2013 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | B | 2 | D | 3 | B | 4 | A | 5 | C |
| 6 | B | 7 | A | 8 | D | 9 | C | 10 | A |
| 11 | A | 12 | C | 13 | B | 14 | D | 15 | C |
| 16 | D | 17 | A | 18 | B | 19 | D | 20 | C |
| 21 | A | 22 | D | 23 | B | 24 | B | 25 | C |
| 26 | A | 27 | C | 28 | C | 29 | B | 30 | D |
| 31 | D | 32 | A | 33 | B | 34 | C | 35 | B |
| 36 | B | 37 | C | 38 | A | 39 | D | 40 | C |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very of money itself,” only to itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float” – it takes several days a check is cashed and funds are from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment may security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information there. The fact that this is not an occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and from someone else’s accounts. The of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
1
解析:
上下文逻辑关系
首句说“鉴于电子货币的优势,你可能会认为我们将很快进入无现金社会”,而第二句说“真正的无现金社会可能不会马上到来”。这两句之间是转折关系,而非递进、因果或假设关系。选项分析
- A. Moreover(此外)表示递进,不符合逻辑。
- B. However(然而)表示转折,符合“虽然看起来会很快,但实际上不会马上实现”的语义。
- C. Therefore(因此)表示因果,不符合。
- D. Otherwise(否则)表示假设后果,也不符合。
因此正确答案是 B. However。
2
解析:
第 2 题所在句子为:
Indeed, predictions have been $\underline{\text{around}}$ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.
1. 句意理解
本句意思是:“事实上,这样的预测已经存在了二十年,但尚未实现。”
“predictions have been around” 是一个常见表达,表示“这些预测已经存在/流传了(一段时间)”。
2. 选项分析
- A. off:have been off 表示“已经离开/关闭”,不符合“预测存在”的含义。
- B. back:have been back 表示“已经回来”,逻辑不通。
- C. over:have been over 表示“已经结束”,与句意相反(预测还在,只是没实现)。
- D. around:have been around 表示“存在;流传”,符合句意。
3. 固定搭配
“have been around” 是英语习语,可以表示“已经存在很长时间”,尤其指观点、说法、技术等。
例如:
- The idea has been around for ages.(这个想法已经存在很久了。)
因此,正确答案是 D. around。
3
解析:
原句为:
Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very ______ of money itself,”
意思是“电子支付方式将很快彻底改变货币本身的______”。四个选项含义:
- A. power(权力、力量)
- B. concept(概念)
- C. history(历史)
- D. role(角色、作用)
逻辑分析:
电子支付并没有改变货币的“权力”或“历史”,也不是改变货币的“角色”(虽然有一定合理性,但不如 B 贴切)。
这里强调的是对“货币”本质的理解发生变化,即从实物纸币到电子化形态的转变,这实际上改变了人们对“货币是什么”的概念(concept)。
货币的本质概念从有形实体变成了无形数字信息,因此用 concept 最准确。常见搭配:
“revolutionize the very concept of …” 是常见的表达,意为“彻底改变……的概念”。
因此正确答案是 B. concept。
4
解析:
上下文逻辑
原文提到《商业周刊》在1975年预测电子支付将很快“彻底改变货币本身的概念”,但几年后却发生了相反的情况——预测并未实现。
因此,这里需要一个表示“推翻、否定(自己之前说法)”的词。选项分析
- A. reverse:有“反转、推翻、使倒退”的意思,reverse oneself 可表示“改变自己的立场/说法”。
- B. resist:抵抗,resist oneself 不常用,且不符合“推翻自己预言”的语境。
- C. resume:重新开始,resume oneself 不搭配。
- D. reward:奖励,reward oneself 意为“奖励自己”,与文意不符。
搭配与语义
“only to reverse itself several years later” 意思是“结果几年后却推翻了自己的说法”,符合“预言未实现”的语境。
答案:A
5
解析:
上下文逻辑
文章开头提到“你可能会以为我们会快速进入无现金社会”,但紧接着说“真正的无现金社会可能不会马上到来”,并且指出“预测已经存在二十年但尚未实现”。
因此,从“二十年来预测未实现”可知,向无现金社会的进展是缓慢的。选项分析
- A. silent(安静的)→ 与进展速度无关
- B. sudden(突然的)→ 与文意相反
- C. slow(缓慢的)→ 符合“二十年未实现”的语义
- D. steady(稳定的)→ 文中强调的是进展慢,不是稳定
句意确认
“Why has the movement to a cashless society been so slow in coming?”
(为什么无现金社会的到来如此缓慢?)
与上文的“not around the corner”“predictions for two decades but have not yet come to fruition”形成因果逻辑。
因此正确答案是 C. slow。
6
解析:
1. 上下文逻辑
前一句提到“电子支付方式可能比纸币支付系统更高效”,但紧接着说“有几个因素……纸币系统的消失”。显然,这些因素对纸币系统的消失是不利的,即“阻碍”纸币系统消失。
2. 短语搭配
“work against” 意为“阻碍,对……不利”。
- work for:为……工作;有利于
- work against:阻碍,不利于
- work with:与……合作
- work on:从事于,继续工作
3. 文意匹配
这里表示这些因素阻碍了纸币系统的消失,所以选 B. against。
完整句意:
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work against the disappearance of the paper system.
(虽然电子支付方式可能比纸币支付系统更高效,但有几个因素阻碍了纸币系统的消失。)
7
解析:
第 7 题所在句子为:
First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the dominant form of payment.
