2019 年真题
选择题答案速对
| No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans | No. | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D | 2 | A | 3 | B | 4 | B | 5 | D |
| 6 | B | 7 | A | 8 | D | 9 | C | 10 | A |
| 11 | A | 12 | D | 13 | B | 14 | A | 15 | C |
| 16 | D | 17 | C | 18 | A | 19 | D | 20 | A |
| 21 | C | 22 | B | 23 | D | 24 | B | 25 | D |
| 26 | D | 27 | D | 28 | B | 29 | A | 30 | C |
| 31 | C | 32 | D | 33 | B | 34 | A | 35 | B |
| 36 | B | 37 | B | 38 | D | 39 | D | 40 | C |
完形填空
Directions
Read the following text.Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Text
Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it .
As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to my goals.
I also found weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significant changes in weight altering your training program. The most changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.
For these , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to my training program.
I also use my bimonthly weigh-in to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly and dropping weight, this is a that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
The to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I am experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, I’m training according to those goals, instead of numbers on a scale.
Rather than over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.
1
解析：
第 1 题空格处连接的是两个句子：
- 第一句说“经常称体重是了解体重显著变化的好方法”。
- 第二句说“如果太频繁，这种习惯可能弊大于利”。
两句之间是转折关系，因为第一句讲好处，第二句讲坏处。
选项分析：
- A. Besides 表示递进，不符合逻辑。
- B. Therefore 表示因果，不符合。
- C. Otherwise 表示“否则”，用于假设后果，不符合。
- D. However 表示转折，正确。
因此正确答案是 D. However。
2
解析：
第 2 题所在句子为：
Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. ______, when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it ______.
- 第一空（第 1 题）表示转折，填 However（不过，然而）。
- 第二空（第 2 题）是 hurt more than it ______ 的结构，意思是“弊大于利”，即“伤害大于帮助”。
- hurt more than it helps 是英语常见表达，表示“带来的坏处多于好处”。
- 选项分析：
- A. helps（帮助） → 符合“弊大于利”的固定搭配。
- B. cares（关心） → 语义不通。
- C. warns（警告） → 不符合习惯表达。
- D. reduces（减少） → 不符合语义逻辑。
因此正确答案是 A. helps。
3
解析：
第 3 题所在句子为：
… caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale.
- 前文提到“每天称重”让作者的关注点从“整体健康和身体活动”转移到了“只关注体重秤上的数字”。
- 这里有一个明显的对比：from … (多方面健康) → to … (单一方面的体重数字)。
- 选项中 solely（仅仅、唯一地）最能体现“过度专注于体重秤”这种不健康的关注方式。
- 其他选项：
- initially（最初）不符合逻辑，因为不是“最初关注秤”，而是“只关注秤”。
- occasionally（偶尔）与文意相反，因为这里是负面结果，强调过度。
- formally（正式地）与语境不符。
因此正确答案是 B. solely。
4
解析：
第 4 题所在的句子是：
I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of $\underline{\quad4\quad}$ the number on the scale, I altered my training program.
- 前面提到作者每天称体重，导致关注点从“整体健康”变成了只关注体重秤上的数字。
- 作者增加的体重是肌肉，但肌肉增加会导致体重数字上升，而作者却因此改变了训练计划，说明他/她只想着降低体重数字，而不是接受肌肉增加的事实。
- 所以这里作者的目标是 降低（lowering） 体重秤上的数字，因此才改变了训练计划，这与增肌的目标相冲突。
其他选项：
- A. recording（记录）—— 不符合“只想着数字”带来的负面压力语境。
- C. explaining（解释）—— 与上下文逻辑不符。
- D. accepting（接受）—— 与作者实际行为相反，作者并没有接受体重数字增加，而是想降低它。
因此正确答案是 B. lowering。
5
解析：
第 5 题所在的句子是：
That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.
这里的意思是：作者因为每天称体重，只关注体重数字，结果改变了自己的训练计划，而这种改变与实现目标所需的训练方式相冲突。
- A. modify（修改）—— 与 “my goals” 搭配时，语义不通，因为 “modify goals” 是“修改目标”，但这里说的是训练是为了“达到目标”。
- B. set（设定）—— “set my goals” 是“设定目标”，但这里作者的目标已经设定好了，现在是要通过训练去“实现”它们。
- C. review（回顾、检查）—— 与 “my goals” 搭配时，意思不贴合，训练的目的不是为了“回顾目标”。
- D. reach（达到）—— “reach my goals” 是固定搭配，意为“达成目标”，符合语境。
因此正确答案是 D. reach。
6
解析：
第 6 题所在句子为：
I also found weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate ______ of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym.
四个选项含义：
- A. definition（定义）
- B. depiction（描绘，描述）
- C. distribution（分布，分配）
- D. prediction（预测）
解题思路：
- 这句话的意思是“每天称重并不能准确 ______ 我在健身房的努力和进步”。
- 这里需要一个表示“描绘、反映、展现”的词，说明称重并不能准确反映或展示出健身的成果。
- depiction 有“描绘、表现”的意思，符合语境。
- 其他选项：
- definition（定义）不合逻辑，称重不是给努力下定义。
- distribution（分布）与句意无关。
- prediction（预测）也不合适，因为这里说的是已经发生的努力和进步，不是预测未来。
因此，正确答案是 B. depiction。
7
解析：
第 7 题所在句子为：
It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significant changes in weight ______ altering your training program.
