2011 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | 2 | C | 3 | B | 4 | D | 5 | D |
| 6 | B | 7 | A | 8 | C | 9 | C | 10 | B |
| 11 | D | 12 | B | 13 | A | 14 | C | 15 | A |
| 16 | A | 17 | D | 18 | A | 19 | C | 20 | D |
| 21 | B | 22 | D | 23 | C | 24 | A | 25 | B |
| 26 | D | 27 | B | 28 | C | 29 | A | 30 | A |
| 31 | C | 32 | D | 33 | C | 34 | D | 35 | B |
| 36 | B | 37 | C | 38 | B | 39 | A | 40 | D |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Text
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to a federation of private online identity systems. User could which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to just once but use many different services.
, the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet .They argue that all Internet users should be to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
1
解析:
上下文语境:
本句意为“但正是这种匿名性也导致了网络犯罪的激增,这种犯罪已经 ______ 整个网络。”
这里需要填入一个表示“蔓延、席卷”之意的动词,说明网络犯罪在互联网上广泛传播。选项分析:
- A. swept(sweep 的过去分词):“席卷、横扫”,常与 across / through 搭配,表示迅速蔓延,符合语境。
- B. skipped:“跳过”,语义不符。
- C. walked:“走过”,没有“蔓延”之意。
- D. ridden:“骑乘”,通常与 on 搭配,不与 across the Web 搭配,也不符合“犯罪蔓延”的语义。
固定搭配:
“swept across the Web” 是常见的表达,表示“席卷整个网络”。
因此,正确答案是 A. swept。
2
解析:
第 2 题题干为:
Can privacy be preserved $\underline{\quad2\quad}$ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly $\underline{\quad3\quad}$?
句意:
“在给一个似乎越来越……的世界带来安全与保障的同时,隐私还能得到保护吗?”
逻辑分析:
这里需要填入一个连接词,连接 “privacy be preserved”(隐私得到保护)和 “bringing safety and security”(带来安全)这两个动作。
两者之间不是因果关系(for),也不是包含关系(within),也不是让步关系(though),而是同时发生或在某种条件下并存的关系。
while 可以表示“在……的同时”,符合“在实现安全保障的同时,隐私是否还能保留”的语义。
因此正确答案是 C. while。
3
解析:
第 3 题题干为:
Can privacy be preserved ______ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly ______?
此处需要填入一个形容词,描述当前网络世界的状况。
前文提到,网络匿名性导致了网络犯罪的激增(explosion of cyber-crime),因此这个世界是“缺乏法律约束的”或“无法无天的”。
- A. careless(粗心的)——与网络犯罪泛滥的语境不符
- B. lawless(无法无天的)——符合“犯罪猖獗”的语义
- C. pointless(无意义的)——不符合上下文逻辑
- D. helpless(无助的)——主语是“a world”,形容世界“无助”不贴切
因此正确答案是 B. lawless,表示“似乎越来越无法无天的世界”,与网络犯罪泛滥的语境一致。
4
解析:
第 4 题所在句子为:
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a ______ to make the Web a safer place…
1. 句意理解
霍华德·施密特是美国的“网络沙皇”,他向联邦政府提出某个东西,目的是让网络更安全。
破折号后面具体解释了这个东西是 “voluntary trusted identity” system(自愿可信身份系统),即一个方案或提议。
2. 选项分析
- A. reason(理由)—— 他给政府的不是一个“理由”,而是一个具体方案。
- B. reminder(提醒)—— 不符合语境,这里不是提醒政府注意什么,而是提出一个系统。
- C. compromise(妥协)—— 上下文没有提到各方争执后的折中方案。
- D. proposal(提议)—— 最符合,因为他是在向政府提出一个计划或方案,后文也详细描述了这个系统。
3. 上下文验证
后文说该系统可能使用智能身份证或数字证书等,这是对“提议”内容的具体说明。
而且下一段首句 “The idea is to…” 也表明这是一个想法或提议。
因此,D. proposal 为正确答案。
5
解析:
第 5 题所在句子为:
… a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card …
解题思路:
- 空格前的 “the high-tech ______ of” 表示 “高科技的______”。
- 后面列举的是 “physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card”,这些都是实体世界中用于身份验证的物品。
- 这个系统是网络世界的,所以它是这些实体物品在数字世界中的“对应物”或“等同物”。
- equivalent 意为“等同的事物”,符合语境。
- 其他选项:
- information(信息)—— 不符合“对应物”的含义。
- interference(干扰)—— 语义不符。
- entertainment(娱乐)—— 与身份验证无关。
因此,正确答案是 D. equivalent。
6
解析:
第6题所在句子为:
… a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one.