这里在讲阻碍无现金社会到来的第一个因素。
从逻辑上看,要建立计算机、读卡器和通信网络,显然需要大量资金投入,因此“成本高”是合理的障碍。
四个选项:
- A. expensive(昂贵的)—— 符合“安装设备成本高”的语义
- B. imaginative(有想象力的)—— 与上下文无关
- C. sensitive(敏感的)—— 不用于形容“安装设备”
- D. productive(多产的)—— 与语境不符
因此,A. expensive 正确。
8
解析:
第 8 题所在句子为:
First, it is very expensive to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment.
- A. similar(相似的)—— 不符合逻辑,因为这里不是要电子货币变成“相似”的支付形式,而是变成主要的支付形式。
- B. original(原始的)—— 电子货币并不是原始的支付形式,现金才是更原始的形式,语义不符。
- C. temporary(临时的)—— 与文意相反,这里讨论的是让电子货币成为主流支付方式,不是临时的。
- D. dominant(主导的、主流的)—— 符合语境,说明要让电子货币成为占主导地位的支付方式,与上文“现金less社会”的目标一致。
因此,正确答案是 D. dominant。
9
解析:
第 9 题所在句子为:
Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___.
逻辑上,这里说的是纸质支票的一个优点——它们能提供收据,而很多消费者不愿意放弃这个功能。
- A. collect(收集)——支票本身不会主动收集收据,不符合语义。
- B. copy(复印)——与“收据”搭配不当,不是支票的主要功能。
- C. provide(提供)——纸质支票在交易中会提供收据作为凭证,符合上下文。
- D. print(打印)——虽然支票可能涉及打印,但这里强调的是“提供收据”这一功能,不是打印动作本身。
因此,C. provide 是正确选项。
10
解析:
上下文逻辑:
前文提到 “paper checks have the advantage that they ___ receipts”(纸质支票的优势是它们提供收据),这里 “they” 指纸质支票,“provide receipts” 是它们的一个好处。
接着 “something that many consumers are unwilling to ___” 中,“something” 指代的是 “receipts” 或 “提供收据这一优势”。语义搭配:
消费者不愿意 放弃(give up)这一优势,符合逻辑。- give up:放弃
- take over:接管
- bring back:带回
- pass down:传承
排除其他选项:
- B. take over(接管)与 “receipts” 不搭配。
- C. bring back(拿回)逻辑不通,因为消费者不是主动去拿回收据,而是不愿失去收据。
- D. pass down(传承)与语境无关。
因此,正确答案是 A. give up。
11
解析:
原文语境:
“it takes several days ___ a check is cashed and funds are ___ from the issuer’s account”
这里描述的是“支票兑现”与“资金从账户中划走”之间的时间差,即“float”(浮存期)——消费者开出支票后,资金不会立即扣除,而是需要几天时间才真正从账户转出。逻辑关系:
从意思上看,“需要几天时间”是在“支票兑现”之前还是之后?
实际上,开出支票 → 对方拿到支票 → 存入银行 → 银行处理 → 资金划转,这个过程需要几天时间,而资金是在支票兑现(cashed)之后才从账户扣除的。
但英语中 “it takes several days before…” 是固定用法,表示“在…之前需要几天时间”,即“要过几天才会发生兑现和扣款”。
这里的 “before” 并不是说“兑现之前需要几天”,而是“需要几天时间,支票才会被兑现并扣款”,强调时间延迟。选项分析:
- A. before ✅ 符合 “it takes time before…” 的常见句型,表示“在…之前需要一段时间”,即“几天后才会兑现扣款”,符合“浮存期”逻辑。
- B. after ❌ 若用 after,则意为“兑现之后需要几天资金才被划走”,这与事实不符,因为兑现和资金划走基本是同时的(从账户角度看)。
- C. since ❌ 表示“自从…以来”,句意不通。
- D. when ❌ 表示“当…时”,不能体现时间差。
因此,正确答案是 A. before。
12
解析:
第 12 题所在句为:
it takes several days before a check is cashed and funds are ________ from the issuer’s account.
这句话描述的是支票兑现的过程:支票兑现后,资金会从签发人的账户中取出。
- A. kept (from) 意思是“阻止、防止”,不符合“资金从账户中取出”的语境。
- B. borrowed 意思是“借入”,与从账户取款无关。
- C. withdrawn 意思是“取款”,是银行账户资金被取走的常用术语,符合语境。
- D. released 意思是“释放”,虽然可用于资金被“放出”,但银行语境下“withdraw”更准确。
因此,C. withdrawn 是正确答案。
13
解析:
第 13 题所在的句子是:
“________ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.”
- 前半句说“电子支付是即时的”,后半句说“它们消除了消费者的浮动期”。
- 逻辑上,“即时性”是“消除浮动期”的原因,因此这里需要一个表示因果关系的连词。
- Because(因为)符合因果关系,代入后句意为:“因为电子支付是即时的,它们消除了消费者的浮动期。”
- 其他选项:
- Unless(除非)表示条件,不符合逻辑。
- Until(直到)表示时间,不符合。
- Though(虽然)表示让步,不符合因果逻辑。
因此正确答案是 B. Because。
14
解析:
上下文逻辑
第四点是在说明电子支付方式可能带来的问题,即“安全与隐私方面的担忧”。
如果选 C 项 ease(缓解),则意思变成“缓解担忧”,这与后文提到的黑客入侵、信息泄露等内容矛盾,因为后文是在具体说明这些担忧,而不是说电子支付能缓解它们。语义搭配
raise concerns 是固定搭配,意为“引起担忧”。
后文用媒体报导、黑客攻击、盗取账户等信息来支撑这个观点,说明电子支付确实会“引发”安全和隐私方面的顾虑。排除其他选项
- A. hide(隐藏) → 不符合文意,电子支付不会隐藏这些担忧,反而突显了它们。
- B. express(表达) → 主语一般是人,不是“电子支付方式”直接“表达”担忧,逻辑不通。
- C. ease(缓解) → 与后文论证方向相反。
- D. raise(引起) → 符合“提出/引发担忧”的语境,且与后文例证一致。
答案:D
15
解析:
第 15 题所在句子是:
We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ______ there.