句意理解：
这句话的意思是“在改变训练计划之后，大约需要三周到一个月才能注意到体重的显著变化”。
也就是说，“体重的显著变化”是“改变训练计划”带来的结果，两者之间是因果关系。
选项分析：
- A. due to 表示“由于，因为”，符合因果关系。
- B. regardless of 表示“不管，不顾”，不符合逻辑。
- C. aside from 表示“除……之外”，不符合语义。
- D. along with 表示“与……一起”，不强调因果。
因此，只有 A. due to 能正确表达“因改变训练计划而导致体重变化”这一因果关系，是正确答案。
8
解析：
第 8 题所在句子为：
The most ______ changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.
前文提到“体重变化需要大约三周到一个月才能明显看到”，而这里说“在技能水平、力量和减掉的尺寸方面，最______的变化会被观察到”，显然是在对比：
- 体重变化慢（三周到一个月）
- 技能、力量、尺寸变化更快（更早就能注意到）
因此，这里需要一个表示“快速的、立刻能看到的”形容词。
四个选项：
- A. orderly → 有序的，不符合
- B. rigid → 严格的，不符合
- C. precise → 精确的，不符合
- D. immediate → 立即的，符合语境
所以选 D。
9
解析：
第 9 题的空格位于句子开头：
For these ______, I stopped weighing myself every day…
这句话的意思是“因为这些 ______，我停止了每天称体重”。
前文提到作者每天称体重带来的负面影响：
- 让作者过度关注体重数字，而不是整体健康；
- 每天称重不能准确反映健身进展；
- 真正重要的变化体现在技能、力量、体型上。
这些都是作者停止每天称体重的原因，因此这里应填入 reasons（理由）。
- A. claims（声称、断言）—— 上下文没有“声明”的意思，不符合逻辑。
- B. judgments（判断）—— 前文并没有提到多个“判断”，而是列举原因。
- C. reasons（原因）—— 符合上下文逻辑，前文列举的几点都是原因。
- D. methods（方法）—— 这里不是讲方法，而是解释“为什么”停止每天称重。
因此正确答案是 C. reasons。
10
解析：
第 10 题空格所在的句子是：
I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule ______.
意思是：“我停止了每天称重，转而改为每两周称一次体重的计划 ______。”
A. instead（代替，转而）
表示用“每两周称一次”来替代“每天称重”，逻辑通顺，符合上下文语义。B. though（虽然，尽管）
表示让步，但这里没有转折关系，排除。C. again（再次）
文中没有提到之前有过“每两周称重”的做法，所以“再次”不合理。D. indeed（确实）
表示强调或确认，但这里只是陈述改变称重频率，没有加强语气或进一步确认的必要。
因此，A. instead 是正确答案，表示“转而采用另一种方式”。
11
解析：
第 11 题所在句子为：
Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to $\underline{\quad11\quad}$ my weight each week.
句意理解：
作者说“既然减重不是我的目标，那么每周都______体重就不那么重要了”。
从逻辑上看，这里需要一个表示“记录、追踪、关注”体重的动词，因为前文提到她不再每天称重，而是改为每两周一次，所以这里强调的是不需要频繁追踪体重。
选项分析：
- A. track → 追踪、记录，符合语境，表示每周追踪体重数据不重要。
- B. overlook → 忽略、忽视，与文意相反，如果减重不是目标，那么忽略体重是合理的，但这里说的是“每周都忽略体重不重要”，逻辑不通。
- C. conceal → 隐藏，不符合语境，隐藏体重没有意义。
- D. report → 报告，通常指向别人报告，不符合个人称重的语境。
因此，A. track 最符合上下文逻辑。
12
解析：
第 12 题所在句子为：
Weighing every other week allows me to observe and ______ any significant weight changes.
四个选项：
A. depend on（依赖）
B. approve of（赞成）
C. hold onto（抓住，坚持）
D. account for（解释；说明；对…负责）
逻辑分析：
- 这里 “observe and ______” 是并列结构，两个动作都与“体重变化”有关。
- “观察”体重变化后，下一步应是 弄清楚变化的原因 或 解释变化，这样才能判断是否需要调整训练计划。
- account for 在这里意为“解释、说明（原因）”，符合语境：观察到明显体重变化后，去解释这些变化（是由于肌肉增加、水分变化还是脂肪减少等）。
- 其他选项：
- A 依赖变化（不合理，因为变化不是依赖对象）
- B 赞成变化（不合逻辑，变化不是用来赞成的）
- C 抓住变化（字面不通，且不符合上下文目的）
因此正确答案是 D. account for。
13
解析：
第 13 题空格所在的句子是：
That tells me whether I need to ______ my training program.