这里的关键短语是 “rolled ___ one”,意思是“合为一体”。
roll into one 是一个固定搭配,表示“合为一体;集于一身”。
- 例如:a holiday that is a hotel, a restaurant, and a beach club all rolled into one(集酒店、餐厅和海滩俱乐部于一体的度假地)。
其他选项:
- A. by:roll by 表示“(时间)流逝”,不符合语境。
- C. from:roll from 无此固定搭配表示“合并”的意思。
- D. over:roll over 表示“翻滚;延期”,也不符合。
因此,正确答案是 B. into。
翻译:
这种“自愿信任身份”系统是实体钥匙、指纹和带照片身份证的高科技等价物,三者合为一体。
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子为:
The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential ______ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
选项分析:
- A. linked(连接)—— 表示数字凭证与某台特定计算机“关联、绑定”,符合“数字凭证与设备相连”的语境。
- B. directed(指向、引导)—— 一般用于方向或指令,不表示“绑定到设备”这种固定关系。
- C. chained(用链条锁住、一连串)—— 虽然也有“连接”的意思,但多指物理锁链或一系列事物相连,不如“linked”自然通用。
- D. compared(比较)—— 语义不符,这里不是比较关系。
语境理解:
这里说的是数字凭证(digital credential)与特定计算机的绑定关系,即该凭证只能用于那台计算机,linked to 是固定搭配,表示“与……连接/关联”,符合技术场景的表达习惯。
因此,正确答案是 A. linked。
8
解析:
上下文逻辑
本段在介绍 Howard Schmidt 提出的“voluntary trusted identity”系统,其核心是建立一个由多个私有在线身份系统组成的联盟(a federation of private online identity systems)。
从“提出方案”到“建立联盟”是一个从无到有的过程,因此应选择表示“创建”的动词。动词辨析
- A. dismiss 意为“解散;不予考虑”,与文意相反。
- B. discover 意为“发现”,指找到已存在的事物,但这里是指创建一个新系统。
- C. create 意为“创建”,符合“从无到有建立联盟”的语境。
- D. improve 意为“改进”,暗指已有某物需要完善,但原文并未提及已有联盟。
段落呼应
后文提到用户可以选择加入哪个系统,说明这个联盟是新建的、可供选择的,因此 create 最贴合文意。
答案:C
9
解析:
第 9 题所在句子为:
User could ______ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.
句意分析:
这里描述的是用户可以选择加入哪个私人在线身份系统。
- A. recall(回忆)—— 不符合语境,用户不是“回忆”加入哪个系统。
- B. suggest(建议)—— 主语是用户,用户不是“建议”加入哪个系统,而是自己决定。
- C. select(选择)—— 符合语境,用户从多个系统中选择加入。
- D. realize(意识到/实现)—— “realize which system to join” 表达不自然,通常不说“意识到加入哪个系统”,而“实现加入”也不对。
因此正确答案是 C. select,表示用户自主选择加入哪个系统,符合“自愿可信身份系统”的设定。
10
解析:
第 10 题原文为:
The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license issued by the government.
这里讲的是“由政府签发的互联网驾照”。
四个选项都有“发放、分发”的意思,但 issue 特指官方、正式地签发证件、文件、护照、许可证等,最符合“政府发放执照”这一语境。
- A. released 多指释放、公开发布(消息、电影等),不强调官方授权。
- B. issued 常与官方证件、护照、许可证等搭配,是标准用法。
- C. distributed 强调分发、分配(物品、资料等),不强调官方签发。
- D. delivered 多指递送、投递货物或信件,也不用于证件签发。
因此正确答案是 B. issued。
11
解析:
第 11 题所在句子为:
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.
句意分析:
这里说的是“单点登录”(single sign-on)系统,其作用是让用户只需登录一次,就可以使用多种不同的服务。
选项分析:
- A. carry on(继续)→ 不符合“登录一次”的语境
- B. linger on(徘徊,逗留)→ 与登录无关
- C. set in(开始,到来)→ 多用于季节、天气等,不用于登录
- D. log in(登录)→ 完全符合“单点登录”的语境
因此,正确答案是 D. log in。
12
解析:
第 12 题位于段落开头,需要根据上下文逻辑关系判断。
前一段提到“Google 和 Microsoft 已经有了‘单点登录’系统,用户只需登录一次即可使用多种服务”,接着第 12 题后面说“这种方法将在网络空间创建一个‘有围墙的花园’,有安全的‘社区’和明亮的‘路灯’,以建立一种可信社区的感觉”。
这里并不是转折或对比,而是对前文所述系统实际效果的进一步说明,即“实际上,这种方法会创造出……”。
- A. In vain(徒劳) → 不符合,没有表达“失败”的意思。
- B. In effect(实际上,实质上) → 符合,表示前面所述做法实际上会产生这样的效果。
- C. In return(作为回报) → 不符合逻辑。
- D. In contrast(相比之下) → 上下文没有对比关系。
因此正确答案是 B. In effect。
13
解析:
第 13 题位于以下句子中:
the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a $\underline{\quad13\quad}$ community.