关键点:
- 黑客访问的是 database(数据库),数据库是用来 存储(store) 信息的。
- 动词 alter(修改) 的对象是 存放在数据库中的信息,所以逻辑上应是 stored information(存储在那里的信息)。
- 其他选项:
- A. analyzed(被分析的)—— 黑客不一定是在分析时修改,而是修改已存储的数据。
- B. shared(被共享的)—— 与数据库的基本功能“存储”相比,不是最直接相关的。
- D. displayed(被显示的)—— 黑客修改的是存储的数据本身,而不仅仅是显示出来的信息。
因此,最符合语境的是 C. stored。
16
解析:
第 16 题所在句子为:
The fact that this is not an ______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts…
意思是:
“这类事情并不是一个______的事件,意味着不诚实的人可能能够进入电子支付系统的银行账户……”
- A. unsafe(不安全的)—— 与“事件是否常见”无关,而是描述事件的性质,但这里需要的是“频率”或“常见度”方面的形容词。
- B. unnatural(不自然的)—— 与上下文无关,黑客攻击并不是“不自然”的事件。
- C. unclear(不清楚的)—— 逻辑不通,原文强调“这类事件并非不清楚/罕见”,但“unclear”一般指“不明确”,不修饰“occurrence”表示频率。
- D. uncommon(不常见的)—— 符合逻辑:这类事件并非不常见 → 即这类事件是常见的 → 所以不诚实的人可能经常能入侵账户。
前文提到“我们经常听到媒体报道”,说明这类事件经常发生,因此“not an uncommon occurrence”是双重否定,表示“常见”,符合上下文语义。
因此正确答案是 D。
17
解析:
第 17 题所在的句子是:
dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ______ from someone else’s accounts.
- 逻辑上,前面说“未经授权的黑客能进入计算机数据库并修改信息”,这里进一步说“不诚实的人可能进入电子支付系统的银行账户,并从他人账户中______”。
- 从语义搭配来看,access bank accounts(进入银行账户)之后,最可能做的是 steal(偷钱),而不是 choose(选择)、benefit(受益,虽然可搭配 from,但这里主语是 dishonest persons,且与“进入他人账户”行为不符)、return(归还,不符合“不诚实的人”的行为逻辑)。
- 固定搭配:steal from someone’s accounts 意为“从某人的账户中盗取(资金)”,符合语境。
因此,正确答案是 A. steal。
18
解析:
上下文逻辑
本段讨论的是电子支付的安全隐患,前文提到“不诚实的人可能入侵电子支付系统并从他人账户中盗取(第 17 题填 steal 或类似词)”。
第 18 题所在句说:“这种欺诈行为的 ______ 并非易事”。语义搭配
- A. consideration(考虑)——欺诈的“考虑”不是任务,不符合语义。
- B. prevention(防止)——防止这种欺诈并非易事,符合语义和逻辑。
- C. manipulation(操纵)——一般说“操纵数据”或“操纵市场”,不说“欺诈的操纵”,搭配不当。
- D. justification(正当化理由)——“欺诈的正当化”与文意无关。
段落主旨
本段在讲电子支付的安全问题,因此这里应填入与“防范、防止”相关的词,且与“no easy task”搭配合理,表示防范这类欺诈很困难。
因此正确答案是 B. prevention。
19
解析:
上下文逻辑
本段在讨论电子支付带来的安全和隐私问题,提到“这种欺诈行为的防范并非易事”,接着说“一个新的计算机科学领域正在发展以______安全问题”。
这里需要填入一个表示“应对、处理”安全问题的动词短语。选项分析
- A. call for 意为“要求、需要”,主语一般是事物,如“这个问题需要立即解决”,但这里主语是“新的计算机科学领域”,逻辑上不是“要求安全问题”,而是去解决安全问题,因此不合适。
- B. fight against 意为“对抗、与……斗争”,虽然意思上接近,但“对抗安全问题”搭配上不如“应对、处理”自然,且 fight against 更强调与敌人或对立面斗争,这里“安全问题”是一个需要解决的技术性问题,不是敌人。
- C. adapt to 意为“适应”,指自身做出调整去适应环境,但这里计算机科学的新领域是主动去解决安全问题,不是被动适应,因此不合适。
- D. cope with 意为“处理、应对”,常指有效处理难题或困境,与“security issues”搭配非常自然,符合语境。
确定答案
从语义和搭配来看,cope with 最贴切,表示“应对安全问题”。
因此正确答案是 D。
20
解析:
第 20 题空格所在句为:
A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ______ that contains a large amount of personal data.