上下文逻辑：
- 前文提到作者改为“每两周称一次体重”，这样能观察到明显的体重变化。
- 如果体重变化显著，就意味着需要对训练计划做出相应的改变。
- 前文第 5 段也提到，之前每天称重导致作者错误地改变了训练计划（altered my training program），但这里是在正确判断后，根据需要调整训练计划。
选项分析：
- A. share（分享）—— 与训练计划搭配不当，不符合语义。
- B. adjust（调整）—— 符合“根据体重变化来修改训练计划”的语境。
- C. confirm（确认）—— 与“是否需要改变”不符。
- D. prepare（准备）—— 与上下文逻辑不匹配。
因此，正确答案是 B. adjust。
14
解析：
第 14 题所在句子为：
I also use my bimonthly weigh-in ______ to get information about my nutrition as well.
A. results（结果）
称重得到的是“结果”，即体重数值，这些结果可以用来分析营养状况，符合语境。B. features（特征）
称重本身不是“特征”，而是测量行为，不合适。C. rules（规则）
与“称重”搭配不当，语义不通。D. tests（测试）
虽然称重可以看作一种测试，但这里强调的是称重得出的“数据/结果”用于分析营养，而不是测试本身。
因此，A. results 最符合逻辑，表示“利用双周称重的结果来获取营养方面的信息”。
15
解析：
第 15 题所在句子为：
If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly ______ and dropping weight, this is a sign that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
逻辑分析：
- 前面提到“训练强度保持不变”，但体重却在下降。
- 体重下降通常与热量摄入不足有关。
- 如果一个人经常感到 饥饿（hungry），并且体重下降，这明显意味着摄入的热量不够，需要增加热量摄入。
- 其他选项：
- bored（无聊）与体重下降无直接因果关系。
- anxious（焦虑）可能导致体重变化，但不如“hungry”直接对应热量摄入不足。
- sick（生病）虽然可能导致体重下降，但这里上下文是关于营养与热量调整，不是疾病。
因此，C. hungry 最符合营养与热量需求的语境。
答案：C
16
解析：
第 16 题所在句子为：
If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly ___ and dropping weight, this is a ___ that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
这里的意思是：
如果训练强度不变，但体重持续下降，这是一个 迹象（sign），表明我需要增加每日热量摄入。
- A. principle（原则）—— 不符合语境，体重下降并不是一个“原则”。
- B. secret（秘密）—— 逻辑不通，体重下降不是秘密，而是一个可观察的现象。
- C. belief（信念）—— 与语境不符，作者并不是在谈论信念，而是客观信号。
- D. sign（迹象、信号）—— 符合语境，体重下降是身体发出的信号，表明热量摄入不足。
因此正确答案是 D. sign。
17
解析：
第 17 题空格所在的句子是：
The ______ to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being.
- A. request（请求）—— 主语一般是人发出请求，这里主语是“停止每天称重”这件事，逻辑不符。
- B. necessity（必要性）—— 虽然停止每天称重可能是必要的，但这里强调的是“我”主动做出的一个选择带来的好处，而不是必要性本身。
- C. decision（决定）—— 符合上下文，因为前文提到作者停止每天称重，这是一个主动的决定，并且这个决定带来了好处。
- D. wish（愿望）—— 愿望不一定已实现，而文中已经实行了，所以不合适。
从上下文看，作者是在描述自己做出“停止每天称体重”这个决定后，整体健康、健身状态和幸福感都变好了，因此 C. decision 最符合语义。
正确答案：C
18
解析：
第 18 题空格所在的句子是：
I am experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a ______ morning weigh-in.
A. disappointing（令人失望的）
每天称体重时，如果数字没有下降或不符合预期，容易让人感到失望。这种“失望的早晨称重”是一种心理负担，符合上下文逻辑。B. surprising（令人惊讶的）
偶尔的惊喜不会成为负担，且文中没有强调“惊讶”带来的负面情绪，因此不合适。C. restricting（限制性的）
虽然称体重可能限制行为，但通常不会用“限制性的”来形容称重这个动作本身，更常见的是形容规则或饮食。D. consuming（消耗的，使人着迷的）
虽然“consuming”可以表示“耗费精力的”，但这里更强调的是情绪上的负担，而不是时间或精力的消耗。
文中作者之前每天称重，会因为体重数字不理想而感到沮丧，因此 A. disappointing 最符合语境。
正确答案：A
19
解析：
第 19 题所在的句子是：
I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, ______ I’m training according to those goals, instead of numbers on a scale.
这里需要填入一个连接词，表示前后两个分句之间的逻辑关系。
- 前一分句说“我在达成健身目标方面取得了更大成功”，
- 后一分句说“我根据这些目标来训练，而不是根据体重秤上的数字”。
显然，后一句是前一句的原因：之所以能取得更大成功，是因为训练方式是根据目标而不是体重数字。
因此这里应填入表示原因的连词 because。
选项分析：
- A. if（如果）表示条件，不符合因果逻辑。
- B. unless（除非）表示条件否定，不符合。
- C. until（直到）表示时间，不符合。
- D. because（因为）表示原因，符合句意。
正确答案：D
20
解析：
本题四个选项的含义和用法分析如下：
- A. obsessing：意为“着迷，念念不忘”，常与介词 over 搭配（obsess over sth.），表示过度关注、无法释怀。
- B. dominating：意为“支配，控制”，虽然可以和 over 搭配（dominate over），但通常指权力或地位上的控制，不符合“过度关注体重秤”的语境。
- C. puzzling：意为“困惑”，puzzle over 表示“苦苦思索”，但这里并非强调对体重秤感到困惑，而是强调过度在意。
- D. triumphing：triumph over 意为“战胜”，语义与上下文不符。
文中作者建议不要每天称体重，而是关注整体健康状态，因此“不要对体重秤 obsessing over”符合语境，即“不要过度纠结于体重秤上的数字”。
因此正确答案是 A. obsessing。
阅读理解
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, Cor Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)
Text1
Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather,they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends-and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing: A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild itis engaging in behavior that’s not only reparative but also prosocial.