上下文逻辑分析:
- 前文提到 “voluntary trusted identity” system(自愿信任身份系统),强调“信任”是核心概念。
- “walled garden”(有围墙的花园)、“safe neighborhoods”(安全的邻里)和“bright streetlights”(明亮的街灯)这些比喻,都指向营造一个安全可靠、可信任的网络环境。
- 因此,这里要填的形容词应与“安全、可信”相关,而不是“现代化”“繁荣的”或“竞争的”。
选项分析:
- A. trusted(可信的) → 与 “trusted identity” 呼应,符合语境。
- B. modernized(现代化的) → 未强调技术先进,而是强调信任与安全。
- C. thriving(繁荣的) → 语义不符,这里不是强调经济或活跃程度。
- D. competing(竞争的) → 与上下文无关。
因此正确答案是 A. trusted。
14
解析:
上下文逻辑
文中提到这是一个“自愿的生态系统”,个人和组织可以在其中完成在线交易,并且 trusting the identities of each other(信任彼此的身份)以及信任交易运行的基础设施的身份。
这种“信任”带来的结果应该是“有信心地”进行交易,而不是“谨慎地”“高兴地”或“耐心地”。词语搭配与语义
- with caution(谨慎地)—— 与“信任”语境矛盾。
- with delight(高兴地)—— 语义上不直接相关,且不是本处强调的重点。
- with confidence(有信心地)—— 与“信任彼此身份”直接对应,符合逻辑。
- with patience(耐心地)—— 与交易安全环境无直接关系。
段落主旨
霍华德·施密特提出的系统旨在增强网络安全性,让人们能更放心地在网上进行交易,因此“confidence”最贴合“因信任身份验证系统而产生的心态”。
答案:C. confidence
15
解析:
第15题所在的句子是:
… trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure on which the transaction runs.
这里的结构是 “the infrastructure on which the transaction runs”,意思是“交易所依赖的基础设施”。
on which 在这里相当于 “on the infrastructure”,即 “run on the infrastructure”(在基础设施上运行)。
“transaction runs on the infrastructure” 是固定搭配,表示“交易在某种基础设施平台上进行”。
其他选项:
- B. after(在…之后)语义不符。
- C. beyond(超出)不符合“在…上运行”的逻辑。
- D. across(穿过)虽然可以说 “across the infrastructure”,但这里强调的是“平台/基础”的支撑作用,用 on 更符合技术英语的习惯(如 run on a platform)。
因此正确答案是 A. on。
16
解析:
第 16 题所在句子为:
Still, the administration’s plan has ______ privacy rights activists.
后文紧接着说:
Some applaud the approach; others are concerned.
这说明隐私权活动家们对这个计划意见不一,有人赞成,有人担忧。
四个选项:
- A. divided(使……产生分歧)
- B. disappointed(使失望)
- C. protected(保护)
- D. united(使联合)
只有 divided 能准确表达“在群体中造成不同意见”的含义,与下文的 “some…others…” 结构完全对应。
因此正确答案是 A. divided。
17
解析:
第 17 题所在的句子是:
It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would ______ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
- 句意是:这个计划显然是朝着最终会成为一种强制性的网络“驾照”思维模式迈出的第一步。
- 这里有一个时间或逻辑上的递进关系:从“自愿信任身份系统”开始,逐步推进,最终(eventually)可能变成强制性的。
- frequently(频繁地)、incidentally(偶然地)、occasionally(偶尔地)都不符合这种“最终结果”的语境。
- 只有 eventually(最终)能表达出“从自愿到强制”的发展趋势,符合上下文逻辑。
因此正确答案是 D. eventually。
18
解析:
上下文逻辑
第 18 题所在句为:The plan has also been greeted with ______ by some computer security experts, who worry that …
意思是“该计划也受到了一些计算机安全专家的______,他们担心……”。
从后文 “worry that …” 可看出,这些专家是持担忧、怀疑的态度。选项分析
- A. skepticism(怀疑)—— 与 “worry” 一致,符合语境。
- B. relevance(相关性)—— 语义不符。
- C. indifference(漠不关心)—— 与 “worry” 矛盾。
- D. enthusiasm(热情)—— 与 “worry” 相反。
段落一致性
前文提到隐私权利活动家对该计划有不同反应(有人赞成,有人担忧),这里说计算机安全专家也持某种态度,并且他们担心“自愿生态系统”仍会使大部分互联网不安全,因此他们的态度应是怀疑。
答案:A
19
解析:
上下文逻辑
本段讨论的是电脑安全专家对“自愿生态系统”的担忧。他们认为,如果系统是“自愿的”,那么很多用户可能不会加入,导致网络仍然存在安全隐患。语义对应
空格前的句子说:worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” … would still leave much of the Internet ______.