句意:还有一个担忧是,使用电子支付方式会留下一个电子______,其中包含大量个人数据。
选项分析:
- A. chunk:大块,通常指实物块状物,不适用于抽象痕迹或记录。
- B. chip:芯片,与电子有关,但这里不是指硬件,而是指留下的“记录”或“踪迹”。
- C. trail:踪迹、痕迹,常用于比喻数据或行为留下的记录,如 digital trail(数字踪迹)。
- D. path:路径,多指具体路线或抽象途径,但不如 trail 贴切“留下的痕迹”这一含义。
最佳选项:
C. trail 符合语境,因为电子支付会留下“电子痕迹/记录”,包含个人数据,这与“数据追踪”“数字足迹”等常见表达一致。
electronic trail 是固定搭配,表示电子活动留下的记录。
因此正确答案是 C。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
In an essay entitled “Making It in America,” the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra – their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs – about 6 million in total – disappeared.”
There will always be change – new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I. T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G. I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
21
The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate
解析:
笑话内容分析
第一段的笑话描述现代纺织厂高度自动化,只需要一个人和一条狗。人的工作是喂狗,狗的工作是防止人靠近机器。这显然是在强调工厂自动化程度极高,人力需求大幅减少。笑话与文章主旨的关系
第二段紧接着指出,Davidson 的文章是众多文章之一,说明高失业率和中产阶级收入下降的原因,除了大萧条导致的需求下降外,还因为全球化与信息技术的进步,使得机器或外国工人更快地取代劳动力。
笑话在这里的作用是形象地引出“技术发展对劳动力的替代”这一主题。选项分析
- A. the impact of technological advances(技术进步的影响)—— 笑话直接体现自动化导致人力需求减少,符合文章主旨。
- B. the alleviation of job pressure(工作压力的缓解)—— 笑话体现的是工作机会减少,而不是压力缓解,与文意相反。
- C. the shrinkage of textile mills(纺织厂的萎缩)—— 笑话强调的是自动化,而非工厂数量减少。
- D. the decline of middle class incomes(中产阶级收入下降)—— 这是文章后面讨论的结果,但笑话本身直接说明的是技术替代人力,不是直接说明收入下降。
结论
笑话作为引子,直接服务于“技术进步减少人力需求”这一论点,因此正确选项是 A。
22
According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee,one has to.
解析:
题目要求根据第 3 段判断,要成为一名成功的员工,必须做到什么。第 3 段的核心观点是:
“Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra – their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.”
这句话明确指出,在当今环境下,仅仅做到“普通”已经不够了,每个人都需要找到自己的 “extra”,即独特的价值贡献,这样才能在就业领域脱颖而出。
选项分析:
- A. work on cheap software(从事廉价软件工作)—— 文中提到廉价软件是雇主可用的资源之一,并不是员工成功的关键。
- B. ask for a moderate salary(要求适中的薪水)—— 文中未提及薪水高低与成功的关系。
- C. adopt an average lifestyle(采取普通的生活方式)—— 文中强调“average is officially over”,普通已经不够用,因此此项与文意相反。
- D. contribute something unique(贡献独特的东西)—— 与原文 “unique value contribution” 完全对应。
因此,正确答案是 D。
23
The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that
解析:
定位原文:
题目要求分析第四段的引言内容。第四段引用了 Davidson 的话:“In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs – about 6 million in total – disappeared.”
理解引文含义:
- 关键信息是“工厂裁员速度极快”,以至于抹掉了过去 70 年的就业增长。
- 具体数据是“大约每三个制造业岗位中就有一个消失”,总量约 600 万。
- 这显然是在强调工作岗位迅速减少,而不是技术收益被抹掉(A 项),也不是工厂利润下降(C 项),也不是新工作和服务出现(D 项)。
与选项对应:
- A 项:原文是说过去 70 年的就业增长被抹掉,不是技术收益被抹掉,属于偷换概念。
- B 项:“job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed” 与 “factories shed workers so fast” 以及 “one out of every three manufacturing jobs … disappeared” 完全对应。
- C 项:原文未提及工厂利润问题。
- D 项:虽然第五段提到会有新工作和服务,但第四段的引言强调的是工作消失的速度,而不是新岗位的出现。
结论:
第四段的引言用数据和比喻说明制造业岗位快速消失,因此 B 项正确。
答案:B
24
According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is
解析:
题干定位
题目问的是“根据作者观点,要减少失业,最重要的是什么”。
文章最后一段明确提到:… but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G. I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
这里的核心是 确保每个人都有机会接受高中之后的教育,即 more education for people。
选项分析
- A. to accelerate the I.T. revolution
文章提到 I.T. 革命是导致失业的原因之一,而不是减少失业的办法,因此排除。 - B. to ensure more education for people
与最后一段作者强调的“普及高中后教育”一致,是作者认为最重要的措施。 - C. to advance economic globalization
全球化与技术进步一样,是导致失业的因素,不是解决方案,排除。 - D. to pass more bills in the 21st century
原文确实提到要通过类似 G.I. Bill 的法案,但该法案的核心是保障教育,而不是单纯通过更多法案。D 选项脱离了教育这一核心内容,不如 B 选项准确。
- A. to accelerate the I.T. revolution
结论
作者认为在“平庸时代已经结束”的背景下,提升教育水平是应对失业问题的最重要措施,因此正确答案是 B。
25
Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
解析:
这道题要求为文章选择一个最合适的标题,也就是找出全文的中心论点。文章的核心论证结构如下:
- 引子:通过一个关于纺织厂自动化的笑话,引出技术进步导致劳动力需求急剧减少的现象。
- 核心问题分析:指出高失业率和中产阶级收入下降的原因,除了大衰退导致的需求下降,更根本的是全球化和信息技术革命(即机器和外国工人对普通劳动力的替代)。
- 核心论点提出:明确点出“平庸时代正式结束了(But, today, average is officially over)”。过去拥有一般技能、从事普通工作就能获得中等生活水平的日子一去不复返了。
- 论证与深化:
- 解释了为什么“平庸”不行了:雇主有太多渠道获得廉价的外国劳动力、机器人、软件、自动化和人才。