In the popular imagination, of course,guilt stil ets a bad rap. it evokes Freud’ ideas and religious hang-ups. More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable-it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Who would inflict it upon a child? Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” Vaish says,adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary-feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.Jjealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness (think mania) can be destructive.
And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness,can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words,can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent diferent pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfll by experiencing more guilt,which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, ages 4,8,and 12.Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins,and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more,even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity, or because we caused harm and we feel reret”
21
Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help.
解析：
定位关键信息
第一段提到：“This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing: A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild it is engaging in behavior that’s not only reparative but also prosocial.”
这里明确指出，适度的道德愧疚感是好事，因为它促使孩子承担责任、修复错误，并且是亲社会行为，这直接与道德发展相关。选项分析
- A 调节孩子的基本情绪：文中未强调愧疚调节基本情绪，而是强调它与道德和社会规范相关。
- B 提高孩子的智力能力：未提及智力发展。
- C 促进孩子的道德发展：与原文“moral guilt”及“prosocial behavior”对应，符合研究者的观点。
- D 增强孩子的积极情绪：愧疚本身是一种负面情绪，其作用是推动道德行为，而不是增强积极情绪。
其他段落支持
第三段说“guilt can help hold a cooperative species together”，说明愧疚有助于合作与道德关系的维护。
第四段指出愧疚可以弥补同情心不足，促进合作与分享，这也是道德行为的表现。
因此，正确选项是 C。
22
According to Paragraph 2, many people still guilt to be
解析：
题目要求根据第二段判断，许多人仍然认为内疚是______。
第二段开头明确提到：
In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. … More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.
这里的关键比喻是 “穿着装满石头的夹克”，形象地表达了内疚是一种沉重、令人不适的负担。
因此，burdensome（沉重的、负担的） 最符合文意。
其他选项：
- A. deceptive（欺骗性的）—— 文中未提及
- C. addictive（上瘾的）—— 文中未提及
- D. inexcusable（不可原谅的）—— 文中未提及
答案：B
23
Vaish holds thatthe rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that
让我们先定位原文中 Vaish 的观点。
文中提到：
Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” Vaish says, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.
关键句是：
emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another
意思是：情绪不是二元对立的，同一种情绪在某种情境下可能是有益的，在另一种情境下可能是有害的。
也就是说，同一种情绪可以起到不同甚至相反的作用。
看选项：
A. emotions are context-independent. → 错，原文强调 context-dependent（依赖于情境）。
B. emotions are socially constructive. → 原文未强调所有情绪都有社会建设性，只是说 guilt 可以是。
C. emotional stability can benefit health. → 原文未提及。
D. an emotion can play opposing roles. → 对应“advantageous in one context, harmful in another”，即同一情绪在不同情境下作用可能相反。
因此答案是 D。
24
Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing
解析：
题目问的是 Malti 等人的研究显示“合作与分享”是如何产生的。
原文中明确提到：
guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.
这句话的意思是：内疚和同情（以及与之相近的共情）可能代表了通往合作与分享的不同路径。
也就是说，合作与分享可以由两种不同的情感驱动：
- 同情（sympathy / empathy）
- 内疚（guilt）
选项分析：
- A. may help correct emotional deficiencies（可能帮助纠正情感缺陷）—— 原文提到内疚可以弥补同情心的不足，但这是指情感本身的作用，而不是“合作与分享”的作用，因此不符合题意。
- B. can result from either sympathy or guilt（可以源于同情或内疚）—— 这与原文“different pathways to cooperation and sharing”完全对应，因此正确。
- C. can bring about emotional satisfaction（可以带来情感满足）—— 原文未提及合作与分享会带来情感满足，属于无中生有。
- D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts（可能是冲动行为的结果）—— 原文未提及，且与内疚、同情等有意识的情感机制不符。
因此，正确答案是 B。
25
The word “transgressions”(line4 para5) is closest in meaning to
解析：
定位原文
第五段第二句提到：…they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions.
这里的关键是“after moral transgressions”，即“在道德上的 transgressions 之后感到内疚和悲伤”。
语境逻辑
- 前文提到，内疚（guilt）是在违背社会道德规范时产生的情绪。
- 本句中，孩子们在 transgressions 之后感到内疚和悲伤，说明 transgressions 是一种引发道德负面情绪的行为。
- 因此，transgressions 应指“违反道德规范的行为”，即“错误行为”或“过错”。
选项分析
- A. teachings（教导）——与内疚情绪无关，不符合语境。
- B. discussions（讨论）——与道德负面情绪无关。
- C. restrictions（限制）——限制本身不会直接引起内疚，违反限制才会。
- D. wrongdoings（错误行为）——符合“道德过错”的含义，与“moral transgressions”对应。
词汇验证
“transgression” 本身在英文中意为“违反道德或法律的行为”，与 wrongdoing 同义。
因此，正确答案是 D。
Text 2
Forests give us shade,quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce,we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance.Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now.California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.