即“担心这个自愿系统仍会使大部分互联网处于______状态”。选项分析
- A. manageable(可管理的)—— 与担忧语义不符,如果是可管理的,就不需要担心。
- B. defendable(可防御的)—— 与担忧相反,专家是担心不安全,而不是可防御。
- C. vulnerable(易受攻击的)—— 符合担忧的逻辑:如果很多人不加入身份验证系统,那么网络仍然容易受到攻击。
- D. invisible(看不见的)—— 与安全无关,不符合语境。
总结
从网络安全的角度,专家担心的是“自愿系统”覆盖不到的地方会继续易受攻击,因此 C. vulnerable 是正确答案。
20
解析:
上下文逻辑
文章最后一段提到,一些计算机安全专家担心“自愿生态系统”会使大部分互联网仍然处于不安全状态。他们认为,所有互联网用户都应当被强制注册和验证身份,就像司机必须持有驾照才能在公共道路上开车一样。类比关系
文中明确类比了“drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads”——这是一个强制要求,不是“邀请”“任命”或“允许”,而是法律或规则上的强制。选项分析
- A. invited(邀请) → 语气与强制要求不符
- B. appointed(任命) → 通常用于职位,不适用于全体用户
- C. allowed(允许) → 与“必须”语义相反
- D. forced(强制) → 符合“must be licensed”的强制含义
结论
根据类比和专家观点,这里强调的是一种强制性措施,因此选 D. forced。
答案:D
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000 a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation commite, how could she have let those cnormous bonus payouts pass uremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had lef the board. The position wa just aking up too much tim,she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is fallin, utside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 frms and more than 64,00 ffen dirctor ewen 189 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed fom one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancs by diretor une he age of 70. They fount that after as urpris departure,the probabiliy that the company will sbsequently have to restate earmings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the fim is suggestiv, i des not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Ofien they “rade up.” eaving riskier, smaller fims for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occured, Fims who want to keep their ousde firctors trorat tugh times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
21
According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Sinmons was cricized for
解析:
定位到第一段:
第一段提到,Ruth Simmons 在 2000 年加入高盛董事会,后来还担任布朗大学校长,直到 2009 年底受到批评。
关键句是:But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?
意思是:她因为担任高盛薪酬委员会的成员而受到抨击,她怎么能让那些巨额奖金支出未被注意(即未加质疑)就通过呢?分析批评的原因:
批评的核心是她作为薪酬委员会成员,没有对不合理的巨额奖金提出质疑,这属于未履行好董事的监督职责,而不是说她个人获得了过多利润(A 项)。
C 项“拒绝妥协”和 D 项“在困难时期离开董事会”在文中并未作为批评的原因出现。对应选项:
B 项 “failing to fulfill her duty”(未能履行她的职责)与原文 “let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked” 相符,因此是正确答案。
答案:B
22
We leam from Paragraph2 that outside directors are supposd to be
解析:
题目问的是“从第二段我们了解到,外部董事应该是……”。第二段原文明确提到:
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals.
关键信息点:
- 他们是 advisers(顾问)——不是 executives(高管),排除 B。
- 他们 less biased(较少偏见)并且有 enough independence(足够的独立性)——对应 independent。
- 他们不是 investors(投资者),也不是专门预测股价的 forecasters,因此 A 和 C 都不对。
因此,第二段对外部董事的定位是 independent advisers(独立的顾问),正确答案是 D。
23
According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure,the firm i likely to
我们先看题目关键词:俄亥俄大学研究、外部董事意外离职、公司可能发生什么。
定位原文段落
原文第三段提到:
They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.
意思是:
- 公司重述盈利的可能性增加近 20%
- 被联邦集体诉讼的可能性增加
- 股票表现更差
选项分析
A. become more stable → 错,情况是变糟
B. report increased earnings → 错,原文是“重述盈利”而不是盈利增加,重述往往是因为之前财报有问题
C. do less well in the stock market → 对,对应 “the stock is likely to perform worse”
D. perform worse in lawsuits → 原文说被集体诉讼的可能性增加,但并不是在诉讼中表现更差(perform worse in lawsuits 指打官司输得更惨,而原文只说更容易被告)
答案:C
24
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.