- 提出解决方案:每个人都需要找到自己的“额外价值”,让自己脱颖而出。
- 强调变化的加速性:以数据说明制造业岗位流失的速度和规模。
- 结论与建议:在平庸时代终结的背景下,最重要的应对措施是确保每个人都能接受高中后的教育,以获取高于平均水平的技能。
逐项分析选项:
- A. New Law Takes Effect (新法律生效):文章最后确实提到需要通过一项类似《退伍军人权利法案》的法案来保障教育,但这只是一个具体的政策建议,是支撑核心论点的“解决方案”之一,并非文章主旨。标题范围过窄。
- B. Technology Goes Cheap (技术变得廉价):“廉价技术”是文中提到的一个现象,它是导致“平庸时代结束”的原因之一,但并非文章论述的最终落脚点。标题过于片面。
- C. Average Is Over (平庸时代结束了):这直接对应了文章的第三段提出的核心论点“But, today, average is officially over”,并且后文的所有论述,包括原因分析、加速现象以及教育解决方案,都是围绕“为什么平庸时代结束了”以及“我们该如何应对”展开的。这个选项精准地概括了全文的中心思想。
- D. Recession Is Bad (衰退是糟糕的):文章承认大衰退是原因之一,但紧接着用“but”转折,强调全球化和技术革命是更重要的原因。文章的重点不在于论述衰退本身有多糟糕,而在于揭示一个更深层次、结构性的变化。标题偏离重点。
结论: 文章通篇都在论证一个核心观点:由于全球化和信息技术的飞速发展,仅凭普通技能已经无法保证获得体面的生活,“平庸”已经不再可行。因此,C. Average Is Over 是最能全面、准确概括文章主旨的标题。
Text 2
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7milin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italia immigrants, for example, eventually returned to ltaly for good. They even had an affectionate nickname,“uccelli i passaggio,” birds of passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or lll go o od we aith as - meican nnte aking o or rokun imiraion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it, We don’t need more categories,but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond stict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers,violinists, construction workers,entrepreneurs, engineers, ome health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a
global economy driven by the fiow of work,money and ideas.They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them, They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease.We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever.We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration batle Lokin byond the cultur war logic of right or wrong means opening up the midle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.
26
“Birds of passage” refers to those who
解析:
定位原文信息
第一段提到,一个世纪前来到美国的移民中,除了定居者(settlers)外,还有“sojourners”(旅居者),以及“birds of passage”(候鸟)这个昵称。
原文明确说明:those who had no intention to stay
(不打算留下来的人)
并且举了意大利移民的例子:
About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good.
(大约四分之一的意大利移民最终永久回到了意大利)
可见,“birds of passage”是指那些暂时在外国居留、最终会回国的人。选项分析
- A. stay in a foreign temporarily(暂时留在外国) → 与原文“不打算永久居留”一致。
- B. leave their home countries for good(永久离开祖国) → 与原文相反。
- C. immigrate across the Atlantic(跨大西洋移民) → 这是文中提到的历史背景,但不是“birds of passage”的定义特征。
- D. find permanent jobs overseas(在海外找到永久工作) → 与“暂时居留”不符。
结论
根据第一段对“birds of passage”的解释,他们并非永久移民,而是暂时性流动的人,因此 A 正确。
27
It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US
我们先来看题干:
第 27 题:It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US
A. needs new immigrant categories
B. has loosened control over immigrants
C. should be adopted to meet challenges
D. has been fixed via political means
第二段原文关键信息:
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
逻辑分析:
- 作者指出当前美国移民制度很僵化(rigid),把移民只分成合法/非法两类,这种思维框架导致制度出问题(broken immigration system)和政治瘫痪(political paralysis)。
- 作者说“We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories.” 意思是不要增加新的分类,而是要改变对现有分类的思维方式。
- 最后一句说“We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.” 暗示:改变这种思维方式后,我们才可能解决移民挑战。
选项分析:
A. needs new immigrant categories
与原文明确相反,因为作者说“We don’t need more categories”。B. has loosened control over immigrants
原文没有说已经放松控制,而是说现在很 rigid(严格),所以 B 与事实相反。C. should be adopted to meet challenges
这里的“adopted”容易被误解,但结合上下文,作者在呼吁改变对移民类别的思维方式,从而解决移民挑战,这实际上就是暗示当前的移民制度需要调整(be adapted)以应对挑战。注意 C 选项的 “adopted” 可能是 “adapted” 的笔误或同义理解(适应挑战)。在考试中,这显然是正确选项,因为第二段最后一句暗示必须改变现有制度思维才能应对挑战。D. has been fixed via political means
原文说“long political paralysis over how to fix it”,说明并没有通过政治手段解决,所以 D 错误。
因此正确答案是 C,意思是“应当调整以适应挑战”,与第二段隐含的建议一致。
28
According to the author, today’s birds of passage want
解析:
题目问的是:根据作者的观点,今天的“候鸟”(birds of passage)想要什么。
定位关键信息
文章第三段提到:They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them.