The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest,including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity.But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture,so they grow and thrive,restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible.Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.
California’s plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020,and 60,000 by 2030-financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit,an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.
The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber, burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels, or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is under way,and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands.In future the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests’ carbon-storing capacity every five years.
State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the U.S. Forest Service,but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation.Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.
26
“One of the harder challenges” implies
解析：
题目问的是文章开头提到的 “one of the harder challenges” 暗示了什么。
原文第一段提到：
“Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.”
接着解释说，虽然我们依赖森林吸收二氧化碳，但我们正在削弱它们的这种能力。
最后一句是关键：
“The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.”
（我们正在加速的气候变化可能有一天会让森林排放的碳超过它们吸收的碳。）这说明森林可能从“碳汇”变成“碳源”，即从缓解气候变化的帮手变成加剧气候变化的因素，也就是 潜在的威胁。
选项分析：
- A：全球气候变化可能失控 —— 原文并未直接说失控，而是说森林的作用可能逆转。
- B：人们可能误解全球变暖 —— 无依据。
- C：可能出现极端天气 —— 原文未提。
- D：森林可能成为潜在威胁 —— 与原文“森林排放多于吸收”对应，正确。
答案：D
27
To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks”,we may need to_
解析：
题目问的是“为了维持森林作为有价值的‘碳汇’，我们可能需要______”。
文章第二段明确提到：
Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now.
这句话的意思是：为了长期保持森林作为“碳汇”的价值，可能需要降低它们当前的固碳能力。
这与选项 D. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity 完全对应。
其他选项分析：
- A 物种多样性：文中未强调物种多样性与此的直接关系。
- B 加速幼树生长：虽然提到间伐幼树，但目的是让剩余树木更好生长，而不是直接加速幼树生长。
- C 在不同植物间取得平衡：文中强调的是短期固碳能力与长期健康之间的平衡，而不是不同植物之间的平衡。
因此正确答案是 D。
28
California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to_
解析：
题目问的是“加利福尼亚州的森林碳计划致力于做什么”，需要从原文中找出与该计划直接相关的目标或措施。
定位原文关键信息：
第二段提到，帮助森林长期成为“碳汇”可能需要 减少它们当前的固碳能力，并指出加州在这方面带头探索。
第三段首句明确说明该计划的目标：
“The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning.”
即：加倍努力间伐幼树并清除灌木。第三段后面解释这样做的效果：剩下的树木能获得更多水分，长得更好，从而提高森林长期的健康与碳吸收能力。
选项分析：
- A. 培育更多抗旱树木：原文提到树木因此更健康、更能抗旱，但这是间伐带来的结果，不是计划的直接目标。
- B. 减少部分森林的密度：与“thin out young trees and clear brush”完全对应，即降低森林密度。
- C. 找到更有效的杀虫方法：原文提到健康树木更能抵御树皮甲虫，但杀虫不是计划的直接措施。
- D. 在野火后快速恢复森林：原文未强调“快速恢复”，而是强调通过疏伐降低火灾风险。
因此，正确选项是 B，它准确概括了加州森林碳计划的核心措施。
29
What is essential to California’s plan according to para.5?
解析：
题目问的是“根据第5段，加州计划的关键是什么？”我们需要回到第5段寻找答案。
第5段原文提到：
California’s plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030—financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.
关键信息在最后一句话：
- 可受益的总面积约为50万英亩，但每年能处理的面积有限。
- 因此，优先处理火灾或干旱风险最高的地区很重要。
选项分析：
- A. To handle the areas in serious danger first → 与原文“prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought”完全对应。
- B. To carry it out before the year of 2020 → 原文提到2020年是一个阶段性目标，但不是关键要点。
- C. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions → 原文提到资金来自排放许可拍卖，但未说要完善拍卖制度。
- D. To obtain enough financial support → 原文提到资金来源，但未强调“获得足够资金”是计划的关键。
因此，A 是正确答案。
30
the author’s attitude toward California’s plan can be best described as
解析：
文章整体基调
文章首先指出森林在应对气候变化中的重要性，以及当前面临的威胁，随后引入加利福尼亚州的森林碳计划作为解决方案。作者在描述该计划时，多次使用正面表述，例如：- “California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts”
- “The strategy also aims to ensure…”
- “should serve as a model”
态度判断依据
- 支持性词语：如“leading the way”“serve as a model”等表达，显示出作者对加州计划的认可与推崇。
- 问题与对策的逻辑：作者先指出问题严重性，再介绍加州计划的措施与目标，并强调其紧迫性与合理性，没有提出批评或质疑。
- 结尾总结：明确说加州的计划“should serve as a model”，这是明显的支持态度。
排除其他选项
- A. ambiguous（模糊的）：作者观点明确，没有模棱两可。
- B. tolerant（容忍的）：通常用于对不喜欢但可接受的事物，文中没有体现勉强接受的意思。
- D. cautious（谨慎的）：文中没有强调风险或保留意见，而是积极肯定。
因此，正确选项是 C. supportive（支持的）。
Text 3
American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now.Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration,and a similarly sustained pickup in the u.s. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress.If this doesn’t change,American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.
Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers,while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating,and more likely to be married than single.They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now,more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies.
One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.
In a study published in 2013,economist Michael Clemens analyzed 15 years of data on North Carolina’s farm-labor market and concluded, “There is virtually no supply of native manual farm laborers” in the state.This was true even in the depths of a severe recession.
Mechanization is not the answer either-not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton,rice,soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized,but many high-value, labor-intensive crops,such as strawberries, need labor Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking,have a long way to go before they are automated.
As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
The H-2A visa has no numerical cap,unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work,which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so,employers frequently complain that they aren’t allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable.One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late.And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.
Petitioning each year for laborers-and hoping the government provides enough, and that they arrive on time-is no way to run a business, In a 2012 survey by the California Farm Bureau, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by movingoperations to Mexico.Without reliable access to a reliable workforce, more growers will be tempted to move south.
According to a report by the Partnership for a New American Economy, Americans are consuming more fresh produce, which is good. But a rising share of it is grown elsewhere. In 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent. Rural U.S. communities that might have benefited didn’t.
In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it. The u.S.needs a simpler,streamlined,multi-year visa for agricultural workers, accompanied by measures to guard against exploitation and a viable path to U.S. residency for workers who meet the requirements. Otherwise growers will continue to struggle with shortages and uncertainty, and the country as a whole will lose out.
31
What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?
解析：
根据题目要求，我们需要从第一段和第二段中找出作者指出的问题。
第一段明确指出：
- 美国农民多年来一直抱怨劳动力短缺。
- 由于非法移民持续减少，同时美国就业市场持续好转，如果不彻底改革（overhaul）针对农场工人的移民政策，这种抱怨不会停止。
→ 这里直接点出问题在于 immigration rules for farm workers 需要改革。
第二段进一步说明：
- 国会未能通过一种更直接、更灵活的农业工人签证，让外国工人能更久留在美国并在农业内换工作。
- 如果不改变这一点，美国企业、社区和消费者都会受损。
→ 这里强调现行农业工人签证制度不完善，改革努力失败。
综合这两段，核心问题是 美国农场工人移民政策存在缺陷，需要改革。
选项分析：
- A 歧视外国工人（文中未直接强调歧视，而是制度不便）
- B 偏袒某些美国企业的法律（未提及）
- C 美国农场工人移民政策的缺陷（与原文 overhaul of immigration rules 对应）
- D 美国农业就业机会下降（与事实相反，文中说劳动力短缺，不是岗位减少）
因此正确答案是 C。
32
One trouble with US. Agriculture workforce is
解析：
题目问的是“美国农业劳动力的一个麻烦是什么”，需要从文章中找到对应信息。
定位关键段落：
文章第三段提到，美国农场劳动力中约有一半是无证移民，随着这类工人减少，劳动力结构发生变化。其中明确指出：- 他们更可能定居而非流动（反驳选项 B 的“高流动性”）
- 他们正在老龄化（They are also aging）
- 本世纪初约 1/3 的作物工人超过 35 岁，现在超过一半都超过 35 岁。
排除其他选项：
- A：非法移民数量上升 → 错误，文章开头提到非法移民是 multi-year decline（多年下降）。
- B：作物工人高流动性 → 错误，文中说他们更可能定居（more likely to be settled）。
- C：缺乏有经验的劳动力 → 文中未强调“经验”问题，而是强调老龄化与数量短缺。
- D：移民农场工人老龄化 → 与第三段内容一致。
因此正确答案是 D，对应原文 “They are also aging” 以及相关数据支持。
答案：D
33
What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in US farming?
解析：
题目问的是“关于美国农业劳动力短缺问题，一个备受争议的解决方案是什么？”
文章第四段明确提到：
“One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.”
（一个经常被讨论的解决劳动力短缺的办法，一直都不太可能实现：美国本土工人不会回到农场工作。）
这里的 oft-debated cure 对应题目中的 much-argued solution，而内容就是 让美国本土工人回到农场，因此正确选项是 B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming。
其他选项分析：
- A：吸引更年轻的劳动力，文中没有作为“备受争议的解决方案”提出。
- C：使用更多机器人种高价值作物，文中提到机械化还无法完全解决劳动力问题，且不是“备受争议的解决方案”。
- D：加强对农民的财政支持，文中未提及。
答案：B
34
Agriculture employers complain about the H-2A visa for its_?
解析：
题目问的是农业雇主对 H-2A 签证的主要抱怨点。
文章中提到 H-2A 签证的相关信息在倒数第二段：
The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, … Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren’t allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late.