让我们先分析最后一段的内容,然后推理出正确选项。
最后一段原文关键信息:
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
分析:
- 外部董事如果提前离开公司,可以避免声誉受损,即使公司出问题时他们仍在任。
- 公司如果想在困难时期留住外部董事,可能需要创造激励措施。
- 否则,外部董事就会像 Simmons 一样离开。
推理:
- 既然公司需要创造激励才能留住外部董事,说明外部董事可能会因为这些激励而留下。
- 选项 A 说“may stay for the attractive offers from the firm”(可能因为公司提供的诱人条件而留下),与 incentives 对应,符合文意。
- 选项 B(经常在公司有不良行为记录)文中未提,只提他们可能在任期内公司出问题,但不一定是他们自己犯错。
- 选项 C(习惯公司无压力的工作)未提及。
- 选项 D(会拒绝公司的激励)与原文留住他们的意图相反。
因此正确答案是 A。
25
The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is
我们先梳理文章对“外部董事”角色的描述,再判断作者的态度。
1. 外部董事的职责定位
- 第二段开头说:Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers…
- 他们因为已在别处获得财富和名声,所以有独立性,可以反对 CEO 的提议。
- 如果公司遇到危机,他们应能基于自身经验提供建议。
——> 这里作者描述的是外部董事的理想角色,是正面的、应然的。
2. 研究结果分析
- 第三段提到,外部董事意外离职后,公司更容易出现财务重述、诉讼、股价下跌。
- 但作者强调:这不意味着他们总在“跳下沉的船”,他们可能只是“跳槽到更大更稳定的公司”。
——> 作者没有直接批评外部董事,而是客观解释离职原因。
3. 结尾段
- 研究者认为外部董事在坏消息爆发前离职可避免声誉受损。
- 公司要想留住他们,需要提供激励。
- 否则他们会像 Simmons 一样离开。
——> 这里并没有指责外部董事不负责任,而是从现实角度说明公司应采取措施留住他们。
4. 整体态度
全文对外部董事的作用是肯定的(第二段),对他们的离职行为是解释性的而非批判性的,并建议公司用激励留住他们,说明作者认为外部董事对公司有积极价值。
所以作者的态度是 positive,选 B。
Text 2
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession hratened to remove the adverising and readers that had not already fled to the internet, Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most roubled come of the global indusry, have not only survived but ofien returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007,Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rigt ones an, saly for may youmals, thy an e psha trtr.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers, American papers have long been highly unusual in thei reiane on ads. Fuly870of thir revenves came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development(OECD). In Japan the proportion is35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and geneal businessortrr rin ashave e eautf s wpaeesm result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
26
By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper
解析:
题目问的是作者提到 “Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom” 这句话的用意。
语境定位:
第一段开头说“一年前,报纸的消亡似乎近在眼前”,接着提到经济衰退威胁着广告和读者流失到互联网,然后举了《旧金山纪事报》作为例子,说它在“记录自身的厄运”。关键含义:
“chronicling their own doom” 字面意思是“记录自己的厄运”,这是一种修辞手法,暗示这些报纸处境极其糟糕,甚至到了报道自己衰亡的地步,说明它们处于绝望的境地。选项分析:
- A “忽视了危机的迹象” → 文中没有说它们忽视危机,相反它们自己就在报道危机。
- B “未能获得国家补贴” → 第一段虽然提到国家是否应补贴的讨论,但与该句无直接关系。
- C “不是慈善公司” → 同样与这句描述的状况无直接因果。
- D “处于绝望的境地” → 与“记录自己的厄运”所体现的绝望含义一致。
因此正确答案是 D。
27
Some newspapers ftusd dcery tansa ba s pbbt
好的,我们先来看一下题目。
题干是:
Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs because ________
(一些报纸拒绝向偏远郊区投递,原因是________)
选项:
A. readers threatened to pay less
B. newspapers wanted to reduce costs
C. journalists reported little about these areas
D. subscribers complained about slimmer products
原文定位
在第三段中,原文提到:
Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. … Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones …
这里描述的是报业为了生存采取的“绝望措施”(desperate measures),包括:
- 裁员(pushing journalists overboard)
- 提高价格但内容变少(paying more for slimmer products)
- 拒绝向偏远郊区投递(refuse delivery to distant suburbs)
这些措施的目的都是削减成本,因为向偏远地区投递发行成本高,而收入可能不足以覆盖。
逻辑分析
A 项:读者威胁少付钱——原文没提到读者威胁,只说读者付更多但得到更少的产品。
B 项:报纸想降低成本——与“削减开支、维持生存”一致,是这些措施的根本原因。
C 项:记者对这些区域报道少——因果颠倒,不是因为报道少而不送报,而是为了省钱不送偏远地区。
D 项:订阅者抱怨内容变少——这是事实,但不是停止送报的原因。
答案:B
28
Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they_
解析:
题目关键信息
题目问的是:与美国报纸相比,日本报纸更稳定的原因。
原文中明确提到这一比较的段落是第四段。定位原文
第四段提到:- 报纸正在变得更平衡,收入来源更健康(来自读者和广告商)。
- 美国报纸长期以来非常依赖广告,2008 年 87% 的收入来自广告(OECD 数据)。
- 在日本,这个比例是 35%。
- 所以,日本报纸稳定得多。
逻辑对应
美国对广告依赖度极高(87%),而日本对广告依赖度低(35%),因此日本报纸更稳定。
选项 C. are less dependent on advertising(更少依赖广告)与原文意思一致。排除其他选项
- A 项 “有更多收入来源” 在原文未直接比较数量,只比较了广告收入比例。
- B 项 “有更平衡的新闻编辑室” 原文未提。
- D 项 “受读者人数影响更小” 原文未直接比较读者影响,而是比较收入结构。
因此正确答案是 C。
29
What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?
