”的方法是,让收入超过某个“高收入门槛”的员工不受不公平解雇法的保护。
推理分析:
- 文章前面一直在说新西兰《雇佣关系法》对高收入经理人的解雇保护导致企业难以解雇表现不佳的经理,从而影响生产率和企业绩效。
- 澳大利亚的做法是,高收入员工不适用不公平解雇保护,这意味着企业解雇他们更容易,不必担心个人申诉程序带来的成本和限制。
- 对企业主来说,这显然是有利的,因为他们可以更自由地管理高管团队,提升企业效率。
选项分析:
- A. has secured managers’ earnings(保障了经理的收入)—— 错,澳大利亚的做法是减少对高收入经理的解雇保护,不是保障他们的收入。
- B. has produced undesired results(产生了不良后果)—— 文中没有说澳大利亚的做法有不良后果,反而暗示这是解决新西兰问题的一种方式。
- C. is beneficial to business owners(对企业主有利)—— 对,因为企业主可以更容易解雇表现不佳的高薪经理,提高企业灵活性。
- D. is difficult to put into practice(难以实施)—— 文中没有提到澳大利亚的实施困难,反而新西兰曾尝试类似法案但被否决,不等于澳大利亚的现行制度难以实施。
答案:C
Part B
Directions
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points )
41-45
(41) Teri Byrd: _______________________
I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.
Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom,a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.
(42) Karen R.Sime: _______________________
As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.
The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.
(43)Greg Newberry: _______________________
Emma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.
Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each specis in is natural habitat Are there tragedics? Of course.But they are the exception not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better trcatment than most of us at our local hospial.
(44) Dean Gallea: _______________________
As a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian. I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issuo f zo. Bul beieve that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer heir captivity so serve a higher purpose.Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to sck out disturb and even hunt them down.
Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.
(45) John Fraser: _______________________
Emma Marris selctively deseribes and misepresents the findings of our rearch. Our studies focusecd on the impact of zoo cxpcricncs on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies.
Zoos are toos or hinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connccting people with animals and with nature.Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46-50
The Man Who Broke Napoleon’s Codes - Mark Urban
Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.
I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, " The Scovell Ciphers “. (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. I was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.
I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?
Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which I realized was priceless. (49) There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.
As I researched Scovell’s story I found far more of piterest besides of his intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self - improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.
写作
Part A
51
Directions
Write an e - mail to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a team for international innovation contest to be held at your university.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52
Directions
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
describe the picture briefly,
interpret the implied meaning, and
give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
(下方配有一幅图,图中有 “公告栏”,栏上有 “校园讲座” 相关内容,两位女生对话,一位说 “不是我们专业的,听了也没用”,另一位说 “去听听肯定有好处” )