(他们更喜欢随着机会的召唤而来去自由。)
这句话直接表明他们希望能自由地来去,而不是被固定在一个地方。选项分析
- A. financial incentives(经济激励)—— 文中提到他们受工作、金钱和观念的流动驱动,但并没有说他们主要追求金钱激励,而是强调来去自由。
- B. a global recognition(全球认可)—— 文中未提及。
- C. the freedom to stay and leave(留下和离开的自由)—— 与原文“prefer to come and go”对应,是正确选项。
- D. opportunities to get regular jobs(获得固定工作的机会)—— 文中强调他们可以在一个地方工作、在另一个地方安家,并不是追求固定工作,而是灵活流动。
总结
作者强调这些“候鸟”移民希望根据机会自由流动,而不是被严格的移民分类所限制,因此正确选项是 C。
29
The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated_
解析:
题目问的是作者认为如今应如何对待“候鸟”式移民(birds of passage)。
文章最后两段明确表达了作者的观点:
倒数第二段指出:
- 他们可以轻松跨越法律、管辖权和身份。
- 我们需要让他们把美国看作一个可以暂时做出贡献而不必永久承诺的地方。
- 需要让他们感觉“家”可以在两地,可以体面地属于两个国家。
最后一段进一步强调:
- 接纳这些流动人口需要双方的新态度。
- 要超越文化战争中的对错逻辑,开辟中间地带,理解移民管理需要多种途径和多种结果。
这些表述的核心是宽容(tolerance)和灵活,而不是把他们当作忠诚伙伴(A)、给予经济优惠(C)或当作强大对手(D)。
选项 B. with regal tolerance 中的 “regal” 意为“帝王般的”,这里引申为“大度的、慷慨的宽容”,符合作者主张的包容态度。
因此正确答案是 B。
30
which is the best itle of the passage?
解析:
文章的核心论点是:我们目前对移民的“合法 vs 非法”的二元划分是有问题的,这种僵化的分类方式阻碍了有效的移民政策。作者主张应超越这种非黑即白的思维,承认并接纳那些像“候鸟”一样、在不同国家间流动的移民。
文章结构分析:
- 第一段:回顾一个世纪前,移民中既有定居者,也有暂居者(“候鸟”),当时这种流动是被接受的。
- 第二段:指出今天我们对移民的态度变得僵化,只分成“合法”与“非法”两类,并把“非法”等同于“坏”。作者明确提出观点:我们不需要更多分类,而是需要改变对现有分类的思维方式,要超越“合法”与“非法”的严格定义。
- 第三、四段:描述今天的“候鸟”移民(高技能、低技能都有),他们灵活地在全球范围内流动工作,同时与多个国家保持联系。
- 第五段:总结强调,我们需要新的态度,打破“对与错”的文化战争逻辑,理解移民管理需要多种途径和结果。
选项分析:
A. come and go: big mistake(来去自由:大错)
→ 文章是支持“候鸟”式移民的,所以“大错”与作者观点相反。B. living and thriving : great risk(生活与繁荣:巨大风险)
→ 文章并未强调“巨大风险”,而是强调这类移民的活跃与贡献。C. with or without great risk(无论有无巨大风险)
→ 文章没有把“风险”作为核心讨论点,偏离主旨。D. legal or illegal: big mistake(合法或非法:大错)
→ 这正是文章的核心论点:把移民简单划分为“合法”与“非法”是一个大错误(big mistake),我们应该超越这种分类方式。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Text 3
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
31
The time needed in making decisions may___.
我们先来分析题目和原文信息。
题干:The time needed in making decisions may ___
(做决策所需的时间可能 ___)
选项:
A. vary according to the urgency of the situation
(根据情况的紧急性而变化)
B. prove the complexity of our brain reaction
(证明我们大脑反应的复杂性)
C. depend on the importance of the assessment
(取决于评估的重要性)
D. predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
(预先决定我们判断的准确性)
原文关键信息:
- 第一段说,我们容易快速反应,但如果花点时间思考,就能减少或消除这些快速反应的负面影响。
- 第二段说,快速决定在判断危险时是重要的防御机制(毫秒级反应),但判断社交性等复杂人格特征时,需要至少一分钟,最好是五分钟。
- 第三段举例快餐标志让人阅读更快,说明快速刺激会影响判断。
- 最后提到,我们能够通过暂停来抑制本能反应,这种能力使我们区别于动物。
逻辑推理:
第二段明确对比了不同判断需要的时间不同:
- 判断危险 → 很快(毫秒)
- 判断性格(如是否善于交际)→ 需要较长时间(1 到 5 分钟)
为什么需要更长时间?因为更复杂的判断需要更多信息,时间不够就会不准确。
因此,决策所需的时间长短其实会影响判断的准确性,即时间投入多少预先决定了判断的准确程度。
A 项“根据紧急性变化”有一定道理,但原文强调的是不同判断内容所需时间不同,而不是外部紧急性。
B 项“证明大脑反应的复杂性”太笼统,不是文章主要论点。
C 项“取决于评估的重要性”未在文中明确体现,文中是按判断内容的性质(危险 vs 性格)来区分时间,不是按重要性。
D 项“预先决定判断的准确性”与第二段逻辑一致:判断社交性时,时间短就不准,时间长就更准,所以时间投入预先决定了准确性。
答案:D
32
Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions
解析:
定位原文
题目问“我们对快餐商标的反应表明快速决策……”,对应原文第三段:Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing.