我们先分析最后一段的内容,再推导出正确选项。
最后一段原文:
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. So have foreign bureaus. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
关键信息提取:
损害集中在“最缺乏特色(least distinctive)”的领域
→ 也就是说,报纸在裁员或缩减内容时,优先砍掉的是和其他媒体(如网络媒体)内容同质化的部分。例子:汽车和电影评论员、科学和一般商业记者、驻外分社等被裁掉。
结论:完整性(completeness)不再是报业的优点。
→ 意思是过去报纸追求内容全面,现在不再追求这个,而是更注重特色内容。
逻辑推理:
- 既然损害集中在“least distinctive”的领域,那么反推可知,有特色的(distinctive)内容被保留的可能性更大,因此特色性对报纸很重要。
- 选项 A 说“Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.”(特色性是报纸的一个基本特征),符合段落主旨。
- 选项 B 说“Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.”(完整性是报纸失败的原因),这是过度推断,原文只说“completeness is no longer a virtue”,并没有说它是失败的原因。
- 选项 C 说“Foreign bureaus play a crucial role”,但原文说驻外分社被裁撤,说明它们现在不被视为关键。
- 选项 D 说“Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews”,原文没有直接说读者失去兴趣,而是说这些领域缺乏独特性所以被裁掉。
因此正确答案是 A,因为从最后一段可以合理推断:在当前环境下,报纸必须依靠其独特的内容来生存,缺乏特色的部分被削减,因此“特色性”是至关重要的。
30
The most appropriate title for this text would be
我们先梳理文章的核心内容,再判断标题的合理性。
文章结构分析:
第一段:
- 一年前,报纸行业似乎濒临死亡(the end seemed near)。
- 衰退威胁广告和读者,一些报纸在记录自己的衰亡,美国联邦贸易委员会讨论如何拯救报纸。
- 但现在这些讨论似乎过时了(But the discussions now seem out of date)。
第二段:
- 在世界很多地方有危机迹象,但德国、巴西甚至美国报纸不仅生存下来,还恢复了盈利(returned to profit),虽然利润率不如从前。
第三段:
- 但过程很痛苦(It has not been much fun),通过裁员、减少版面、提高价格、削减偏远地区配送等方式求生。
- 这些绝望的措施被证明是有效的(these desperate measures have proved the right ones)。
第四段:
- 报纸收入结构更平衡,减少对广告的依赖,更健康。
第五段:
- 裁员主要发生在缺乏独特性的版面(car and film reviewers, science and general business reporters),报纸不再追求全面(completeness is no longer a virtue)。
主旨概括:
文章讲的是美国报纸业在危机中通过艰难调整(裁员、缩减业务、调整收入结构)生存下来,并恢复盈利,但过程痛苦,行业已转型。
核心是 struggling for survival(为生存挣扎)并找到了出路,不是彻底失败,也不是高歌猛进。
选项分析:
A. American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival
符合文章内容,既点出了危机与挣扎,又暗示最终生存下来,与文章“从濒临死亡到通过艰难措施恢复盈利”的主线一致。B. American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
意为“随风消逝”,但文章说它们没有消亡,所以不对。C. American Newspapers: A Thriving Business
“繁荣的业务”夸大其词,文章说利润率不如以前,且过程痛苦,不是 thriving。D. American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story
“无望的故事”与文章最终生存并盈利的基调相反。
因此正确答案是 A。
Text 3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War Il as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returming home by the milions, going of to olege on the G. I! Bill and ling p a the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination wih the postar confidence in h trte mads maliingps
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficien iving.The pras" ess is more"r was actually frs pularied by a German, the arehitet Ludiwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Il and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mics.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less deoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other moderm architects, e employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolizecd the fitur. Mis’s sophisticated presentation masked th fact that the spacs he designed were smal and effien,rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaler-two-bedroom units under 1,000 qguare feetan those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy giss walsh iews hy rodrnd h egarce of tfe buding:s? details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less”’ was not cntirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started builing more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commissione from talented modemn architects by Califoria Arts & Architctre magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ess is more"trnd, Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life- few American families acqured helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
31
The postvar American housing style largely felecdthe merians
解析:
题目问的是“战后美国住房风格主要反映了美国人的______”。
文章第二段明确提到:
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
关键句是:
- learned to live with less → restraint(克制)
- postwar confidence → confidence(信心)
因此,战后住房风格反映了美国人的 restraint and confidence,对应选项 C。
选项 A “prosperity and growth” 是人们对战后年代的普遍印象,但不是住房风格体现的核心特征;
选项 B “efficiency and practicality” 是住房本身的特点,但不是“反映美国人什么”的最佳答案;
选项 D “pride and faithfulness” 文中未强调。
答案:C
32
Which of the following can be inferred fcor Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?
让我们先定位到原文第三段:
The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.
解析:
- A 项:文中只说 Mies 与 Bauhaus 有关联,并未说他是创始人,所以错。
- B 项:文中没有说 Bauhaus 的设计理念受二战影响,只是说二战前这些人移民到美国,所以错。
- C 项:文中没有说“大多数美国建筑师曾与它有关联”,只提到与 Bauhaus 有关联的一些设计师移民到美国并产生影响,所以错。
- D 项:文中明确说“这些设计师对美国建筑进程产生了巨大影响”,这里的“这些设计师”就包括与 Bauhaus 有关的人,因此可以推断 Bauhaus 对美国建筑有很大影响,正确。
所以答案是 D。
33
Mies held that elegance of architectural design
解析:
定位关键信息
题目问 Mies 对建筑设计优雅(elegance)的看法。文章第四段提到:Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.