这里明确说明雇主抱怨的是程序繁琐、昂贵且不可靠，特别是官僚延误导致工人平均晚到 22 天，这对应选项 A. slow granting procedures（审批程序缓慢）。
其他选项分析：
- B. limit on duration of stay：文中未提及停留期限的限制是主要抱怨点。
- C. tightened requirements：文中未强调“ tightened requirements ”是问题。
- D. control of annual admissions：文中明确说 H-2A 签证没有年度人数上限（no numerical cap），所以不是问题。
因此正确答案是 A。
35
Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
解析：
文章的核心论点是：美国农业面临劳动力短缺，而根本原因在于移民政策问题。文章通过分析现状（非法移民减少、劳动力老龄化）、否定其他解决方案（本土工人不愿务农、机械化程度不足）、指出当前临时工签证（H-2A）的弊端，最终得出结论：美国要么进口食物，要么进口劳动力，并呼吁改革农业工人签证制度。
选项分析：
A. US Agriculture in Decline.（美国农业在衰退）
文章并未说美国农业整体在衰退，而是聚焦于劳动力短缺这一具体问题。此外，文章提到部分生产转移至墨西哥，但这不是主题。B. Import Food or Labor?（进口食物还是劳动力？）
这直接对应文章结尾的核心观点：“In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.” 全文围绕这一两难选择展开，分析了劳动力短缺的原因、后果及可能的解决方向，因此这个标题最能概括全文主旨。C. America Saved by Mexico?（墨西哥拯救美国？）
文中虽然提到部分种植者迁往墨西哥，但这只是一个细节，并非文章中心思想。D. Manpower vs. Automation?（人力 vs 自动化？）
文章提到机械化目前无法完全解决劳动力密集型农业的问题，但这只是论证中的一个方面，并非全文焦点。
因此，最佳标题是 B. Import Food or Labor?，它准确抓住了文章的核心矛盾与结论。
Text 4
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you,the consumer, to swap out your single-use Plastic staples to combat the plastic crisis.
If only I’d realized that we can buy our way out of the problem except we can’t.
The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-us plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals: Lead with your wallets.
The problem of perpetuating this individualistic narrative is that it’s not going to get us very far and the plastics crisis we face is immense. Our oceans are blighted by the stuff,It’s in our drinking water (including bottled water), and we could even be breathing it in.
I’m not dismissing individual actions like ordering straw-free drinks at bars, or opting for a reusable water bottle over a cup that’s going in the trash as soon as you’ve used it.I can’t imagine not at least trying to minimize my own plastics footprint,whether it’s lugging home my newly-refilled gallon bottle of washing-up liquid every few months,or buying packaging-free food, clothing and toiletries where possible.
On their own, however,none of these things is enough.
Part of my worry about leaving it up to the individual is that we’re all just guessing at what’s going on out there-and that’s if we haven’t been scared off from doing anything to start with in the face of such a huge challenge. As consumers,we have little idea about how much plastic has been used and discarded along the supply chain, for example. It’s als hard to compare,say, going to a bulk store that sells plastic-free products but requires you to drive some distance versus a more lccal shop where you may end up taking home some packaged items.
There’s also a time and cost issue. Realistically,I’m not going to start making my own laundry detergents so I can avoid the plastic bottles they come in, and there can be extra costs associated with environmentally friendly products.
My biggest concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws,for example, will accomplish little and require very ittle of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions–a kind of “oral licnsing"that llays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers"we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change. Nowhere in World Environment Day 2018’s key messages is there anything about voting for environmentally progressive politicians, for example.Why not?
It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s.We shouldn’t expect it to be .In her latest book, Why Could People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. De Sombre argue that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.
This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will” eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.
De Sombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.
None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective.We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting business), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change. That’s not something we can buy.
36
Some celebrities star in a new video to
解析：
题目问的是“一些明星参演新视频的目的是什么”。
文章第一段提到：
They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day — encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use Plastic staples to combat the plastic crisis.
这句话明确说明，明星们拍摄视频是为了鼓励消费者减少使用一次性塑料制品。
- A 选项（要求制定关于塑料使用的新法律）不是明星视频的主要目的，虽然后文提到世界环境日的信息包括呼吁政府立法，但明星视频直接针对的是消费者个人行为。
- B 选项（敦促消费者减少塑料使用）与原文“encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use Plastic staples”完全对应。
- C 选项（征求公众对塑料危机的看法）未提及。
- D 选项（揭示塑料危机的成因）未提及。
因此，正确答案是 B。
37
The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may
解析：
定位原文：
题干中的关键词是 “moral licensing”，在原文中对应的是：They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions–a kind of “moral licensing” that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
理解 “moral licensing” 的含义：
原文解释为：当我们做了一点环保小事（如自带购物袋、不用塑料吸管）后，会觉得自己“已经尽了一份力”，从而不再去做更大、更有效的行动，也不再向当权者提出更多要求。这是一种心理上的自我许可，让我们停止进一步努力。选项分析：
- A. mislead us into doing worthless things（误导我们做无价值的事）—— 原文强调的是“停止做更多”，而不是“被误导做无价值的事”。
- B. prevent us from making further efforts（阻止我们进一步努力） —— 与原文 “stops us doing more” 完全一致。
- C. weaken our sense of accomplishment（削弱成就感）—— 原文没有提到削弱成就感，反而说它满足了“我们已经尽力”的心理。
- D. suppress our desire for success（抑制对成功的渴望）—— 文中未提及“成功渴望”，属于无关内容。
结论：
作者担心 “moral licensing” 会让人满足于小行动，从而不再追求更大、更系统的改变，因此正确选项是 B。
38
By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the author indicates that
解析：
题目要求分析作者指出我们作为“公民”身份时的意图。
定位原文
原文中相关段落为：While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.