关键信息提取
- 看到快餐商标(fast-food logo)会让我们阅读速度加快 20%。
- 我们无意识地把快餐与速度、不耐烦联系起来(unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience)。
- 并将这种冲动带到其他活动中。
逻辑推理
这个例子说明,即使两个事物本身没有直接关系(快餐与阅读),我们的大脑也会因为之前的经验或文化环境形成联想(associate),从而影响快速决策。
因此,这种快速决策是基于联想的(associative)。选项分析
- A. can be associative(可能是联想的)—— 与原文“associate fast food with speed”一致,正确。
- B. are not unconscious(不是无意识的)—— 原文明确说 unconsciously associate,所以 B 与原文相反。
- C. can be dangerous(可能是危险的)—— 原文未提及危险,只是说明一种心理效应。
- D. are not impulsive(不是冲动的)—— 原文 carry those impulses 说明这些反应是冲动的,所以 D 与原文相反。
答案:A
33
To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should_
解析:
题目问的是“为了扭转快速决策的负面影响,我们应该______”。
文章的核心观点是:虽然我们容易做出快速的本能反应,但通过花时间思考,可以减少甚至消除这些反应的负面影响。
- 第一段明确指出:如果我们花点时间思考自己可能的反应,就能减少或消除快速反应的负面影响。
- 第四段开头 “Yet we can reverse such influences” 之后,举的例子(买东西前花点时间、帮助招聘人员意识到偏见)都体现了“先思考再行动”的原则。
- 最后一段也强调“暂停以抑制本能反应的能力”是人类的特点。
因此,B. think before we act(三思而后行) 是对文章建议的准确概括。
其他选项:
- A 信任第一印象 → 与文章主张相反
- C 按人们通常的做法做 → 通常做法正是快速反应,文章不提倡
- D 征求专家建议 → 文章虽有专家研究,但未强调必须求助专家来扭转影响,核心是自己先思考
答案:B
34
John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on
解析:
定位原文:
题目问的是 John Gottman 的观点,原文第五段提到:John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study.
理解关键概念:
- “thin slice” 指快速、少量的信息判断(即 snap reactions)。
- “thick sliced” long-term study 指的是长期的、大量的信息研究。
- 这句话的意思是:可靠的快速反应(thin slice)必须建立在长期、大量的信息研究(thick sliced)基础上。
选项分析:
- A. critical assessment(批判性评估)—— 原文未强调“批判性”,强调的是信息充分性。
- B. “thin sliced” study —— 这是快速判断本身,不是基础,与题干要求相反。
- C. adequate information(充足的信息)—— 对应 “thick sliced long-term study”,即充足的信息是可靠快速判断的基础。
- D. sensible explanation(合理的解释)—— 原文未提及。
结论:
根据 Gottman 的观点,可靠的快速反应基于长期、充分的信息研究,因此 C 项 adequate information 是正确选项。
35
The author’s atitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is,
解析:
定位关键信息
题干问作者对“逆转高速趋势”的态度,最后一段最后一句明确提到:We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
分析关键词
- “still have the imaginative capacity” 表明我们仍然具备这种能力。
- “rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend” 直接说明我们可以克服并逆转这种趋势。
- 这种表述是积极、有信心的,没有表现出怀疑、容忍或不确定。
排除其他选项
- A. tolerant(容忍的)—— 文中没有表达容忍,而是主张主动逆转。
- C. uncertain(不确定的)—— 文中语气肯定,没有不确定。
- D. doubtful(怀疑的)—— 与“still have the capacity”的肯定语气相反。
确定答案
作者相信人类有能力通过暂停思考来抑制本能反应,并逆转高速决策带来的负面影响,因此态度是 B. optimistic(乐观的)。
Text 4
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, he corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly unti women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards
The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year,Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to woluntary action. Reding
invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently.“But i like what the quotas do.“Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass celiny’ according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countris with legally bindin provisions on placing women in top business positions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable.Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position-no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate poweras, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook-they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.
If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women–whether CEOs or their children’s caregiversand all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.
36
In the European corporate workplace,generally___
解析:
题干定位:题目问的是“在欧洲企业职场中,普遍情况是……”。原文第一段提供了相关信息。
关键句分析:
- 第一句:“Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.”(欧洲并非性别平等的天堂。)
- 接着:“the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male.”(直到女性参与高级管理决策,企业职场才可能完全对家庭友好,而欧洲顶级公司治理职位绝大多数仍是男性。)
- 最后:“women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.”(女性在欧洲公司董事会中仅占14%的席位。)
逻辑推断:
- 由于高级管理层和董事会中男性占绝大多数,因此企业的重大决策权实际上掌握在男性手中。
- “Men have the final say” 意为“男性拥有最终决定权”,这与原文描述的男性在高层占主导地位的情况一致。
排除干扰项:
- A 项“女性占主导”与事实相反。
- C 项“公司治理不堪重负”原文未提。
- D 项“高级管理层对家庭友好”与原文“永远不会完全对家庭友好”矛盾。
因此,正确答案是 B。
37
The European Union’s intended legislatin is
解析:
题目问的是“欧盟拟议的立法是……”,需要从文章中找到关于该立法的描述和背景。
文章背景:
欧盟正在考虑立法,强制公司董事会保持一定比例的女性成员(最高可达60%)。这一提议源于之前的自愿行动失败——欧盟委员会副主席雷丁曾呼吁企业自愿实现女性董事比例40%的目标,但只有24家公司响应。关键句定位:
- 第二段提到:“This proposed mandate was born of frustration.”(这一提议源于挫败感。)
- 第三段雷丁说:“Personally, I don’t like quotas, but I like what the quotas do.”(我个人不喜欢配额,但我喜欢配额带来的效果。)
- 第四段作者也说:“I understand Reding’s reluctance—and her frustration.”(我理解雷丁的不情愿和她的沮丧。)
逻辑推断:
从这些表述可以看出,欧盟提出立法并不是首选方案,而是因为自愿措施失败后不得已的选择。雷丁和作者本人都不喜欢配额,但认为这是目前实现公平的必要手段。选项分析:
- A. 性别平衡的反映:立法是为了促进性别平衡,但这不是其本质特征,而是目的。
- B. 对雷丁呼吁的响应:立法恰恰是因为她的自愿呼吁失败后才采取的,不是对她呼吁的直接响应。
- C. 一个不得已的选择:符合文中“born of frustration”和“reluctance”的语境。
- D. 自愿行动:与原文相反,立法是强制性的。
因此,正确答案是 C. a reluctant choice(一个不得已的选择)。
38
According to Reding,quotas may help women
解析:
定位关键信息
题目问的是“根据雷丁(Reding),配额(quotas)可能帮助女性______”。
原文第四段中,Reding 说:“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
理解关键句
- 雷丁认为配额能“打开通往平等之路”并“打破玻璃天花板”。
- 接着提到,这种结果在法国和其他国家可以看到,这些国家有具有法律约束力的条款,让女性进入高层商业职位。
- 所以,她认为配额的作用是帮助女性获得高层职位。
选项分析
- A. get top business positions(获得高层商业职位) → 与原文“placing women in top business positions”直接对应。
- B. see through the glass ceiling(看透玻璃天花板) → 原文是“break through the glass ceiling”(打破天花板),不是“看透”,属于偷换概念。
- C. balance work and family(平衡工作与家庭) → 原文未提及配额直接帮助平衡工作与家庭。
- D. anticipate legal results(预期法律结果) → 原文虽有法律条款,但强调的是结果(女性进入高层),而不是“预期结果”。
结论
根据雷丁的观点,配额的作用是帮助女性获得高层职位,因此正确答案是 A。
39
The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of
解析:
定位关键信息
文章第三段提到 Reding 的呼吁(voluntary action)失败,只有 24 家公司响应,说明自愿方式效果不佳。
第五段作者说:“I understand Reding’s reluctance—and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; … But, when one considers the obstacles … it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.”
这里作者虽然不喜欢配额制度,但认识到要实现真正的精英管理(meritocracy)暂时需要这种强制手段。态度判断
- 作者和 Reding 一样,都不喜欢配额(“I don’t like quotas either”),但都认为配额在当前是必要的。
- 作者理解并赞同 Reding 从呼吁自愿行动转向支持立法强制的做法,因为现实障碍太大,自愿行动失败。
- 文章最后两段进一步说明,没有强制措施,女性很难进入高层,因此作者支持采取临时强制性政策来推动公平。
选项分析
- A. skepticism(怀疑)—— 作者没有质疑 Reding 的观点,而是理解并支持。
- B. objectiveness(客观)—— 作者有明确倾向,不只是客观陈述。
- C. indifference(漠不关心)—— 明显错误,作者讨论了问题的必要性。
- D. approval(赞同)—— 作者认同 Reding 的做法和理由,尽管不完全喜欢配额制度本身。
因此正确答案是 D。
40
Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of
解析:
题目问的是“女性进入高层管理成为头条新闻的原因是由于缺乏什么?”
定位原文:
文章倒数第二段提到:When women do break through to the summit of corporate power… they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.
意思是:女性突破到公司权力顶峰时会吸引大量关注,正是因为她们仍然是例外。接着最后一段进一步解释:
If appropriate public policies were in place to help all women… Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.
意思是:如果有合适的公共政策来帮助所有女性,那么像 Sandberg 这样的人就不会比其他高能力的人更值得上新闻。逻辑推理:
作者认为,女性高管成为新闻的根本原因是——她们在目前的社会中仍是少数,而之所以是少数,是因为缺乏适当的公共政策来普遍支持女性职业发展与家庭责任平衡。
如果有了合适的公共政策,女性高管就不会这么稀少,也就不会成为特别引人注目的新闻。选项分析:
- A. more social justice:虽然相关,但文章落脚点在“public policies”上,这是更直接的原因。
- B. massive media attention:这是结果,不是原因。
- C. suitable public policies:与最后一段假设直接对应。
- D. greater “soft pressure”:文章说即使有 soft pressure 也没用,所以缺乏它并不是原因。
因此正确答案是 C。
Part B
Directions
You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
41-45
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, 40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants “at least twice a week.” Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging not about eating as cheaply as you can - “there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food” - but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies.
[A] Live like a peasant
[B] Balance your diet
[C] Shopkeepers are your friends
[D] Remember to treat yourself
[E] Stick to what you need
[F] Planning is everything
[G] Waste not, want not
41.________________
Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.
42.________________
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
43.________________
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll make vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to go off will be cooked or juiced.
44.________________
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they will let you have for free.
45.________________
You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - £1.75 a week for three months gives you £21 - more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s £16.95 there - or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat.
Part C
Directions
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
46
I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does – try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day – they both just pop into my mind in the same way.
写作
Part A
47
Directions
Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to
inform them about the details, and
encourage them to participate.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
Part B
48
Directions
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
interpret the chart, and
give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
(图表标题为 “某高校学生兼职情况”,纵轴为 “人数百分比”,横轴为大学年级(大一、大二、大三、大四)。各年级学生兼职的人数百分比分别为:大一 67.77%、大二 71.13%、大三 71.93%、大四 88.24%。)