意思是“他认为优雅并非源于繁复(丰富)”。同义转换
“did not derive from abundance” 对应选项 C “was not reliant on abundant decoration”(不依赖于大量的装饰)。排除干扰项
- A “与大的空间有关”:文中 Mies 设计的空间是 small and efficient,而不是 large。
- B “等同于空旷”:文中说他的设计是 small and efficient, rather than big and often empty,所以 emptiness 不是他的理念。
- D “与效率无关”:文中多处表明他的设计是 efficient 的,并且效率与“少即是多”理念一致,所以该选项与原文相反。
因此正确答案是 C。
34
What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?
让我们先分析原文中关于Mies在芝加哥Lake Shore Drive建造的公寓的描述。
原文相关段落:
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
逐项分析选项:
A. They ignored details and proportions.
→ 错。原文明确提到“the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions”,说明细节和比例是被重视的,而不是忽略。
B. They were built with materials popular at that time.
→ 错。原文前面提到Mies使用的材料(金属、玻璃、层压木材)在1940年代是象征未来的,而不是当时已经流行的材料。
C. They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.
→ 错。原文说这些公寓比Gold Coast的老建筑更小(under 1,000平方英尺),而不是更宽敞。
D. They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
→ 对。原文最后一句说“the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time”,意思是建筑在细节和比例上的优雅相当于当时流行的抽象艺术的特点。
因此正确答案是 D。
35
What can we learmn about the design of the" Case Study House"??
我们先分析题干和原文信息。
题干问:关于 “Case Study Houses” 的设计,我们可以了解到什么?
原文提到 “Case Study Houses” 的部分在最后一段:
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing.
关键句是 Aesthetic effect came from the landscape(美学效果来自景观),也就是说设计时考虑了自然景观。
再看选项:
- A. Mechanical devices were widely used.
原文提到拉尔夫(Ralph…)设计的房子设想自给自足,提到了直升机、烘干机,但这只是个别例子,且“大多数家庭最终有了烘干机”并不等于“机械装置在 Case Study Houses 中被广泛使用”,这是对原文的过度推断。 - B. Natural scenes were taken into consideration
对应 “landscape”,正确。 - C. Details were sacrificed for the overall effect
原文说 “forthright detailing” 意思是细节处理直率、清晰,不是牺牲细节,所以错。 - D. Eco-friendly materials were employed
原文只说 “new materials”,没有明确说是环保材料,属于无中生有。
因此正确答案是 B。
Text 4
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the proje’s greatest cheerleder’s ak of onint facing a “Bermuda triangl” of debt,population decin and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have los faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single curreney, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the curo zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rues on borrow spending and competitiveness, ared by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include treats to freeze Eu ftnds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. t iniststh omic co-odination should involve all 7 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority fof fe maret ibeaism and conomie rigors; in the inen cor alo, Cermany fears,a small majority favour French interference.
A “southerm” camp headed by French wants something different"European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means polticians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, uro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.
It is too soon to wite of the Bu. t remains the world’s largest trading block. At is bes,the European projec is remarkably liberal bult rund ingle market of 27 rich and poor countries,is intea boders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest dges of globaization,and make capitalis benign.
36
The EU is faced with so many problems that
解析:
题目问“欧盟面临如此多的问题,以至于……”,需要从原文找出对应依据。
1. 定位关键句
第一段提到:
Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
这句话的意思是:现在连欧盟最积极的支持者(greatest cheerleaders)都在谈论欧盟面临债务、人口下降和低增长的“百慕大三角”困境。
“cheerleaders”本义是啦啦队长,这里指支持者。他们开始谈论严重问题,说明连支持者都开始担忧。
2. 选项比对
- A. it has more or less lost faith in markets
原文说的是市场对欧元区失去信心(Markets have lost faith that…),而不是欧盟对市场失去信心,属于对象颠倒。 - B. even its supporters begin to feel concerned
与定位句意思一致,支持者开始担忧。 - C. some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
原文未提及有国家计划放弃欧元。 - D. it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
原文第二段提到共享货币使竞争力弱的成员国无法利用货币贬值(denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation),这是欧元机制本身决定的,不是欧盟“意图否认”,且与题干问题无直接因果。
因此正确答案是 B。
37
The debatc over the EU’s single currrey s ui heuse te dminant powers
解析:
题目问的是关于欧盟单一货币(欧元)的辩论陷入僵局的原因,关键在于理解文中对法德两国立场的描述。
定位关键段落:
原文第三段指出:Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.