逻辑分析
- 作者批评当前环保讨论过分聚焦于个人消费行为（如购物袋、吸管），把公众定位为“消费者”。
- 作者强调我们更应是“公民”，这意味着我们有责任要求政府和产业界做出系统性改变，而不是仅靠个人购物选择。
- 后文还提到 2018 年世界环境日的关键信息中没有呼吁投票给环保进步的政治人物，进一步暗示公民应通过政治参与推动政府行动。
选项比对
- A 转向社区福利：文中未强调社区，而是强调政府与产业的责任。
- B 与地方产业的关系改善：无依据。
- C 积极行使公民权利：作者实际在批评我们并未充分行使这方面的权利。
- D 应敦促政府主导这场战斗：与原文“hold our governments and industries to account”及“push for real systemic change”一致。
因此正确答案是 D。
39
De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be
解析：
题目问的是 De Sombre 认为实现集体行为改变的最佳方式是什么。
文中相关段落为：
In her latest book … Elizabeth R. De Sombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.
This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax … or banning single-use plastics altogether.
这里的 structural change 指的是通过政策、法规等上层建筑来推动改变，而不是依赖个人自觉。这是一种 自上而下（top-down） 的过程，即政府或管理机构通过制定规则来引导和约束大众行为。
选项分析：
- A. a win-win arrangement（双赢安排）—— 文中未强调“双赢”概念。
- B. a self-driven mechanism（自我驱动机制）—— 这与“structural”相反，自我驱动是自下而上或个人层面的。
- C. a cost-effective approach（成本效益方法）—— 文中未重点讨论成本效益。
- D. a top-down process（自上而下的过程）—— 与“structural change”及政策实施相符。
因此正确答案是 D。
40
The author concludes that individual efforts
解析：
文章作者对“个人努力”在解决塑料危机中的作用进行了深入分析。其核心观点是：个人行动虽然值得肯定，但仅靠个人努力是远远不够的。
我们来看文章中的关键证据：
明确表态： 作者在第六段直接指出：“On their own, however, none of these things is enough.”（然而，单凭这些行动本身，没有哪一件是足够的。）这句话是作者对个人努力效力的直接判断。
分析个人努力的局限性：
- 信息不对称： 作为消费者，我们并不清楚供应链中使用了多少塑料。
- 时间与成本问题： 环保选择可能更耗时、更昂贵。
- “道德许可”效应： 微小的行动（如自带购物袋）可能让人产生“已经尽责”的满足感，从而不再去推动更大、更有效的系统性变革。
提出根本解决方案： 作者引用学者的观点，指出最有效的方式是结构性、系统性的改变，例如通过政府政策（如征税、禁令）来塑造集体行为。文章最后强调，我们需要“progressive policies that shape collective action”（能够塑造集体行动的进步政策），并且“We don‘t have time to wait.”（我们没有时间等待），这都暗示了仅靠缓慢的个人努力是无法及时应对危机的。
选项分析：
- A. can be too aggressive.（可能过于激进） - 文章从未批评个人努力过于激进，反而认为其力度太小。
- B. can be too inconsistent.（可能过于反复无常） - 文章未讨论个人行为是否一致的问题。
- C. are far from sufficient.（远远不够） - 这与作者的核心论点“单靠个人努力不足以解决问题”完全一致。
- D. are far from rational.（远非理性） - 作者并未质疑个人行为的理性，而是承认其善意但指出其效力不足。
因此，作者最终的结论是，个人努力固然重要，但远不足以（far from sufficient） 应对塑料危机，必须依靠系统性的政策变革。
正确答案：C
Part B
Directions
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41-45
Five ways to make conversation with anyone in choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have a single demand: a backyard.
McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an option when it comes to housing,and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2000 US adults.
While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, reality agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.
The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can hel them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, and Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.
“Children may face serious difficuties in coping with significant moves, especially f t removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.
Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home- but their options should be considered to regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.
Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home- without actuall getting a choice in the matter, said ADAM Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.
Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.
Many of the aspects of home buying aren’t a consideration for children,said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.
“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.” Hampson said.
The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows,said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside,Calif.
" They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us," he said. “HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter,it’s a lifestyle.With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”
Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally,Norris said.
Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with FitSmallBusiness.com.
“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said.“Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”
This advice is more relevant now than ever before,even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children,despite the current housing crunch.
| [A] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children. | |
| 41. Ryan Hooper | [B] says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions. |
| 42. Adam Bailey | [C] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions. |
| 43. Tracey Hampson | [D] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions. |
| 44. Aaron Norris | [E] notes that aspects like children’s friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuying. |
| 45. Julie Gurner | [F] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions. |
| [G] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media. |
Part C
Directions
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
46
It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book, I just haven’t the time” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.
写作
Part A
47
Directions
Suppose professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to
suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and
tell him your arrangement.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
Part B
48
Directions
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
interpret the chart, and
give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
(这是一张关于某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向的柱状统计图。图表中展示了就业、升学、创业这三个去向在不同年份的占比情况。其中，蓝色柱子代表2013年，红色柱子代表2018年。2013年就业占比68.1%，升学占比25.3%，创业占比1.3%；2018年就业占比60.7%，升学占比34.0%，创业占比2.6%。)