核心信息提取:
- 法德两国都同意欧元区需要 更大程度的一体化(harmonization)。
- 但他们在 一体化的具体内容(what to harmonies) 上存在分歧。
- 因此辩论陷入僵局。
选项分析:
- A:争夺领导地位——文中未提及权力争夺,只谈政策分歧。
- B:忙于处理自身危机——文中未强调法德各自忙于国内危机。
- C:未能就一体化的具体内容达成一致——与原文“agree on the need… but disagree about what to harmonies”完全对应。
- D:在解体的步骤上存在分歧——文中讨论是如何 挽救欧元,而不是如何解体,属于偷换概念。
因此,正确答案是 C。
38
To solve the uro problem, Germany proposed that
让我们先定位文中关于德国提议的内容。
原文第三段提到:
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.
以及后面提到:
It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club…
选项分析:
A. EU funds for poor regions be increased
文中没有说德国提议增加对贫困地区的资金,相反,它提议对不遵守规则的国家可能冻结 EU funds,所以 A 错。B. stricter regulations be imposed
对应 “stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness”,这正是德国的主张,所以 B 正确。C. only core members be involved in economic co-ordination
文中德国坚持要 27 个成员国都参与协调,不是仅核心成员,所以 C 错。D. voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
文中德国提议的惩罚措施包括暂停投票权,所以不是保障投票权,而是可能取消,所以 D 错。
答案:B
39
The French proposal of handing th rispit_
我们先来梳理一下文章结构,再定位法国提议的内容。
1. 文章主旨与段落分析
- 第一段:欧盟面临“百慕大三角”式的困境(债务、人口下降、低增长)。
- 第二段:欧元区核心问题是市场不再相信欧元区各国经济会趋同,因为无法通过货币贬值来解决竞争力问题。
- 第三段:德法在如何拯救欧元上意见不一。
- 第四段:德国主张严格财政纪律、自动制裁。
- 第五段:法国主张建立“欧洲经济政府”,核心是政客干预货币政策,并通过共同欧元债券或财政转移实现富国到穷国的再分配,降低穷国政府借贷成本。
- 第六段:作者认为现在说欧盟失败为时过早,它仍是最大的贸易区,有开放市场等优点。
2. 题干定位
题干问 The French proposal of handing the crisis 会导致什么结果。
根据第五段:
Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.
这句话明确说明:
- 从富国到穷国的再分配系统(redistribution from richer to poorer members)
- 手段:通过共同欧元债券让政府借贷成本更低(for governments → 这里指成员国政府,尤其对穷国而言更有利)
所以法国方案的本质是让穷国更容易获得资金,成本更低。
3. 选项分析
A. poor countries are more likely to get funds
→ 符合“redistribution from richer to poorer”和“cheaper borrowing for governments”,正确。
B. strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
→ 这是德国方案的特点,不是法国的,排除。
C. loans will be readily available to rich countries
→ 与法国方案目的相反,法国是要帮助穷国,不是让富国更容易贷款,排除。
D. rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
→ 文章未说富国控制欧元债券,只说通过共同欧元债券实现再分配,排除。
答案:A
40
Regarding the future of the Eu, he author seems to feel
解析:
文章在最后一段明确表达了作者对欧盟未来的看法:
关键句:“It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal… its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.”
分析:
- 作者认为“现在放弃欧盟还为时过早”(It is too soon to write off the EU),暗示欧盟仍有希望。
- 接着列举了欧盟的优势:全球最大贸易区、内部市场开放、试图缓和全球化负面影响等。
- 这些正面描述表明作者对欧盟的未来持肯定和希望的态度,而非悲观、绝望或自负。
排除其他选项:
- A. pessimistic(悲观):文中虽有提到问题,但结尾是积极展望。
- B. desperate(绝望):与作者态度相反。
- C. conceited(自负):文中没有体现作者自大情绪。
因此,正确答案是 D. hopeful。
Part B
Directions
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
41-45
Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose “a tax” on healthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver’s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behaviour.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes - by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fat-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said if children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.
He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals - areas within which takeaways cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.
| [A] | “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s. | ||
| 41 | Andrew Lansley held that | [B] | the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools. |
| 42 | Terence Stephenson agreed that | [C] | “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England. |
| 43 | Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that | [D] | cigarette-style warning should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet. |
| 44 | Dinesh Bhugra suggested that | [E] | the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign. |
| 45 | A Department of Health spokesperson proposed that | [F] | parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home. |
| [G] | the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses. |
Part C
Directions
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
46
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
写作
Part A
47
Direction
Suppose your cousin, Liming, has just been admitted to a university, write him/her a letter to
congratulate him/her, and
give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.
Your should write about 100 words on ANSER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
48
Directions
Write a short essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
interpret the chart and
give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANWER SHEET 2.(15 points)
(图表信息:标题:“2008、2009 年国内轿车市场部分品牌市场份额示意图”,分类:国产品牌(深灰色)、日系品牌(黑色)、美系品牌(白色),时间:2008 年、2009 年。数据(大致比例):2008 年:国产品牌约 25%,日系品牌约 35%,美系品牌约 10%;2009 年:国产品牌约 32%,日系品牌约 25%,美系品牌约 10%。)
